Commitments to Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development Agenda 21: Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development

Transcription

1 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Contents: 1. Stakeholders: Governments 1.1 Providing adequate shelter for all Activities Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Human-resource development and capacity-building Financing and cost evaluation 1.2 Improving human settlement manageme nt Activities Improving urban management Means of implementation Human-resource development and capacity-building Financing and cost evaluation 1.3 Promoting sustainable land-use planning and management Activities Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Human resource development and capacity-building Finance and cost evaluation 1.4 Promoting the integrated provision of environmental infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage and solid-waste management Finance and cost evaluation 1.5 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlements Activities 1.6 Promoting human settlement planning and management in disaster-prone areas Activities Developing a culture of safety Developing pre-disaster planning Initiating post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation planning Means of Implementation Scientific and technological means Human resource development and capacity-building Financing and cost evaluation 1.7 Promoting sustainable construction industry activities 1

2 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Activities Means of implementation Human resource development and capacity-building Finance and cost evaluation 1.8 Promoting human resource development and capacity-building for human settlements development Activities Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Financing and cost evaluation 2. Stakeholders: The Secretary-General of the United Nations 2.1 Providing adequate shelter for all Means of implementation Human resource development and capacity-building 3. Stakeholders: Individual Cities 3.1 Improving human settlement management Activities Encouraging intermediate city development 4. Stakeholders: Governments and appropriate international organizations 4.1 Promoting the integrated provision of environmental infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage and solid-waste management Activities Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Human resource development and capacity-building 5. Stakeholders: Appropriate United Nations agencies and international organizations through the Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development (IACSD) with the Secretary-General of the United Nations 5.1 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlements Providing adequate shelter for all 5.2 Improving human settlement management Activities Improving Urban Management 2

3 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development 5.3 Promoting sustainable land-use planning and management Activities 5.4 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlement Activities 6. Stakeholders: Governments with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities 6.1 Promoting human settlements planning and management in disaster-prone areas Activities Improving urban management Strengthening urban data systems 7. Stakeholders: Governments, the international community, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, the private sector, and NGO s 7.1 Providing adequate shelter for all Activities 8. Stakeholders: Governments with appropriate international organizations 8.1 Improving human settlement management Activities Improving urban management Means of Implementation Hunan resource development and capacity-building 8.2 Promoting sustainable construction industry activities Activities 8.3 Promoting human resource development and capacity-building for human settlements development Activities 9. Stakeholders: United Nations and other international bodies 9.1 Improving human settlement management Activities Strengthening urban data systems 10. Stakeholders: International organizations and bilateral donors 10.1 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlements Activities 3

4 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development 11. Stakeholders: Governments and the private sector 11.1 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlements Activities 12. Stakeholders: Local authorities and their associations 12.1 Promoting human resource development and capacity-building for human settlements development Activities 13. Stakeholders: International community 13.1 Promoting human resource development and capacity-building for human settlements development Activities 14. Stakeholders: Task manager 14.1 Promoting human resource development and capacity-building for human settlements development Activities 4

5 1. Stakeholders: Governments Commitments to Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development 1.1 Providing adequate shelter for all Activities Art 7.9 (a) Has the government taken immediate measures to provide shelter to your homeless poor, while the international community and financial institutions have undertaken actions to support the efforts of developing countries to provide shelter to their poor? International community, financial institutions, developing countries, and the poor Art 7.9 (b) Has the government adopted and/or strengthen national shelter strategies, with targets based, as appropriate, on the principles and recommendations contained in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000? Has the government protected people by law against unfair eviction from their homes or land? Has the government, as appropriate, supported the shelter efforts of the urban and rural poor, the unemployed and the no-income group by Urban and rural Art 7.9 (c) adopting and/or adapting existing codes and regulations, to facilitate their access to land, finance and low-cost building materials, and by actively poor promoting the regularization and upgrading of informal settlements and urban slums as an expedient measure and pragmatic solution to the urban shelter deficit? Art 7.9 (d) Has the government, as appropriate, facilitated access of urban and rural poor to shelter by adopting and utilizing housing and finance schemes and new innovative mechanisms adapted to their circumstances? Urban and rural poor 5

6 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.9 (e) Has the government supported and developed environmentally compatible shelter strategies at national, state/provincial and municipal levels through partnerships among the private, public and community sectors and with the support of community-based organizations? Community-based organizations Art 7.9 (f) Has the government formulated and implemented programmes to reduce the impact of the phenomenon of rural to urban drift by improving rural living conditions? Art 7.9 (g) Has the government, where appropriate, developed and implemented resettlement programmes that address the specific problems of displaced populations in their respective countries? Displaced populations Art 7.9 (h) Has the government, as appropriate, documented and monitored the implementation of your national shelter strategies by using, inter alia, the monitoring guidelines adopted by the Commission on Human Settlements and the shelter performance indicators being produced jointly by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and the World Bank? Art 7.9 (i) Has the government strengthened bilateral and multilateral cooperation in order to support the implementation of the national shelter strategies of developing countries? Developing countries Art 7.9 (j) Has the government produced and disseminated, on a biennial basis, global progress reports covering national action and the support activities of international organizations and bilateral donors as requested in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000? International organizations and bilateral donors Means of implementation 6

7 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Scientific and technological means Has the government addressed the requirements present in each of the other programme areas included in the present chapter? Art Human resource development and capacity-building Art 7.12 Has the government provided specific assistance to developing countries in adopting an enabling approach to the provision of shelter for all, including the no-income group, and covering research institutions and training activities for government officials, professionals, communities and Developing countries not-government officials, professionals, communities and non-governmental organizations and by s trengthening local capacity for the development of appropriate technologies? Financing and cost evaluation Art 7.10 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programme has the government contributed? The activities of this programme are estimated to be about $75 billion, including $10 billion from the international community on grant or concessional terms. 1.2 Improving human settlement management Activities Improving urban management CSD II Has the government give priority attention to human settlements programmes and policies to reduce urban pollution and to improve and expand Low-income 122 urban services and infrastructure, particularly in low-income communities? communities 7

8 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development CSD II 131 (a) Has the government strengthened the networks of small- and medium-sized settlements in rural regions in order to provide attractive settlement opportunities and ease migratory pressure on large metropolises, and recommends implemented programmes of rural development by expanding employment opportunities, providing educational and health facilities, strengthening technical infrastructure, and encouraging rural enterprises and sustainable agriculture, and further calls upon the international community to support those rural development programmes? Means of implementation Hunan resource development and capacity-building Rural development programmes Has the government carried out capacity-building activities that go beyond the training of individuals and functional groups to include institutional Art 7.25 arrangements, administrative routines, interagency linkages, information flows and consultative processes? Financing and cost evaluation Art 7.22 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programmed has the government contributed? The activities of this programme are estimated to be about $100 billion, including $15 billion from the international community on grant or concessional terms. 1.3 Promoting sustainable land-use planning and management Activities Art 7.29 Has the government considered, as appropriate, undertaking a comprehensive national inventory of land resources in order to establish a land information system in which land resources will be classified according to their most appropriate uses and environmentally fragile or disasterprone Governments areas will be identified for special protection measures? Art 7.30 (a) Has the government established, as appropriate, national legislation to guide the implementation of public policies for environmentally sound urban development, land utilization, housing and for the improved management of urban expansion? Urban populations 8

9 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.30 (b) Has the government created, where appropriate, efficient and accessible land markets that meet community development needs by inter alia, improving land registry systems and streamlining procedures in land transactions? Art 7.30 (c) Has the government developed fiscal incentives and land-use control measures, including land-use control measures, including land-use planning solutions for a more radical and environmentally sound use of limited land resources? Art 7.30 (d) Has the government encouraged partnerships among the public, private and community sectors in managing land resources for human settlements development? Art 7.30 (e) Has the government strengthened community-based land-resource protection practices in existing urban and rural settlements? Art 7.30 (f) Has the government established appropriate forms of land tenure that provide security of tenure for all land-users, especially indigenous people, women, local communities, the low-income urban dwellers and the rural poor? Land users, especially indigenous people, women, local communities and the poor 9

10 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.30 (g) Has the government accelerated efforts to promote access to land by the urban and rural poor, including credit schemes for the purchase of land and for building/acquiring or improving safe and healthy shelter and infrastructure services? Art 7.30 (h) Has the government developed and supported the implementation of improved land-management practices that deal comprehensively with potentially competing land requirements for agriculture, industry, transport, urban development, green spaces, preserves and other vital needs? Art 7.30 (i) Has the government promoted understanding among policy makers of the adverse consequences of unplanned settlements in environmentally vulnerable areas and of the appropriate national and local land-use and settlements policies required for this purpose? 10 Poor Policy makers Art 7.31 Has the government promoted the transfer of applicable experience on sustainable land-management practices to and among developing countries in conjunction with the UNDP, FAO, the World Bank, the regional development banks, other interested organizations and the UNDP/World Bank/Habitat Urban Management Programme? Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Developing countries Has the government, alone or in regional or sub regional groupings, been given access to modern technologies of land-resource management, Governments Art 7.33 such as geographical information systems, satellite photography/imagery and other remote-sensing technologies? Hunan resource development and capacity-building Art 7.34 (a) Has the government strengthened the capacity of national, state/provincial and local educational research and training institutions to provide formal training of land-management technicians and professionals? Landmanagement technicians/ professionals

11 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.34 (b) Has the government facilitated the organizational review of government ministries and agencies responsible for land questions, in order to devise more efficient mechanisms of land-resource management, and carry out periodic in-service refresher courses for the managers and staff of such ministries and agencies in order to familiarize them with up-to-date land-resource-management technologies? Government land agencies Has the government, where appropriate, provided such agencies with modern equipment, such as computer hardware and software and survey Government Art 7.34 (c) equipment? land agencies Art 7.34 (d) Has the government strengthened existing programmes and promoted an international and interregional exchange of information and experience in land management through the establishment of professional associations in land-management sciences and related activities, such as workshops and seminars? Financing and cost evaluation Art 7.32 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programmed has the government contributed? The activities of this programme are estimated to be about $3 billion, including $300 million from the international community on grant or concessional terms. 1.4 Promoting the integrated provision of environmental infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage and solid-waste management Financing and cost evaluation Art 7.43 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programmed has the government contributed? The activities of this programme will mostly be covered by the costs of implementing the activities of this programme in other chapters. An additional $50 million from the international community on grant or concessional terms will also be needed to implement this program. 11

12 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development 1.5 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlements Activities Has the government considered principal activities relevant to this programme area in chapter 9 (protection of the atmosphere), programme area Art 7.50 B, sub programme 1 (Energy development, efficiency, and consumption) and sub programme 2 (Transportation)? Art 7.51 Has the government taken a comprehensive approach to human settlements that includes the promotion of sustainable energy development in all countries by: i.) formulating national action programmes to promote and support reafforestation and national forest regeneration with a view to achieving sustained provisions of the biomass energy needs of the low-income groups in urban areas and the rural, in particular women and children? ii.) formulating national action programmes to promote integrated development of energy-saving and renewable energy technologies, particularly for the use of solar, hydro, wind and biomass sources? iii.) promoting wide dissemination and commercialisation of renewable energy technologies through suitable measures, inter alia fiscal and technology transfer mechanisms? iv.) carrying out information and information programmes directed at manufacturers and users in order to promote energy-saving techniques and energy-saving techniques and energy-efficient appliances? 12 Developing countries, poor, women and children Has the government integrated land-use and transportation planning to encourage development patterns that reduce transport demand? Art 7.52 (a) Art 7.52 (b) Has the government adopted urban-transport programmes favouring high-occupancy public transport in countries, appropriate? Urban populations

13 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Has the government encouraged non-motorized modes of transport by providing safe cycle ways and footways in urban and suburban centres in Urban Art 7.52 (c) countries, as appropriate? populations Art 7.52 (d) Has the government devoted particular attention to effective traffic management, efficient operation of public transport and maintenance of transport infrastructure? Art 7.52 (e) Has the government promoted the exchange of information among countries and representatives of local and metropolitan areas? 13 Governments and representatives of local and metropolitan areas Art 7.52 (f) Has the government re-evaluated the present consumption production pattern in order to reduce the use of energy and national resources? 1.6 Promoting human settlement planning and management in disaster-prone areas Activities Developing a culture of safety Art 7.60 (a) Has the government completed national and local studies on the nature and occurrence of natural disasters, their impact on people and economic activities, the effects of inadequate construction and land use in hazard-prone areas, and the social and economic advantages of adequate predisaster planning?

14 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Has the government implemented nationwide and local awareness campaigns through all available media, translating the above knowledge into Art 7.60 (b) information easily comprehensible to the general public and to the populations to impending disasters? Art 7.60 (c) Has the government strengthened/developed global, regional, national and local early warning system to alert populations to impeding disasters? Art 7.60 (d) Has the government identified industrially based environmental disaster areas at the national and international levels and implementing strategies aimed at the rehabilitation of these areas through, inter alia: i.) ii.) iii.) Developing pre-disaster planning restructuring of the economic activities and promoting new job opportunities in environmentally sound sectors? promoting close collaboration between governmental and local authorities, local communities and non-governmental organizations and private business developing and enforcing strict environmental control standards? Governments, NGO s and business Art 7.61 (a) Has the government undertaken complete multi-hazard research into risk and vulnerability of human settlements and settlement infrastructure, including water and sewerage, communication and transportation networks, as one type of risk reduction may increase vulnerability to another (e.g., an earthquake-resistant house made of wood will be more vulnerable to wind storms)? Art 7.61 (b) Has the government developed methodologies for determining risk and vulnerability within specific human settlements and incorporating risk and vulnerability reduction into the human settlement planning and management process? 14

15 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.61 (c) Has the government redirected inappropriate new development and human settlements to areas not prone to hazards? Art 7.61 (d) Has the government prepared guidelines on location, design and operation of potentially hazardous industries and activities? Industry Art 7.61 (e) Has the government developed tools (legal, economic, etc.) to encourage disaster-sensitive development, including means of ensuring that limitations on development options are not punitive to owners, or incorporate alternative means of compensation? Art 7.61 (f) Has the government further developed and disseminated information on disaster-resistant building materials and construction technologies for buildings and public works in general? Public works programmes Art 7.61 (g) Has the government developed training programmes for contractors and builders on disaster-resistant construction methods? Contractors and builders Art 7.61 (h) Has the government developed training programmes for emergency site mangers, non-governmental organizations and community groups that cover all aspects of disaster mitigation, including urban search and rescue, emergency communications, early warning techniques, and predisaster planning? Governments, NGO s and local communities 15

16 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.61 (i) Has the government developed procedures and practices to enable local communities to receive information about hazardous installations or situations in these areas, and facilitate their participation in early warning and disaster abatement and response procedures and plans? Local communities Art 7.61 (j) Has the government prepared further actions plans for the reconstruction of settlements, especially the reconstruction of community lifelines? Initiating post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation planning Local communities Art 7.62 (a) Has the government carried out research on past experiences on the social and economic aspects of past-disaster reconstruction and adopting effective strategies and guidelines for post-disaster reconstruction and adopting effective strategies and guidelines for post-disaster reconstruction, with particular emphasis on development-focused strategies in the allocation of scare reconstruction resources, and on the opportunities that postdisaster reconstruction provides to introduce sustainable settlement patterns? Art 7.62 (b) Have you prepared and disseminating international guidelines for adaptation to national and local needs? Art 7.62 (c) Have you supported efforts of national Governments to initiate contingency planning, with participation of affected communities, for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation? Means of implementation Scientific and technological means 16

17 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.44 (a) Has the government supported the collaboration of scientists and engineers, specializing in this field in both developing and developed countries, with urban and regional planners in order to provide the basic knowledge and means to mitigate losses owing to disasters as well as environmentally inappropriate development? Human resource development and capacity-building Scientists and engineers Has the government conducted training programmes on disaster-resistant construction methods for contractors and builders, who build a majority Contractors and Art 7.65 (a) of housing in the developing countries? builders Art 7.66 Has the government extended training programmes to government officials and planners and community and non-governmental organizations to cover all aspects of disaster mitigation, such as early warning techniques, pre-disaster planning and construction, post-disaster construction and rehabilitation? Financing and cost evaluation Governments, NGO s and local communities Art 7.32 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programmed has the government contributed? The activities of this programme will mostly be covered by the costs of implementing the activities of this programme in other chapters. An additional $50 million from the international community on grant or concessional terms will also be needed to implement this program. 1.7 Promoting sustainable construction industry activities Activities Art 7.69 (a) Has the government established and strengthened the indigenous building materials industry, based, as much as possible, on inputs of locally available natural resources? Indigenous building materials industry 17

18 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Source Recommendati on Target Group Target Date Reference Art 7.69 (b) Has the government formulated programmes to enhance the utilization of local materials by the construction sector by expanding technical support and incentive schemes for increasing schemes for increasing the capabilities and economic viability of small-scale and informal operatives that make sure of these materials and traditional construction techniques? Local communities Has the government adopted standards and other regulatory measures which promote the increased use of energy-efficient designs and Art 7.69 (c) technologies and sustainable utilization of natural resources in an economically and environmentally appropriate way? Art 7.69 (d) Has the government formulated appropriate land-use policies and introduced planning regulations specially aimed at the protection of ecosensitive zones against physical disruption by construction and construction-related activities? Art 7.69 (e) Has the government promoted the use of labour-intensive construction and maintenance technologies which generate employment in the construction sector for the underemployed labour force found in most large cities, while at the same time promoting the development of skills in the construction sector? Construction Sector Art 7.69 (f) Has the government developed policies and practices to reach the informal sector and self-help housing builders by adopting measures to increase the affordability of building materials on the part of the urban and rural poor, though, inter alia, credit schemes and bulk procurement of building Housing builders materials for sale to small-scale builders and communities? 18

19 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.70 (a) Has the government promoted the free exchange of information on the entire range of environmental and health aspects of construction, including the development and dissemination of databases on the adverse environmental effects of building materials through the collaborative efforts of the private and public sectors? Private and public sectors Art 7.70 (b) Has the government promoted the development and dissemination of databases on the adverse environmental and health effects of building materials and introduced legislation and financial incentives to promote recycling of energy-intensive materials in the construction industry and Construction industry conservation of waste energy in building-materials production methods? Art 7.70 (c) Has the government promoted the use of economic instruments, such as product charges, to discourage the use of construction materials and products that create pollution during their life cycle? Art 7.70 (d) Has the government promoted information exchange and appropriate technology transfer among all countries, with particular attention to developing countries, for resource management in construction, particularly for non-renewable resources? Developing countries Art 7.70 (e) Has the government promoted research in construction industries and related activities? Has the government established and strengthened institutions in this sector? Means of implementation Human resource development and capacity-building Construction industry 19

20 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.72 Has the government assisted developing countries in upgrading the technical and managerial capacities of the small entrepreneur and the vocational skills of operatives and supervisors in the building materials industry, using a variety of training methods? Developing countries Has the government assisted developing countries by encouraging the use of non-waste and clean technologies through appropriate transfer of technology? Source Recommendati on Target Group Target Date Reference Has the government developed general education programmes to increase builder awareness of available sustainable technologies? Builders Art 7.73 Art 7.74 Has the government called upon local authorities to play a pioneering role in promoting the increased use of environmentally sound building materials and construction technologies, e.g., by pursuing an innovative procurement policy? Financing and cost evaluation Local authorities Art 7.74 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programme has the government contributed? The activities of this programme are estimated to be about $40 billion, including $4 billion from the international community on grant or concessional terms. 1.8 Promoting human resource development and capacity-building for human settlements development Activities Has the government strengthened the development of human resources and of capacities of public sector institutions through technical assistance Governments 2000 Art 7.77 (a) and international cooperation so as to achieve substantial improvement in the efficiency of governmental activities? 20

21 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.77 (b) Has the government created an enabling policy environment supportive of the partnership between the public, private and community sectors? Public, private and community sectors Art 7.77 (c) Has the government provided enhanced training and technical assistance to institutions providing training for technicians, professionals and administrators, and appointed, elected and professional members of local governments and strengthening their capacity to address priority training needs, particularly in regard to social, economic and environmental aspects of human settlements development? Local government officials Art 7.77 (d) Has the government provided direct assistance for human settlement development at the community level, inter alia, by: Women and youth i.) strengthening the promoting programmes for social mobilization and raising awareness of the potential of women and youth in human settlements activities? ii.) facilitating the coordination of the activities of women, youth, community groups and non-governmental organizations in human settlements development? iii.) promoting research on women s programmes and other groups, and evaluation progress made with a view to identifying bottlenecks and needed assistance? Has the government promoted the inclusion of integrated environmental management in to general local government activities? Art 7.77 (e) Local governments Art 7.78 Has the government supported and strengthened sub regional training institutions, provided updated training materials and disseminated the results of successful human resource and capacity-building activities, programmes and projects? Sub regional training institutions 21

22 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development CSD II 131 (c) Has the government strengthened the economic, political and social institutions of civil society so as to enhance, especially at the municipal level, the capacity of local authorities, training institutions, community groups and non-governmental organizations to act as effective partners and organizers of sustainable development activities at the local level? Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Local populations Has the government combined both formal training and non-formal types of human resource development and capacity-building programmes and Art 7.80 made use of user-oriented training methods, up-to-date training materials and modern audio-visual communications systems? CSD II 132 (n) Has the government mobilized financial and technological resources, as agreed in chapters 33 and 34 of and in the relevant decisions of the Commission, and to respond to the priorities contained in the present decision? Financing and cost evaluation Art 7.79 How much of the average annual total cost ( ) of implementing the activities of this programme has the government contributed? The activities of this programme are estimated to cost $65 million dollars with this money coming from the international community on grant or concessional terms. 2. Stakeholders: The Secretary-General of the United Nations 2.1 Providing adequate shelter for all Means of implementation Human resource development and capacity-building 22

23 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development CSD II 132 (k) Has the Secretary-General, in the context of reporting on section III of, given special attention to the role of local authorities and to the progress they are making in the implementation of the human settlements objectives of? Local authorities 3. Stakeholders: Individual Cities 3.1 Improving human settlement management Activities Encouraging intermediate city development Art 7.19 Has the government (with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities) conducted reviews of urbanization processes and policies in order to assess the environmental impacts of growth and apply urban planning and management approaches specifically suited to the needs, resource capabilities, and characteristics of their growing intermediate-sized cities? Has the government (with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities) concentrated on activities aimed at facilitating the transition from rural to urban lifestyles and settlement patterns and at promoting the development of small-scale economic activities, particularly the production of food, to support local income generation and the production of intermediate goods and services for rural hinterlands? Art 7.20 Has the city, in accordance with national laws, rules and regulations, developed and strengthened the programmes aimed at addressing such problems listed in article 7.19 and guiding their development along a sustainable path? Has the city intensified international initiatives in support of such effort, as in the Sustainable Cities Programmes of Habitat and the Healthy Cities Programme of WHO? Local authorities Has the city strengthened and coordinated initiatives involving the World Bank, the regional development banks and bilateral agencies, as well as other interested stakeholders, particularly international and national representatives of local authorities? Has the city institutionalised a participatory approach to sustainable urban development, based on a continuous dialogue between the actors Women and Art 7.20 (a) involved in urban development (the public sector, private sector and communities), especially women and indigenous people? indigenous people 23

24 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.20 (b) Has the city improved the urban environment by promoting social organization and environmental awareness through the participation of local communities in the identification of public services needs, the provision of urban infrastructure, the enhancement of public amenities and the protection and/or rehabilitation of older buildings, historic precincts and other cultural artefacts? 24 Local communities Have green works programmes been activated to create self-sustaining human development activities and both formal and informal employment opportunities for low-income urban residents? Has the city strengthened the capacities of your local governing bodies to deal more effectively with the broad range of developmental and Local governing Art 7.20 (c) environmental challenges associated with rapid and sound urban growth through comprehensive approaches to planning that recognize the bodies individual needs of cities and are based on ecologically sound urban design practices? Art 7.20 (d) Has the city participated in international sustainable city networks to exchange experiences and mobilize national and international technical and financial support? Urban populations Art 7.20 (e) Has the city promoted the formulation of environmentally sound and culturally sensitive tourism programmes as a strategy for sustainable development of urban and rural settlements and as a way of decentralizing urban development and reducing the discrepancies among regions? Tourism programmes Art 7.20 (f) Has the city established mechanisms, with the assistance of relevant international agencies, to mobilized resources for local initiatives to improve environmental quality? Local governments

25 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.20 (g) Has the city empowered community groups, non-governmental organizations and individuals to assume the authority and responsibility for managing and enhancing their immediate environment through participatory tools, techniques and approaches embodied in the concept of environmental quality? Community groups, NGO s and individuals Art 7.21 Has the city reinforced cooperation with cities of the developing countries, under the aegis of non-governmental organizations active in this field, such as the International Union of Local Authorities (IULA), International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) and the Cities of developed World Federation of Twin Cities? counties 4. Stakeholders: Governments and appropriate international organizations 4.1 Promoting the integrated provision of environmental infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage and solid-waste management Activities CSD II 132 (g) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) given more concerted attention to the management of solid wastes? Indigenous populations and Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) promoted greater awareness of the environmental and health risks from solid waste and the impact of changes in production and consumption patterns on the volume and type of such waste, as well as utilizing the resources and potential of the private sector, including the formal and informal sectors, and using indigenous technologies and techniques? the private sector 25

26 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.39 Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) assessed the environmentally suitability of infrastructure in human settlements, developed national goals for sustainable management of waste, and implemented environmentally sound technology to ensure that the environment, human health and quality of life are protected? Has settlement infrastructure and environmental programmes designed to promote an integrated human settlements approach to the planning, development, maintenance and management of environmental infrastructure (water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid-waste management) been strengthened with the assistance of bilateral and multilateral agencies? Has the coordination among these agencies and with collaboration from international and national representatives of local authorities, the private sector and community groups been strengthened? Bilateral and multilateral agencies, local authorities, community groups, and the private sector Have the activities of all agencies engaged in providing environmental infrastructure, where possible, reflected an ecosystem or metropolitan areas approach to settlements and have included monitoring, applied research, capacity-building, transfer of appropriate technology and technical cooperation among the range of programme activities? Art 7.40 Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) assisted developing countries at the national and local levels in adopting an integrated approach to the provision of water supply, energy, sanitation, drainage and solid-waster management, and external funding agencies should ensure that this approach is applied in particular to environmental infrastructure improvement in informal settlements based on regulations and standards that take into account the living conditions and resources of the communities to be served? Developing countries Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) adopted policies that minimize if not altogether avoid environmental damage, Art 7.41 (a) whenever possible? Art 7.41 (b) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) ensured that relevant decisions are preceded by environmental impact assessments and also take into account the costs of any ecological consequences? Art 7.41 (c) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) promoted development in accordance with indigenous practices and adopted technologies appropriate to local conditions? Indigenous and local populations 26

27 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.41 (d) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) promoted policies aimed at recovering the actual cost of infrastructure services, while at the same time recognizing the need to find suitable approaches (including subsidies) to extend basic services to all households? 27 Households Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) sought out joint solutions to environmental problems that affect several Art 7.41 (e) localities? Art 7.42 Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) facilitated and encouraged the dissemination of information from existing programmes among interested countries and local institutions? Means of implementation Scientific and technological means Governments and local institutions Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) accelerated research in the area of integrated policies of environmental Art 7.44 (a) infrastructure programmes and projects based on cost/benefit analysis and overall environmental impact? Art 7.44 (b) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) promoted methods of assessing effective demand, utilizing environment and development data as criteria for selecting technology? Human resource development and capacity-building

28 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development Art 7.45 (a) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) raised awareness of the means, approaches and benefits of the provision of environmental infrastructure facilities, especially among indigenous people, women, low-income groups and the poor? Indigenous populations, women, lowincome groups, and the poor Art 7.45 (b) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) developed a cadre of professionals with adequate skills in integrated infrastructural service planning and maintenance of resource-efficient, environmentally sound and socially acceptable systems? Professionals Art 7.45 (c) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) strengthened the institutional capacity of local authorities and administrators in the integrated provision of adequate infrastructure services in partnership with local communities and the private sector Local authorities Art 7.45 (d) Has the government (and appropriate international organizations) adopted appropriate legal and regulatory instruments, including cross-subsidy arrangements, to extend the benefits of adequate and affordable environmental infrastructure to unserved population groups, especially the poor? Unserved population groups 5. Stakeholders: Appropriate United Nations agencies and international organizations through the Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development (IACSD) with the Secretary-General of the United Nations 5.1 Providing adequate shelter for all Activities CSD II 132 (h) Have the appropriate United Nations agencies and international organizations, through IACSD, established joint programming mechanisms in the area of human settlements that are specifically focused on urban services and urban poverty and their linkages with health and the environment and urges donor organizations to support those joint programming initiatives? Urban poor and donor organizations 28

29 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development 5.2 Improving human settlement management Activities Improving Urban Management CSD II 132 (e) Have appropriate United Nations agencies and international organizations, through IACSD, considered the feasibility of preparing and implementing integrated environment-upgrading demonstration projects for human settlements in three mega-cities: one each in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean? Mega-cities 1997 Did the Secretary-General report to the Commission on Sustainable Development on progress in this area in 1997? 5.3 Promoting sustainable land-use planning and management Activities CSD II 132 (b) Have appropriate United Nations agencies and international organizations, through the Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development (IACSD), mobilized legal, economic and environmental expertise for the development of equitable and sustainable land use planning and management strategies for human settlements of all sizes? Developing countries 5.4 Promoting sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlement Activities CSD II Have the appropriate United Nations agencies and organizations, through IACSD, launched a demonstration initiative for environmentally Governments (d) friendly urban transport? Does this initiative draw together the best available expertise on urban infrastructure management and facilitate the exchange of knowledge on "best practices" between developed and developing countries? Did the Secretary-General report to the Commission on Sustainable Development on progress in this area in 1997? 29

30 : Chapter 7 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development 6. Stakeholders: Governments with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities 6.1 Improving human settlement management Activities Improving urban management Has the government (with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities) adopted and applied urban management guidelines in the areas of land Art 7.16 (a) management, urban environmental management, infrastructure management and municipal finance and administration? Art 7.16 (b) Has the government (with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities) accelerated efforts to reduce poverty by: Urban poor and women i.) generating employment for the urban poor, particularly women, through the provision, improvement and maintenance of urban infrastructure and services and the support of economic activities in the informal sector, such as repairs, recycling, services and small commerce? ii.) providing specific assistance to the poorest of the urban poor through, inter alia, the creation of social infrastructure in order to reduce hunger and homelessness, and the provision of adequate community services? iii.) encouraging the establishment of indigenous community-based organizations, private voluntary organizations and other forms of non-governmental entities that can contribute to the efforts to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for low-income families? Poor urban areas Art 7.16 (c) Has the government (with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities) adopted innovative city planning strategies to address environmental and social issues by: i.) reducing subsidies on, and recovering the full costs of, environmental and other services of high standard (e.g. water supply, sanitation, waste collection, roads, telecommunications) provided to higher income neighbourhoods? ii.) improving the level of infrastructure and service provision in poorer urban areas? Has the government (with the assistance of NGO s and local authorities) developed local strategies for improving the quality of life and the Art 7.16 (d) environment, integrating decisions on land use and land management, investing in the public and private sectors and mobilizing human and material resources, thereby promoting employment generation that is environmentally sound and protective of human health? 30