Study Island for 10 Minutes

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George Paul
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1 ACTIVATOR Study Island for 10 Minutes

2 Westward Expansion SS8H4

3 SS8H4a Explain the significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between Explain reasons for the establishment of the University of Georgia, and for the westward movement of Georgia s capitals

school for higher education in the United States Abraham Baldwin helped

4 University of Georgia GA s general assembly approved the charter for the University of Georgia in January of st state-chartered (state created) school for higher education in the United States Abraham Baldwin helped write the charter Believed education should be accessible by ALL, not just the wealthy

University of Georgia UGA did not open its doors to students until 1801 Franklin College of Arts and Sciences Only college offered at the University for MANY years School of Law started in 1859 Civil

5 University of Georgia UGA did not open its doors to students until 1801 Franklin College of Arts and Sciences Only college offered at the University for MANY years School of Law started in 1859 Civil War = school closes for 2 years After Civil War, UGA declared a land-grant institution to save it from bankruptcy Agricultural, mechanical, and arts classes now available 20th century brings in pharmacy, education, business, journalism, and graduate schools (broadened opportunities for UGA students)

University of Georgia 1918 - women attended UGA as regular students 1961 - UGA

6 University of Georgia women attended UGA as regular students UGA integrated when Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter were 1st black students enroll.

University of Georgia *Although UGA was the 1st public university to be chartered, the University of North Carolina actually held classes first Still a spirited debate

7 University of Georgia *Although UGA was the 1st public university to be chartered, the University of North Carolina actually held classes first Still a spirited debate between the two institutions about which one is actually the 1st state sponsored university in the United States You decide!

9 Activator Get NOTEBOOKS out and ready! 2. Turn to Capitals of Georgia sheet from yesterday 3. Get ready to go over the answers

10 Capitals of Georgia S A Augusta L Louisville M Milledgeville Atlanta A Savannah

11 Capitals of Georgia Go to your # Station. Complete the reading and answer your questions. Each station will have 8 minutes (will run over into tomorrow)

12 Savannah Colonial Capital However, no power - Trustee s had all of the power (lived back in England) During Royal Period, Savannah = seat of government Royal Governor, legislative assembly, and courts headquartered there

13 Augusta Patriots moved Capital up to Augusta (away from British officials) Moved back and forth from Augusta to Savannah quite frequently Many people believed Augusta was too far away Wanted to move capital to central area

Louisville Selected as capital because of location was center of GA s population at the time (1796-1807) Trading Center?

14 Louisville Selected as capital because of location was center of GA s population at the time ( ) Trading Center? Ogeechee River Developed socially and financially Malaria outbreaks, difficulty of navigating Ogeechee, and continual movement westward caused the capital to be moved again

15 Milledgeville Capital for 60 years Abandoned as General Sherman made his way to the city (March to the Sea) After the Civil War, Union troops denied local government and took control

16 Atlanta Terminus - railroad hub Renamed Marthasville Residents protested name; thought it was too feminine Better rail and accessibility led to ATL becoming new capital in 1868 Final state capital

18 SS8H4b Explain the significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud

19 Westward Expansion After American Revolution, America gained LOTS of land from Native Americans (who sided with the British) Stretched all the way to the Mississippi River Disputes about who should get this new land 3 different systems Headright System Land Lotteries Yazoo Land Act

Headright System System used to allocate lands after Revolutionary War Heads of households (white men over the age of 21) could receive up to 200 acres of

20 Headright System System used to allocate lands after Revolutionary War Heads of households (white men over the age of 21) could receive up to 200 acres of land Men who had slaves or families received even more System ended when there were too many claimants (people who wanted land) and not enough land to offer

21 Yazoo Act 2nd approach to distributing lands Sold land to 4 large companies for $500,000 Land that is now Alabama and Mississippi Soon after the governor signed the act into law, it was revealed that the land companies bribed members of Georgia General Assembly to sell the land Georgia citizens protested

22 Yazoo Act Legislators chose to continue the sale anyway U.S. Senator James Jackson finds out, resigns from Senate and returns to GA to take control of the situation He helps NULLIFY (do-away with) the Yazoo Land Act GA ceded (gave up) the land to the U.S. government for $1.25 million with the promise that the U.S. government would relinquish (stop) Indian land claims in the state as well as remove Creek Indians from GA

23 Yazoo Act Controversy surrounding this act is known as the Yazoo Land Fraud Burning of the Yazoo Act at Louisville shows James Jackson and his supporters setting the document ablaze

25 Land Lotteries Final approach to land distribution From , GA had 8 land lotteries Lotteries gave the average Georgian the opportunity to gain a large amount of land for very LITTLE money To take part in the lottery, you only had to buy 1 ticket Day of lottery, participant names were placed in a drum and land lot was placed in 2nd drum Could have name placed in drum more than once depending on Age, martital status, and war service

27 SS8H4c Explain the significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between Explain how technological advancements, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia s growth

28 Technological Advancements The Cotton Gin and the Railroad profoundly changed the way of life for Georgians.

Cotton Gin Transformed the production of cotton into an economic boom for the state, however at an immense human cost in the form of slavery Idea

29 Cotton Gin Transformed the production of cotton into an economic boom for the state, however at an immense human cost in the form of slavery Idea conceived by Eli Whitney Northerner who moved to GA in 1793 State was looking at other ways to make a profitable crop Tobacco was ruining the soil

30 Cotton Gin Until the invention of the Cotton Gin, seeds in the cotton lint had to be removed by hand Time-consuming Most farmers could only clean 1 lb. of cotton a day (NOT profitable) Whitney s cotton gin could clean 50 lbs. of cotton a day Separated the seeds from the cotton Did not PICK the cotton (slaves used to pick cotton)

33 Cotton Gin Due to machine s efficiency, cotton was grown ALOT! Led to westward expansion as farmers sought more and more land South = producing much of world s cotton by end of 19th century

34 Cotton Gin 2 negative side effects: South becomes overly dependent on 1 crop All of our eggs were in 1 basket Boll weevil Slavery increased in GA and throughout the South

Railroad Many of Georgia s town and cities were developed because of the Railroad ATLANTA Terminus - end of the line 1st major American city built on a location without a

35 Railroad Many of Georgia s town and cities were developed because of the Railroad ATLANTA Terminus - end of the line 1st major American city built on a location without a navigable river 1st railroad in GA charted to help transport cotton from Athens to Augusta due to poor road conditions GA had more miles of RR track than any other southern state

37 Westward Expansion: A Georgia Perspective Complete your Westward Expansion handout by reading the documents. FOR A GRADE!!

38 Activator Write down 3 questions you have about Westward Expansion Be prepared to share!

39 SS8H4d Explain the significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between Describe the role of William McIntosh in the removal of the Creek from Georgia

40 Creek Indians Creek Nation was the most populous tribe in the state and held the largest amount of land Colonial Period - Creeks were major trading partners with the colony Many white Georgians intermarried with Creeks and became members of the tribe Some followed the plantation way of life However many did not approve of slavery - helped runaway slaves escape

41 Creek Indians American Revolution - Creek indians chose to side with the British Causing a rift between many Georgians and the Native American tribe Many white Georgian pushed for state and federal leaders to remove Native Americans Wanted their land for deer trade Treaty of New York Many Creek lands ceded (given up) east of the Ocmulgee River

42 Creek Indians Red Stick War a civil war broke out between the Creek Indians White Sticks = Creeks who did NOT want to fight the white settlers Red Sticks = Creeks who wanted to fight the white settlers Rift between Indians who agreed with white men taking over their land or not

43 Creek Indians Creeks were defeated by future president Andrew Jackson at Battle of Horseshoe Bend in present day Alabama Following this war, Creek s lost 22 million acres of land Treaty of Indian Springs Creek Chief William McIntosh signed away remainder of Creek land in GA after taking a bribe from an Indian agent.

44 William McIntosh Creek Chief Scottish father and Creek Mother Related to very prominent GA families Really strong political connections and loyalty to the United States

45 William McIntosh Made his tribesmen mad by constantly siding with the U.S. on several occasions - even during the Red Stick War Encouraged Creeks to change their traditional lifestyle Move to agricultural production and slaveholding McIntosh owned 2 plantantations himself Most Creeks did NOT support this idea / abandonment of their traditional lifestyle

46 William McIntosh stories/story_of_chief_william_mci ntosh Final conflict between McIntosh and Creeks: Second Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) Sold the remaining lands in Georgia for $200,000 WITHOUT the tribe's consent McIntosh received extra cash for his personal lands in the treaty Creek tribe ruled to execute McIntosh for his actions McIntosh was shot / stabbed in his home Treaty officially removed Creek Indians from Georgia borders

47 SS8H4e Explain the significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between Analyze how key people (John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson) and events (Dahlonega Gold Rush, and Worcester v. Georgia) led to the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia known as the Trail of Tears

48 exp.trail/trail-of-tears/#.wc5dmy9szow

French During Revolution, the Cherokee continued to support the British Caused

49 Cherokee Indians Lived in mountains of North Georgia Became important trading partner with English Exclusively loyal to the English Did NOT trade with the French During Revolution, the Cherokee continued to support the British Caused much conflict between Cherokee and Creek (who supported the French and Patriots)

Cherokee Indians Continued to fight with Americans Eventually peace was established Treaties with the United States Federal Road through their land Realized that best hope for maintaining their land

50 Cherokee Indians Continued to fight with Americans Eventually peace was established Treaties with the United States Federal Road through their land Realized that best hope for maintaining their land was to resemble their society after the United States Written language established Written constitution Use of slavery White settlers still wanted them removed from the state, especially after Gold was discovered

51 Worcester v. Georgia 1832, Cherokee Indians won the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia Decision SHOULD have protected tribe from removal Stated that the Cherokee were an independent nation and were NOT subject to Georgia law

52 Worcester v. Georgia ntent/worcester-v-georgia Treaty of New Echota Small group of Cherokees signed treaty (without permission) that ceded ALL Cherokee land in the Southeast to the United States and allowed for their move to Indian territory in Oklahoma President Andrew Jackson signed the treaty and Congress approved it most of Cherokee Indians were forcefully removed from the state - TRAIL OF TEARS

53 John Ross Principal chief of Cherokee Nation Mixed heritage / practiced many European customs and spoke English Became successful businessman selling goods to U.S. government Bought a plantation and created a ferry business

54 John Ross Had faith that the U.S. Government (specifically the Supreme Court) would protect the most civilized tribe in the Southeast (Cherokee) After Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, it seemed as though the Cherokee would get to stay in Georgia with their winning of Worcester v. Georgia (declared Cherokee an independent nation) President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court ruling

55 John Ross Ross continued to fight removal until 1838 Negotiated a deal with U.S. government to pay for his moving expenses Wife died on the trail Once in Oklahoma, Ross continued to serve as principal chief

Georgia held a land lottery in 1832 1838 - Cherokee removed from region by U.S.

56 Dahlonega Gold Rush Gold discovered around Dahlonega GA in 1828 Was NOT good news for Cherokee Indian White settlers began to settle on Cherokee lands WITHOUT permission Georgia held a land lottery in Cherokee removed from region by U.S. Army, known as the Trail of Tears ry.org/content/dahlonega-goldrush

57 Andrew Jackson v. John Marshall

58 John Marshall Supreme Court Justice that ruled in Worcester v. Georgia Condemned Georgia legislators for allowing white settlers to settle on their lands Wrote that Indian nations were distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights.

59 Andrew Jackson Wanted the Indians moved to territory out west (Oklahoma) Some believe he wanted to remove Indians because of their loyalty to the British during the American Revolutionary War Refused to enforce Worcester v. Georgia John Marshall has made the decision, now let him enforce it.

60 Trail of Tears End result of many years of court cases and legal filings between the state of Georgia and the United States government President Martin Van Buren (Jackson s former VP) ordered U.S. Army to forcefully remove Cherokee from Georgia Cherokee who lived on private land, not tribal land were NOT removed 4,000 lives lost due to disease and exposure Cherokee Nation is now the largest tribe in the United States

61 632cbc44-2f7a-11e7-a335-fa0ae _video.html?utm_term=.de3c9fc4bba1

Development of Georgia. Establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches

Development of Georgia. Establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches Development of Georgia Establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches Standards SS8H5 The student will explain significant factors that affected