FINAL TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY

Transcription

1 FINAL TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific 258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100 JBPHH HI April 2012, Revised March 2013

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3 FINAL TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY Prepared for: Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific 258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100 JBPHH HI Prepared by: AECOM Technical Services, Inc Bishop Street, Suite 1600 Honolulu, HI Under the TEC-AECOM Pacific Joint Venture April 2012, Revised March 2013 N D-1801 Amd 01 Contract Task Order No. 002

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5 Executive Summary EECUTIVE SUMMARY The objective of the (Training Needs Assessment) is to identify and validate unfilled training requirements for units/commands assigned to the United States (U.S.) Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR). Previous studies have identified training deficiencies within the PACOM AOR; this study confirmed that finding by compiling a list of 62 unfilled requirements. The Training Needs Assessment validates this list of unfilled requirements by assessing the current capabilities of existing ranges, training areas, and supporting facilities within the PACOM AOR, relative to their potential to fill each of the unfilled requirements. This is a technical report (i.e., "planning tool") that is intended to support the planning for potential training ranges and supporting facilities in the Pacific. It does not offer conclusions or recommendations. ES-1 BACKGROUND In 2009, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) conducted the Department of Defense (DoD) Training in the Pacific Study (hereinafter IDA Study) to assess the DoD s training needs, capacities, and options to mitigate gaps and exploit training opportunities in the PACOM AOR. The IDA Study examined training capabilities at ranges utilized by the DoD in the PACOM AOR and concluded that current training deficiencies exist, particularly in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study examined several potential solutions and concluded that the Mariana Islands strategic location in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support forces throughout the AOR, particularly those forces on the Western rim who are more reliant on access to foreign nations training ranges and areas. To meet Service Component identified deficiencies, the IDA Study recommended that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared to analyze the environmental impact of constructing new, or expanding existing training ranges and support facilities in the Mariana Islands. The DoD s 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) reiterated the important role of forwardstationed and forward-deployed U.S. presence in the Pacific due to the vast distances and low density of U.S. basing and infrastructure in the region. Consequently, the U.S. seeks to augment and adapt its Pacific presence. The QDR states that part of the Pacific posture adaptation will be supported by the transformation of Guam, the westernmost U.S. sovereign territory, into a primary location for security activities in the region. Based on the geographical areas identified in the IDA Study, and supported in the QDR, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) provided funds to PACOM to conduct a study and subsequent National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis to address training deficiencies. In August 2010, PACOM appointed Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) as the Executive Agent (EA) for the preparation of the planned DoD Training in the Pacific EIS. PACOM tasked the EA with developing and analyzing alternatives that provide capabilities to meet unfilled training requirements in the AOR for the PACOM Service Components: U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT), U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC), MARFORPAC, U.S. Air Forces Pacific (PACAF), and Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC). Prior to initiating efforts under NEPA or Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions, the EA prepared this Training Needs Assessment as a planning tool to assist FINAL ES-1

6 Executive Summary in defining the objectives and determining the purpose, need, and scope necessary to address the 62 unfilled training requirements identified by all Service Components for the PACOM AOR. ES-2 APPROACH OF ASSESSMENT REPORT The PACOM AOR encompasses about half of the earth s surface, stretching from the west coast of the U.S. to the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole. To protect U.S. interests in this region, approximately one-fifth of total U.S. military strength is assigned to the region. To best identify and validate unfilled training requirements in the expansive PACOM AOR, four independent geographic areas representing the largest concentrations of U.S. forces and their associated training areas were identified. These four independent geographic areas, classified as hubs for the purpose of this study, are defined as a location with a concentration of units that meet or exceed battalion or squadron size. In addition to a concentration of units, a hub includes the associated Local Training Areas (LTAs) and Major Training Areas (MTAs) that are routinely used by the military stationed within these hub locations. An LTA is defined as a training area located in close proximity to the resident military personnel that supports frequent training for individual and small unit proficiency. In contrast, an MTA is used when collective live-fire training and maneuver training occurs and is typically separated from the LTA and the home station/base of the training unit. MTA training occurs less frequently than individual skills and small unit proficiency training in LTAs. As illustrated in Figure ES-1, this approach resulted in identifying the following four hubs in the PACOM AOR: Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea The assessment considered current and reasonably foreseeable force structure within the PACOM AOR. With the exception of the Marianas Hub, all hubs reflect forces in place, both permanently forward deployed and those on unit rotational deployment. Reserve and National Guard units, while not within the PACOM command structure, are included in order to provide a more comprehensive picture of potential training range users. While modifications to force posture are contemplated throughout the PACOM AOR, the hubs in this report depict areas with major U.S. forces. The Marianas Hub includes the planned presence of Marine Corps units projected to relocate from Okinawa to Guam, per the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (United States Japan Security Consultative Committee [SCC]). In addition, studied training ranges on Guam, envisioned to partially support training of the projected Marine Corps units on Guam, were included and assumed to be constructed in the near future. FINAL ES-2

7 Executive Summary Figure ES-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs This document defines the 62 unfilled training requirements identified by the PACOM Services based on existing range and facility inventories. Design/size criteria for ranges or facilities to satisfy each unfilled requirement are provided. The assessment then reviewed the existing ranges and facilities in each hub to determine the obstacles to meeting the 62 unfilled requirements. This Training Needs Assessment is not an analysis of unit training or range/facility capacity, nor does it account for the potential of units to overcome deficiencies in available ranges and facilities through creative local training initiatives and/or participation in multi-lateral exercises; rather, this assessment attempts to validate and focus previous efforts to establish the purpose and need for training in this theatre and the possible scope of any future planning efforts. ES-3 U.S. PACOM HUBS Each hub possesses different operational capabilities, size of facilities, available opportunities, and possible constraints to facilitate and expand training opportunities. These are described below. ES-3.1 Hawaii Hub The Hawaii Hub includes major units from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps based on Oahu. The units include two Army brigade combat teams of the 25th Infantry Division based at Schofield Barracks; Cruisers of Naval Surface Group Mid Pacific, three submarine squadrons, and a destroyer squadron homeported at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH); the Air Force s 15th Wing with one fighter squadron, one air refueling squadron, and two airlift squadrons based at FINAL ES-3

8 Executive Summary JBPHH; and a Marine Corps infantry regiment and Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), Kaneohe Bay. There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard within this hub. The LTAs available to forces in the Hawaii Hub are located on the island of Oahu and include the Marine Corps Kaneohe Bay Ranges, Puuloa Ranges, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, and the Army s Schofield Barracks Training Areas (comprised of smaller training areas, such as Kahuku, Kawailoa, and the Tactical Flight Training Area). Aviation units use Kaula Rock for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training. The MTAs available to ground and air forces in the Hawaii Hub are on the islands of Hawaii and Kauai. These facilities include the Army s Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) on the island of Hawaii and associated ranges within the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) complex on the island of Kauai. Land development and increased housing construction continue to exert pressure on training areas and ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As development near the installations boundaries increases, use of maneuver areas and impact areas become affected by noise restrictions. The presence of many protected natural and cultural resources within or adjacent to training ranges and facilities also affect range operations. Light sources in the surrounding communities can preclude some night vision training for air crews. Maritime protective and mitigation measures have resulted in training restrictions that reduce training flexibility, force segmented training, and ultimately reduce training realism. Live-fire ranges near the ocean are required to cease operations when civilian watercraft enter the confines of a range surface danger zone (SDZ) that extends into the ocean behind the impact area. These intermittent cease-fire events disrupt and degrade live-fire training events. Acquisition or expansion of land, airspace, or sea space is difficult for the Services in the Hawaii Hub and has implications for training. For example, at MCBH, insufficient usable land area for range development and lack of Special Use Airspace (SUA) preclude conducting collective training except at the most basic levels on ranges. The urbanized character of Oahu further constrains the development of current Army and Marine Corps ranges. The Army s PTA and other smaller training areas throughout the Hawaii Hub are limited by the lack of usable terrain. For all Services, SUA expansion is challenged by the present airways structure supporting primarily civilian commercial aviation. Another important aspect of training is the availability of an unimpeded electromagnetic spectrum. Encroachment on the electromagnetic spectrum may cause range users to seek workarounds to complete training that can become unrealistic, segmented, or irrelevant over time. The Marine Corps and Army view the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with respect to spectrum availability. However, the Navy notes that employment of certain data links is restricted and competition for frequency spectrum will increase pressure on available bandwidth for Navy operations. ES-3.2 Japan Hub The Japan Hub includes major forces based on mainland Japan and Okinawa. U.S. forces on mainland Japan include the following Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units: the U.S. Army Forces Japan and I Corps (Forward) units are combat sustainment support, aviation, signal, military intelligence, ordnance, transportation, military police and special troops battalions; Navy s 7th Fleet surface units at Yokosuka Naval Base, Sasebo Naval Base, and Carrier Air Wing 5 at Naval FINAL ES-4

9 Executive Summary Air Facility (NAF) Atsugi; two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air Base; and a Marine Air Group based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. Units on Okinawa primarily consist of Marine Corps units of III Marine Expeditionary Force, to include one ground regiment of the 3d Marine Division based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler and a Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. The Air Force 18th Wing, at Kadena Air Base, supports two fighter squadrons, two rescue squadrons, and one air refueler squadron. The Army also has ordnance, air defense artillery, quartermaster, signals, and transportation battalions on Okinawa. A Special Forces battalion and numerous Special Operations squadrons are based in the Japan Hub. The LTAs available to ground forces in the Japan Hub are in and around Okinawa including the Marine Corps Central Training Area, Northern Training Area, and Ie Shima Training Area. Tori Shima (W-176) and Idesuna Jima (W-174) island targets are used for Close Air Support (CAS) training. The MTA available to ground forces in the Japan Hub is the Marine Corps Camp Fuji Training Area on the Japanese mainland island of Honshu. Aviation units also train in the Warning Areas surrounding Okinawa. The Oki Daito Jima range (W-183) is used for unit size force and above exercises. All U.S. bases within the Japan Hub are affected by increased urban encroachment that impacts and limits current training operations and opportunities. Urban encroachment produces issues with noise, light, and traffic. Further growth and development of training ranges on Okinawa is severely constrained due to a lack of sufficient buffer zones between U.S. training facilities and surrounding communities. For example, Okinawa s Central Training Area, located within the confines of Camp Hansen and Camp Schwab in central Okinawa, is trisected by public roads, and surrounded by small towns. Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized areas surrounding most U.S. bases on mainland Japan would be difficult. Either urban growth severely limits potential expansion or sufficient suitable terrain does not exist to support training requirements. Airspace available for training on mainland Japan is limited because of the large volume of airport arrivals and departures, as well as the high concentration of commercial aviation transportation routes, airways, and user preferred routes. Establishing new Joint SUA is difficult because the U.S. Service Components cannot act as the proponent for a proposal. These factors hamper the development and acquisition of new SUA, and thereby hamper training development. Range development on Okinawa, such as locations around both MCAS Futenma and Kadena Air Base, or the vegetated and steep terrain of the Central Training Area is virtually impossible due to encroachment of urban growth and the lack of sufficient, suitable, unencumbered terrain. Land and airspace are not large enough to allow for CAS training on Okinawa proper. Therefore, this limited training occurs on smaller islands at a distance from Okinawa bases. Okinawa and mainland Japan experience similar commercial aviation constraints, further encumbering required training in SUAs. These restrictions limit the conduct of basic and combined-arms live-fire training operations to the platoon level. Requests to expand training space and/or capabilities are handled through the U.S. Government/ Government of Japan (GOJ) Joint Committee. The challenges to expand training to meet unfilled requirements are substantially made more difficult because the U.S. and Japan are also working to reduce the footprint of U.S. forces on Okinawa. The U.S. and Japan approved the U.S. Japan Alliance Transformation and Realignment Agreement (ATARA). One of the follow on Agreed FINAL ES-5

10 Executive Summary Implementation Plans (AIP) is to relocate 8,600 Marines off Okinawa to Guam. Under this plan, the U.S. will return 68% of the land it currently manages, south of Kadena Air Base, back to the GOJ. However, there is a continual need for diplomatic effort to maintain the status of U.S. military training in and around the Japan Hub. As an example, because of past agreements with the GOJ, Marine Corps artillery live-fire training is no longer conducted on Okinawa where the units are based. This decision was based on the U.S. Japan Final Report of the Special Action Committee on Okinawa on December 2, 1996 (Sustainable Range Report 2011). The report provided 27 recommendations to reduce the impact of the U.S. military presence on the Okinawan people. As a result, the 3d Marine Division's artillery live-fire exercises have been relocated from the Central Training Area on Okinawa to the Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai host nation training ranges on the mainland of Japan. Japanese restrictions on electronic emissions limit the use of the Navy s Tactical Combat Training System. These limitations directly affect the Navy s ability to fully and realistically train in the Strike Warfare, Electronic Combat, Anti-Air Warfare, and Anti-Surface Warfare mission areas. The Navy continues to coordinate with Japanese agencies to seek spectrum relief and to develop strategies that will increase use while ensuring pending use of emerging spectrum technologies. ES-3.3 Marianas Hub U.S. forces in the Marianas Hub primarily consist of the Navy s Commander Submarine Squadron 15 homeported on Guam; Marine Corps units that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam in the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation; and the Air Force s 36th Wing supporting rotational deployments of fighters, bombers and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) units, and the 36th Contingency Response Group, at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) (SCC 2010). There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard within this hub. The LTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the island of Guam at Andersen AFB, Andersen Northwest Field, Andersen South, and the Naval Munitions Site. The studied live-fire ranges on Guam are integral to planned basing of the relocated Marines from Okinawa to Guam. The MTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) of Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM). Aviation units use FDM as the primary air-to-ground range for strike and CAS. The airspace, W-517, and the associated Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspaces provide area for large force exercises south of Guam. The presence of cultural and natural resources in the Marianas Hub may limit locations for new ranges and training areas. As training activities are proposed on additional islands, encroachment may vary in severity depending on each island s environmental and mitigation protocols. Recent encroachment pressure is attributed to commercial aviation s incompatibility with some Electronic Warfare mission area training requirements. Some training events on FDM, the sole live-fire air-toground and naval surface fire support range, are limited due to the presence of threatened and endangered species and migratory bird habitat restrictions. The use of live-fire munitions on FDM has contributed to de-vegetation and erosion, prompting restrictions and prohibitions on the use of certain munitions expenditures, thereby decreasing training realism. Biosecurity restrictions, such as those outlined in the Brown Treesnake (BTS) Control and Interdiction Plan, have been placed on military training throughout this region (U.S. Department of FINAL ES-6

11 Executive Summary Agriculture 2011). Cargo and unit movements through Navy and Air Force facilities on Guam must adhere to appropriate BTS containment and inspection measures. As with training areas in the other PACOM hubs, transient boat traffic interrupts or stops military training activity throughout the Marianas Hub. Residential encroachment results in restrictions on night flying and flight tracks affecting training events from Andersen s Northwest Field on Guam. There are limited areas available for amphibious maneuver training in the Marianas Hub. Landing beach utilization is restricted as defined/identified by conservation measures set forth in the Mariana Islands Range Complex (MIRC) EIS Record of Decision (ROD). Amphibious landings on DoD beaches may be subject to alternate landing patterns to reduce potential coral impacts and accommodate beach size. However, neither constraint significantly affects training realism. Landing Craft Air Cushion and Amphibious Assault Vehicle landings on the beaches in the Marianas Hub may require compensatory coral reef mitigation efforts. The current land target range in this hub is FDM, a single small island that presents unique training challenges to all levels and types of air-to-ground and some ground-to-ground training. Spectrum encroachment is considered moderate for naval forces training in the Marianas Hub. Importantly, the Marianas Hub has existing military land leases not available at the other hubs. In 1983, DoD signed 50-year leases on portions of Tinian Island and FDM. These leases have a 50-year renewal option that can extend the leases to The Tinian Military Lease Area encompasses 63.9 square kilometers (km²) (15,353 acres) on the island of Tinian. FDM is 0.7 km² (206 acres) and primarily serves as a bombing range for aircraft and Navy surface vessels. ES-3.4 Korea Hub The Korea Hub primarily consists of one Army brigade combat team of the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Hovey, two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air Base), and two fighter squadrons of the 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base). The LTAs and MTAs available to the Korea Hub include the ranges and facilities at Camp Carroll, Camp Casey/Hovey, Camp Humphreys, the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex, and the Story Live-Fire Complex. Aviation units use the Pil Sung (R-110), Nightmare (P-518), and Chik-Do (R-105) ranges for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training. Korean Training Areas, including Military Operating Areas and restricted areas, are also typically available to U.S. forces for air-to-air training. The available training areas in the Korea Hub are challenged by encroachment as the civilian population in and around the training areas increases. To address these issues, including challenges to facility access, an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the Republic of Korea (ROK), titled the Land Partnership Plan (LPP), was signed on 29 March This plan intends to align installations with future requirements, modernize the aerial and sea ports of debarkation, and consolidate units in better position to support contingencies and improve and protect training areas. Former Commander, United States Forces Korea (USFK), noted in his 2009 statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee that The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps possess adequate training resources on the Korean Peninsula to maintain unit combat readiness including the conduct of robust amphibious operations (Sharp 2009). He also noted, USFK still faces challenges with insufficient training range capacity and capability needed to maintain the readiness of our air forces in Korea (Sharp 2009). In a 2011 statement, the Commander offered his assessment of training on FINAL ES-7

12 Executive Summary the peninsula, as follows: Provisions in the LPP help ensure continued readiness by providing U.S. forces dedicated time on ROK training areas and ranges (Sharp 2011). ES-4 UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS The 62 unfilled training requirements are shown in Table ES-1. To standardize an understanding of these unfilled requirements, the Unified Facilities Criteria N was used as the primary source for range definitions. As appropriate, Army, Air Force, and other Navy standards were also consulted. The majority of unfilled requirements were identified by the Marines. As such, the Marine Corps Reference Publication 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, was used as the primary source for the size of specific training ranges or facilities that would satisfy the unfilled requirements. In some cases, design parameters for specific types of training ranges or facilities could not be found in any of the available service documents (e.g., the Home Station Lanes [Counter Improvised Explosive Device {IED} Facility]). In those cases, open source research was conducted and/or Service Components provided amplifying details and information. Types of training ranges or supporting facilities that would satisfy the unfilled training requirements range in size from large areas, such as the land needed to support the objective size of a Dudded Impact Area for live-fire ranges of 12.5 kilometers (km) 25 km (7.7 mile [mi] 15.5 mi), to a relatively small area needed for a pistol range of 135 meters (m) 30 m (131 yards [yd] 33 yd). The types of training ranges and support facilities also vary from some relatively simple construction, such as a sniper/rappel tower, to substantial facility development to accommodate a company combined arms live-fire and maneuver range/battle area complex. The unfilled requirements take into consideration the need for an expeditionary Base Camp when forces are deployed to an MTA. The Base Camp would provide the following: troop housing, food services, electricity, water, sanitation, maintenance, and storage facilities. The type and standard of construction will depend on the projected lifespan of the facilities. ES-5 COMPARISON OF U.S. PACOM HUBS WITH UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS Within the four identified PACOM Hubs, there exist a total of 62 unfilled training requirements identified by the Service Components. Table ES-1 uses a color-coded system to illustrate the level of mission capability of each training range or requirement. The assessment provides the following four observations: Fully Mission Capable Partially Mission Capable Not Mission Capable Not Required As shown in the Table ES-1, only two requirements are assessed as Not Mission Capable across all four hubs: Electronic Training Ranges and Low Altitude Tactics Routes for Fixed Wing Aircraft. Other significant deficiencies (identified as Not Mission Capable findings across three of the four hubs) are found in 1000 yard Known Distance Rifle Ranges; Field Firing Ranges; Tank/Stationary FINAL ES-8

13 Executive Summary Target Ranges; Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area; and Tracked Vehicle Driver s Courses. The Hawaii Hub has more Fully and Partially Mission Capable findings than Not Mission Capable or Not Required findings. The Korea Hub does not have the same diversity of requirements as the other hubs based on the assigned forces. This results in the greatest number of Not Required findings. Additionally, forces in the Korea Hub use ranges owned by the ROK to leverage their capabilities to meet their training requirements. Ground training range capabilities in Korea are relatively robust, while greater training challenges exist for aviation training. The Japan Hub has almost an equal number of Fully, Partially, and Not Mission Capable findings. This indicates that just over one third of existing training ranges fully support Service training requirements. Many of the Partially and Not Mission Capable findings in the Japan Hub are a reflection of the challenges imposed by encroachment and the inability to acquire additional land and airspace. Because of highly developed economies and infrastructure in the Hawaii, Japan, and Korea Hubs, these three hubs present the greatest encroachment difficulties and the least amount of undeveloped land available for increased training. These observations contrast substantially with the assessment of the Marianas Hub. The Marianas Hub has significantly more unfilled training requirements than other hubs in the PACOM AOR. This is evident by the largest amount of Partially and Not Mission Capable findings. This overall assessment for the Marianas Hub reflects an increase in training requirements for currently based forces and the requirements for the Marines that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam. This significant increase in both the number of forces and the training requirements needed to maintain combat readiness cannot be met by the existing training range and facilities inventory. Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has a less developed infrastructure allowing for more undeveloped land with potentially less encroachment pressures available for expanded training capability. The findings of this assessment are consistent with the IDA Study that concluded that current training deficiencies exist, especially in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study further stated that the central location of the Mariana Islands in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support U.S. DoD forces on both sides of the Pacific. While the four hubs make up the majority of the Pacific region force structure, each hub has an independent collection of forces that has its own training requirement. This is particularly true of LTAs due to the relative frequency of the training that occurs in these areas. Regardless of the hub, closing the gap between the existing training capabilities in any of the hubs, based on the requirements identified by the PACOM Service Components with units assigned to that hub, will require some investment to accomplish. FINAL ES-9

14 Executive Summary Legend Fully Mission Capable Partially Mission Capable Not Mission Capable Not Required Table ES-1: Hub Assessment Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea Hub - defined as current force posture location (sqdn/bn as the bottom limit) RANGES/ENABLERS THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING 1 Impact Area Dudded 2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated) 3 Pistol KD Range 4 Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd) 5 Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd) 6 Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) 7 Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) 8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range 9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) 10 Field Fire Range (Automated) 11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) 12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range 13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range 14 LAW Range Live 15 Grenade Launcher Range mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range 17 BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range) yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from BZO range) 19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) 20 MPTR/MPTR (Automated) 21 Modified Record of Fire Range 22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC 23 MPMG Range (Automated) 24 Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training (must have instrumentation capability lease and installation) FINAL ES-10

15 Executive Summary Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea 25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex 26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area 27 UAC/MOUT UAC Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN]) 29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) 30 Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF 31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility) 32 CLF Range 33 Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course 34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches 35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces 36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces 37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces 38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) 39 Sniper/Jungle Range 40 Infantry Immersion Trainer RANGES THAT SUPPORT MARITIME TRAINING 41 MIW Range RANGES THAT SUPPORT AVIATION TRAINING 42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) 43 CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range) 44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS) 45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice 46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice 47 LZs/DZs 48 UAS Operating Areas 49 AAW Range 50 LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing) 51 TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) 52 Short field take-off and landings, night 53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range FINAL ES-11

16 Executive Summary Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS 54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure 55 Range Control 56 Data Transfer Infrastructure 57 Aerial Target Support Facility 58 Ammunition Storage 59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) 60 SUA and Warning Areas 61 Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new construction) 62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and facilities (existing or new construction) Notes: AAW = Anti-Air Warfare bn = Battalion BZO = Battle Sight Zero CACTF = Combined Arms Collective Training Facility CAS = Close Air Support CLF = Convoy Live-Fire DZ = Drop Zone IADS = Integrated Air Defense System IED = Improvised Explosive Device KD = Known Distance LAT = Low Altitude Tactics LAW = Light Anti-Armor Weapon LZ = Landing Zone MIW = Mine Warfare mm = millimeter MOUT = Military Operations on Urban Terrain MPMG = Multi-Purpose Machine Gun MPRC = Multi-Purpose Range Complex MPTR = Multi-Purpose Training Range NGFS = Naval Gunfire Support sqdn = Squadron SUA = Special Use Airspace TERF = Terrain Flight UAC = Urban Assault Course UAS = Unmanned Aircraft Systems yd = yard or yards FINAL ES-12

17 Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ES-1 CHAPTER 1. Introduction Study Objective Background Assessment Steps and Report Organization 1-2 CHAPTER 2. Hub Concept Local Training Area (LTA) Major Training Area (MTA) U.S. Pacific Command Hubs 2-2 CHAPTER 3. Unfilled Training Requirements Description of Training Range Requirements 3-9 CHAPTER 4. Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Hawaii Hub Japan Hub Marianas Hub Korea Hub 4-34 APPENDICES A B C FIGURES PACOM Guidance U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Forces by Hub References 2-1 U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs Training Areas in Hawaii Hub Training Areas in Japan Hub Training Areas in the Marianas Hub Training Areas in South Korea Hub 2-10 TABLES ES-1 Hub Assessment ES Hub Description Matrix U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and Service Components Unfilled Training Requirements Hub Assessment 4-3 FINAL i

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19 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAV Amphibious Assault Vehicle AAW Anti-Air Warfare ACE Air Combat Element AFB Air Force Base AFI Air Force Instruction AGL Above Ground Level ALTRAV Altitude Reservation AMW Amphibious Warfare AOR Area of Responsibility AT Anti-Tank ATCAA Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspaces BTS Brown Treesnake BZO Battle Sight Zero CACTF Combined Arms Collective Training Facility CAS Close Air Support CCN Category Code Number CLF Convoy Live-Fire CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands CONUS Continental U.S. CSG Carrier Strike Group DoD Department of Defense DZ Drop Zone EA Executive Agent EAF Expeditionary Airfield EIS Environmental Impact Statement FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Facilities Category Code FCLP Field Carrier Landing Practice FDM Farallon de Medinilla FIRE Firing Exercise FOB Forward Operating Base ft foot or feet GOJ Government of Japan IADS Integrated Air Defense System IDA Institute for Defense Analyses IED Improvised Explosive Device IER Information Exchange Requirements IIT Infantry Immersion Trainer INRMP Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans IR Instrument Flight Rules Military Training Route JBPHH Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam KD Known Distance kg kilograms kph kilometers per hour km kilometers km² square kilometers FINAL iii

20 Acronyms and Abbreviations LAT LAV LAW lbs LCAC LHA LTA LPP LZ m mm MCAS MCBH MCM MCRP MEF MEU MARFORPAC mi mi² MIW MK MLA MOA MOUT MPMG MPRC MPTR MSL MTA NAF NAVFAC NEPA NGFS nm nm² NSFS OCE OPFOR PACAF PACFLT PACOM PMRF PTA QDR RCD RDCPS Low Altitude Tactics Light Armored Vehicle Light Anti-Armor Weapons pounds Landing Craft Air Cushion Landing Helicopter Assault Local Training Area Land Partnership Plan Landing Zone meters millimeter Marine Corps Air Station Marine Corps Base Hawaii Mine Counter Measures Marine Corps Reference Publication Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Expeditionary Unit Marine Corps Forces, Pacific mile square miles Mine Warfare Range Mark Military Lease Area Military Operating Area Military Operations on Urban Terrain Multi-Purpose Machine Gun Multi-Purpose Range Complex Multi-Purpose Training Range Mean Sea Level Major Training Areas Naval Air Facility Naval Facilities Engineering Command National Environmental Policy Act Naval Gunfire Support nautical mile square nautical miles Naval Surface Fire Support Officer Conducting Exercise Opposing Force U.S. Air Forces Pacific U.S. Pacific Fleet U.S. Pacific Command Pacific Missile Range Facility Pohakuloa Training Area Quadrennial Defense Review Navy Ranges Required Capabilities Document Range Data Collection and Processing System FINAL iv

21 Acronyms and Abbreviations ROK SCC SDZ SOCPAC SR SRR STW SUA TC TCTS TERF TOW UAC UAS UAV UCAS UFC U.S. USARPAC USFK UUV VR VTOL yd Republic of Korea United States-Japan Security Consultative Committee Surface Danger Zone Special Operations Command Pacific Slow Route Sustainable Ranges Report Strike Warfare Special Use Airspace Training Circular Tactical Combat Training System Terrain Flight Tube Fired, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided Missile Urban Assault Course Unmanned Aircraft System Unmanned Air Vehicle Urban Close Air Support Unified Facilities Criteria United States U.S. Army Pacific United States Forces Korea Unmanned Undersea Vessel Visual Flight Rules Military Training Route Vertical Take-Off and Landing times yard or yards FINAL v

22 Acronyms and Abbreviations This page is intentionally blank. FINAL vi

23 Introduction CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVE The objective of the Training Needs Assessment is to identify and validate unfilled training requirements for units/commands assigned to the United States (U.S.) Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR). Previous studies have identified training deficiencies within the PACOM AOR; this study confirmed that finding by compiling a list of 62 unfilled requirements. The Training Needs Assessment validates this list of unfilled requirements by assessing the current capabilities of existing ranges, training areas, and supporting facilities within the PACOM AOR, relative to the potential to fill each of the unfilled requirements. This is a technical report (i.e., "planning tool") that is intended to support the planning for potential training ranges and supporting facilities in the Pacific. It does not offer conclusions or recommendations. 1.2 BACKGROUND In 2009, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) conducted the Department of Defense (DoD) Training in the Pacific Study (hereinafter IDA Study) to assess DoD s training needs, capacities, and options to mitigate gaps and exploit training opportunities in the PACOM AOR. The IDA Study examined training capabilities at ranges utilized by DoD in the PACOM AOR and concluded that current training deficiencies exist, particularly in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study examined several potential solutions and concluded that the Mariana Islands strategic location in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support forces on both sides of the Pacific, particularly those forces on the Western rim who are more reliant on access to foreign nations training ranges and areas. To meet Service Component identified deficiencies, the IDA Study recommended that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared to analyze the environmental impact of constructing new or expanding existing training ranges and support facilities in the Mariana Islands. The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) reiterated the important role of forward-stationed and forward-deployed U.S. forces in the Pacific due to the vast distances and the low density of U.S. basing and infrastructure in the region. Consequently, the U.S. seeks to augment and adapt its defense posture and presence in the Pacific. The QDR states that part of the Pacific posture adaptation will be the transformation of Guam, the westernmost U.S. sovereign territory, into a primary location for security activities in the region. In August 2010, PACOM appointed Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) as the Executive Agent (EA) for the preparation of the DoD Training in the Pacific EIS. PACOM tasked the EA with developing and analyzing alternatives that provide capabilities to meet training requirements in the AOR for PACOM Service Components: U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT), U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC), MARFORPAC, U.S. Air Forces Pacific (PACAF), and Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC). Prior to initiating any planning or analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) or Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions, the EA prepared this Training Needs Assessment. This assessment builds upon previous documents and studies to identify existing capabilities and shortfalls of training ranges and facilities in the PACOM AOR with respect to the unfilled requirements provided by the PACOM Service Components. It will provide an additional resource to help define training objectives, determine the purpose, need and scope FINAL 1-1

24 Introduction necessary to address the unfilled training requirements, and prioritize locations in the PACOM AOR for development of new facilities to address unfilled training requirements. 1.3 ASSESSMENT STEPS AND REPORT ORGANIZATION The overarching goal of the assessment was to determine where the greatest need for future training development is required to best support force concentrations within the AOR. This assessment was broken down into the following three steps, each of which is detailed in subsequent chapters: Step 1 established a parameter that helps focus the assessment across the expansive PACOM AOR by focusing on independent geographic areas representing where major U.S. forces are stationed and identifying the training areas those forces routinely access for training. Challenges to expanding training at each location were also identified. This step is the subject of Chapter 2. Step 2 identified each of the PACOM Service Component s unfilled training requirements within hubs where U.S. forces are concentrated. To ensure a common understanding of these requirements, they were defined and associated design/size criteria for solutions were identified. This step is the subject of Chapter 3. Step 3 compared unfilled requirements against currently available training facilities within each hub and determined obstacles to meeting the requirements. This step identified the areas in the PACOM AOR with unfilled training requirements. This step is the subject of Chapter 4. This assessment identified unfilled requirements based on existing range and facility inventories provided by PACOM Service Components. It is important to note that this report is not an analysis of unit training or range/facility capacity. For example, units may overcome deficiencies in available ranges and facilities through creative local training initiatives and/or participation in multi-lateral exercises that are not captured in this study. This assessment attempts to validate and focus previous efforts to establish the purpose and need for training in this theatre and the possible scope of any future planning efforts. FINAL 1-2

25 Hub Concept CHAPTER 2. HUB CONCEPT The PACOM AOR encompasses about half of the earth s surface, stretching from the west coast of the U.S. to the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole. To protect U.S. interests in this region, approximately one-fifth of total U.S. military strength is assigned to the region. To best identify and validate unfilled training requirements in the expansive PACOM AOR, four independent geographic areas representing the largest concentrations of U.S. forces and their associated training areas were identified. These four independent geographic areas, classified as hubs for the purpose of this study, are defined as a location with a concentration of units that meet or exceed battalion or squadron size [Figure 2-1]. Figure 2-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs The assessment considered current and reasonably foreseeable force structure within the PACOM AOR. With the exception of the Marianas Hub, all hubs reflect forces in place, both permanently forward deployed and those on unit rotational deployment. Reserve and National Guard units, while not within the PACOM command structure, are included in order to provide a more comprehensive picture of potential training range users. While modifications to force posture are contemplated throughout the PACOM AOR, the hubs in this report depict areas with major U.S. forces. The Marianas Hub includes the planned presence of Marine Corps units projected to relocate from Okinawa to Guam, per the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (United States Japan Security Consultative Committee [SCC]). In addition, studied training ranges on Guam, FINAL 2-1

26 Hub Concept envisioned to partially support training of the projected Marine Corps units on Guam, were included and assumed to be constructed in the near future. Training locations were associated with each hub and defined as Local Training Areas (LTAs) or Major Training Areas (MTAs). Each hub has an associated LTA and MTA. Table 2-1 lists each hub and its corresponding force concentration location, LTA, and MTA. Table 2-1: Hub Description Matrix Hub Force Concentration Location Local Training Area (LTA) Major Training Area (MTA) Hawaii Oahu Oahu/Kaula Rock Hawaiian Islands Japan Japan/Okinawa Okinawa Japan Marianas Guam Guam CNMI Korea Korea Korea Korea Note: CNMI = Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2.1 LOCAL TRAINING AREA (LTA) An LTA is defined as the area where a unit is able to perform training for individual and small unit proficiency training. LTA ranges and facilities allow familiarization, qualification, and sustainment training with minimum impact on resources for travel to and from other training areas. Training at an LTA focuses on individual and collective training. If sufficient space is available at the LTA, small unit combined arms training may be conducted. 2.2 MAJOR TRAINING AREA (MTA) An MTA is defined as the area where a unit is able to perform collective live-fire training and maneuver training according to doctrine and standards. Training at the MTA builds on the proficiency gained at LTAs. The MTA is typically geographically separated from the LTA and the training unit s home station/base due to the larger areas required to support collective live-fire and maneuver training. 2.3 U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND HUBS Training range growth and development throughout the PACOM AOR is challenged by lack of U.S. ownership and control over land areas, encroachment on existing facilities, limited undeveloped available land, air, and sea space, and spectrum availability. The challenges and limitations listed in the following sections are primarily drawn from the 2011 Report to Congress on the Sustainable Ranges Report (SRR) as well as other open source documents, such as Congressional testimony and U.S. Government Accountability Office reports. The SRR is the Service s annual report to Congress and includes Service-specific mission-based assessments using standardized range capability attributes and encroachment factors. These factors can be summarized by the following themes: (1) encroachment; (2) land, sea, airspace availability and acquisition; and (3) spectrum availability. Each hub possesses different operational capabilities, size of facilities, available opportunities, and possible constraints to facilitate and expand training opportunities, as described below. A full listing of units in each hub is provided in Appendix B. FINAL 2-2

27 Hub Concept Hawaii Hub The Hawaii Hub includes major units from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps based on Oahu. The units include two Army brigade combat teams of the 25th Infantry Division based at Schofield Barracks; Cruisers of Naval Surface Group Mid Pacific, three submarine squadrons, and a destroyer squadron homeported at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH); the Air Force s 15th Wing with one fighter squadron, one air refueling squadron, and two airlift squadrons based at JBPHH; and a Marine Corps infantry regiment and Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), Kaneohe Bay. There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard within this hub. LTAs available to forces in the Hawaii Hub are located on the island of Oahu and include the Marine Corps Kaneohe Bay Ranges, Puuloa Ranges, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, and the Army s Schofield Barracks Training Areas (comprised of smaller training areas, such as Kahuku, Kawailoa, and the Tactical Flight Training Area). Aviation units use Kaula Rock for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training. The MTA available to ground forces in the Hawaii Hub is the Army s Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) on the island of Hawaii and associated ranges within the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) complex on the island of Kauai. Figure 2-2 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Hawaii Hub. Encroachment Figure 2-2: Training Areas in Hawaii Hub Land development and housing construction continue to increase pressure on training areas and ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As development near installation boundaries increases, use of maneuver FINAL 2-3

28 Hub Concept areas and impact areas are affected by noise restrictions. For example, Oahu s urbanized nature impacts MCBH s capability to fully support training requirements and Marine units therefore accomplish much of their required training by extensively using other-service ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As an example, light sources in the surrounding communities can preclude some night vision training for air crews. Natural and cultural resource issues can lead to range closures, stop or inhibit training. Endangered species habitat constrains maneuvers to existing roads and trails. This limits training scenarios and training realism. Even with PTA, Hawaii is still short on required maneuver land because much of the area is environmentally restricted and does not support vehicle movement. Some existing range areas on Hawaii are archaeologically or culturally sensitive and cannot be disturbed. Maritime protective and mitigation measures have resulted in training restrictions that reduce training flexibility, force segmented training, and ultimately reduce training realism. All Hawaii Hub at-sea training is impacted to some degree. The most significant is integrated warfare training using active underwater acoustic sources or in-water explosive ordnance. Maritime range transients, involving commercial shipping, commercial fishing, and private pleasure boating encroach on training, either by delaying events or forcing relocation to less than optimum locations. Commercial vessel and recreational vessel encroachment creates avoidance areas and segments training, thereby reducing realism. Live-fire ranges near the ocean are required to cease operations when civilian watercraft enters the confines of a range SDZ, which extends into the ocean behind the impact area. These intermittent cease-fire events disrupt and degrade live-fire training events. Land, Sea, Airspace Availability, and Acquisition Due to pressure from surrounding communities and the premium for land on a heavily populated island, acquisition or expansion of land, airspace, or sea space is difficult for the Services in the Hawaii Hub and has implications for training. The urbanized character of Oahu further constrains the development of current Army and Marine Corps ranges. The Army s PTA and other smaller training areas throughout the Hawaii Hub are limited by the lack of usable terrain. For all Services, SUA expansion is challenged by the present airways structure supporting primarily civilian commercial aviation. Due to proximity of civilian housing and other community infrastructure, live-fire training is prohibited at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The community has noise concerns. Army and Marine Corps convoy training on public roads is generally not feasible due to traffic congestion. All of these constraints reduce the effectiveness of training to some extent. As a result, much of this training is forced off Oahu to PTA. SUA proposals for new or modified airspace follow specific Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) procedures for approval. Requests for additional SUA within the Hawaii Hub have been met with considerable resistance from many sectors of the public community, such as the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Spectrum Availability Unavailability of, or interference with required portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can place constraints on training. This type of encroachment may cause range users to seek workarounds to complete training that can become unrealistic, segmented, or irrelevant over time. The Marine Corps and Army view the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with respect to spectrum availability. However, the Navy notes that employment of certain data links is restricted and that competition for frequency spectrum will add increased pressure on available bandwidth for Navy operations. The Air Force had no range to assess within the Hawaii Hub in the SRR. FINAL 2-4

29 Hub Concept Japan Hub The Japan Hub includes major forces based on mainland Japan and Okinawa. U.S. forces on mainland Japan include the following Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units: the U,S. Army Forces Japan and I Corps (Forward) units are combat sustainment support, aviation, signal, military intelligence, ordnance, transportation, military police and special troops battalions; Navy s 7th Fleet surface units at Yokosuka Naval Base, Sasebo Naval Base, and Carrier Air Wing 5 at Naval Air Facility (NAF) Atsugi; two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air Base; and a Marine Air Group based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. Units on Okinawa primarily consist of Marine Corps units of III Marine Expeditionary Force, to include one ground regiment of the 3d Marine Division based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler and a Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. The Air Force 18th Wing, at Kadena Air Base, supports two fighter squadrons, two rescue squadrons, and one air refueler squadron. The Army also has ordnance, air defense artillery, quartermaster, signals, and transportation battalions on Okinawa. A Special Forces battalion and numerous Special Operations squadrons are based in the Japan Hub. LTAs available to ground forces in the Japan Hub include training areas on and around Okinawa including the Marine Corps Central Training Area, Northern Training Area, and Ie Shima Training Area. Tori Shima (W-176) and Idesuna Jima (W-174) island targets are used for Close Air Support (CAS) training. The MTA available to ground forces in the Japan Hub is the Marine Corps Camp Fuji Training Area on the Japanese mainland island of Honshu. Aviation units also train in the Warning Areas surrounding Okinawa. The Oki Daito Jima range (W-183) is used for large force exercises. Figure 2-3 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Japan Hub. Figure 2-3: Training Areas in Japan Hub FINAL 2-5

30 Hub Concept Encroachment All U.S. bases within the Japan Hub have experienced increased urban encroachment that impact and limit current training operations and opportunities. For example, another runway has been constructed at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni to lessen noise impacts on the surrounding community. U.S. air bases at Atsugi and Misawa face urban growth and greater noise restrictions impacting the flexibility in scheduling times during which aircraft may take-off for training missions. The Navy s carrier air wing is unable to conduct night carrier landing practice at NAF Atsugi due to noise restrictions, forcing travel to Iwo To (Iwo Jima) to conduct such training. For Navy surface forces, endangered species and critical habitat encroachment have created avoidance areas that have resulted in some reduction of training days and prohibit certain training events. All at-sea training is impacted to some degree. Impacts are most significant to integrated warfare training using active underwater acoustic sources or in-water explosive ordnance. Further growth and development of training ranges on Okinawa is severely constrained due to a lack of sufficient buffer zones between U.S. training facilities and surrounding communities. For example, Okinawa s Central Training Area, located within the confines of Camp Hansen and Camp Schwab in central Okinawa, is trisected by public roads, and surrounded by small towns. Land, Sea, Airspace Availability, and Acquisition Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized areas surrounding most U.S. bases on mainland Japan is extremely difficult. Either urban growth severely limits potential expansion or sufficient suitable terrain does not exist to support training requirements. Noise restrictions based on proximity of training ranges or bases is the main limiting factor after physical restraints to growth. Airspace available for training on mainland Japan is limit because of the large number of airport arrivals and departures as well as concentration of commercial aviation transportation routes, airways, and user preferred routes. Establishing new Joint SUA is difficult since the Service Components cannot act as the proponent for a proposal. These factors hamper the development and acquisition of new SUA, and thereby hamper training development. Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized area of Okinawa, such as around both MCAS Futenma and Kadena Air Base, as well as the vegetated and steep terrain of the Central Training Area is virtually impossible due to urban growth and the lack of sufficient, suitable, unencumbered terrain. Land and airspace are also not large enough to allow for CAS training on Okinawa proper. Therefore, this limited training occurs on smaller islands at a distance from Okinawa bases. Okinawa and mainland Japan experience similar situation concerning commercial aviation, further encumbering required training in SUAs. These restrictions limit the conduct of basic and combined-arms live-fire training operations to the platoon level. Because of these physical constraints, training operations have been limited in the past, with little possibility of expanding ranges. Requests to expand training space and/or capabilities are handled through the U.S. Government/Government of Japan (GOJ) Joint Committee. The challenges to expand training to meet unfilled requirements are substantially made more difficult since the U.S. and Japan are also working to reduce the footprint of U.S. forces on Okinawa. The U.S. and Japan approved the U.S.- Japan Alliance Transformation and Realignment (ATARA). One of the follow on Agreed Implementation Plans (AIP) is to relocate 8,600 Marines off Okinawa to Guam. Under this plan, the U.S. will return 68% of the land it currently manages that is south of Kadena Air Base back to the GOJ. However, there is a continual need for diplomatic effort to maintain the status of U.S. military FINAL 2-6

31 Hub Concept training in and around the Japan Hub. For example, because of past agreements with the GOJ, Marine Corps artillery live-fire training is no longer conducted on Okinawa where the units are based, and now takes place at Camp Fuji and five other Japanese Ground Self Defense Force ranges on Japan. The Roadmap for Realignment effort to relocate Navy squadrons currently based at NAF Atsugi to MCAS Iwakuni may potentially bring greater challenges for access to training ranges and airspace for the combined U.S. forces planned at MCAS Iwakuni (SCC 2010). Spectrum Availability Japanese restrictions on electronic emissions limit the use of the Navy s Tactical Combat Training System (TCTS). This limitation directly affects the Navy s ability to fully and realistically train in the Strike Warfare (STW), Electronic Combat, Anti-Air Warfare (AAW), and Anti-Surface Warfare mission areas. The Navy continues to coordinate with Japanese agencies to seek spectrum relief and to develop strategies that will increase use while ensuring pending use of emerging spectrum technologies Marianas Hub U.S. forces in the Marianas Hub primarily consist of the Navy s Submarine Squadron 15 homeported on Guam; Marine Corps units that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam in the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation; and the Air Force s 36th Wing supporting rotational deployments of fighters, bombers and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) units, and the 36th Contingency Response Group, at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) (SCC 2010). There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard within this hub. The LTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the island of Guam at Andersen AFB, Andersen Northwest Field, Andersen South, and the Naval Munitions Site. The studied live-fire ranges on Guam are integral to planned basing of Marines to be relocated from Okinawa to Guam. The MTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) of Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM). Aviation units use FDM as the primary air-to-ground range for strike and CAS. The airspace, W-517, and the associated Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspaces (ATCAAs) provide area for large force exercises south of Guam. Figure 2-4 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Marianas Hub. Encroachment Overall, more land and less encroachment constraints are found in this hub due to relatively light development. Cultural and natural resources in the Marianas Hub may limit locations for some ranges and training areas. Additionally, public use, access, and recreation issues, particularly on Guam, have raised public awareness and caused delays in implementing potential training solutions. The SRR notes that while there has been little encroachment change during the past three years, as training activities expand on Guam and spread to the other islands, encroachment may vary in severity depending on each island s environmental and mitigation protocols. Recent encroachment pressure is attributed to commercial aviation s incompatibility with some Electronic Warfare mission area training requirements. FINAL 2-7

32 Hub Concept Figure 2-4: Training Areas in the Marianas Hub Some training events on the sole live-fire air-to-ground and naval surface fire support (NSFS) range, FDM, are limited due to threatened species and migratory bird habitat restrictions. The use of livefire munitions on FDM has contributed to de-vegetation and erosion, prompting restrictions and prohibitions on the use of certain munitions expenditures, thereby decreasing training realism. Biosecurity restrictions such as the Brown Treesnake (BTS) protocol have been incorporated into military training throughout this region. Cargo and unit movements through Navy and Air Force facilities on Guam must adhere to appropriate BTS containment and inspection measures. As with training areas in the other PACOM hubs, transient boat traffic interrupts or stops military training activity throughout the Marianas Hub. Training interruptions reduce range access, create avoidance areas, segment training, reduce realism, and prohibit certain training events. Another example of a restriction exists at Andersen s Northwest Field on Guam. Privately owned residential land near this training facility lies within aircraft operation zones. Night time flying activities are restricted. Flight tracks are routed to avoid populated areas and noise complaint related restrictions prohibit certain training events conducted at or from the Northwest Field. Land, Sea, Airspace Availability, and Acquisition Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has more unencumbered area for potential training areas. These areas, however, are not without some challenges. For example, there are limited areas available for amphibious maneuver training in the Marianas Hub. Landing beach utilization is restricted as defined/identified by conservation measures set forth in the Mariana Islands Range Complex (MIRC) EIS Record of Decision (ROD). Amphibious landings on DoD beaches may be subject to alternate landing patterns to reduce potential coral impacts and accommodate beach size. However, neither constraint significantly affects training realism. Landing Craft Air Cushion FINAL 2-8

33 Hub Concept (LCAC) and Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) landings on the beaches in the Marianas Hub may require compensatory coral reef mitigation efforts. The current land target range in this hub is a single small island, FDM, which presents unique training challenges to all levels and types of air-to-ground training. There are no raked, strafe, or moving targets present in this hub to conduct Strike or Offensive Air Support training. However, the Marianas Hub does have other uninhabited islands that offer potential as live-fire target ranges. The SRR notes that Marianas Hub airspace is adequate when the ATCAAs are available. Efforts are underway to convert ATCAAs to Warning Areas, make current airspace boundaries contiguous with each other, and establish Warning Areas over suitable land training areas. Multiple NEPA actions with independent utility within the Marianas Hub require coordination with FAA. The EAs for these NEPA actions have developed a phase plan to address, coordinate, and synchronize the myriad SUA requirements stemming from each separate NEPA action. Unique to the Marianas Hub is that the military has extensive land leases in place leasing large tracts of undeveloped or minimally developed areas. These provide opportunities for expanded training not found at other hubs. In 1983, DoD signed 50-year leases on portions of Tinian Island and FDM. These leases have a 50-year renewal option that can extend the leases to The Tinian Military Lease Area (MLA) encompasses 62 km² (15,353 acres) on the island of Tinian. The MLA is broken down into the Exclusive Military Use Area and the Lease Back Area, 7,574 acres (30.6 km 2 ) and 7,779 acres (31.4 km 2 ) respectively. FDM is 0.7 km² (206 acres) and primarily serves as a bombing range for aircraft and Navy surface vessels. Public support for building and operating training ranges is linked to residents of CNMI identification as American territories and commonwealths proudly supporting U.S. forces. While potential economic benefit from greater military training is possible, the residents of the Mariana Islands seek to strike a balance with potential revenue from the tourism industry on islands such as Tinian. Tourism also accounts for a large portion of Guam s economy. With the relocation of Okinawa based forces to Guam linked to ongoing political negotiations, the delay of unit movement to Guam has led to a growing degree of uncertainty among the island communities. Spectrum Availability The 2011 SRR noted spectrum encroachment as moderate for naval forces training in the Marianas Hub. In addition, employment of certain data links is restricted, affecting STW training Korea Hub U.S. forces in the Korea Hub primarily consist of one Army brigade combat team of the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Hovey, two fighter squadrons of the Air Force s 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air Base), and two fighter squadrons of the 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base). There are numerous forces smaller than battalion/squadron sized located at various locations, such as co-located operating bases, throughout South Korea. The LTAs and MTAs available to the Korea Hub are in Korea and include the ranges and facilities at Camp Carroll, Camp Casey/Hovey, Camp Humphreys, the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex, and the Story Live-Fire Complex. Numerous small training areas are found throughout South Korea. The listed ranges and facilities are those that support ranges identified in the PACOM Service Components unfilled requirements list (Table 3-1). Aviation units use the Pil Sung (R-110), FINAL 2-9

34 Hub Concept Nightmare (P-518), and Chik-Do (R-105) ranges for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training. Korean Training Areas, including Military Operating Areas (MOAs) and restricted areas, are typically available to U.S. forces for air-to-air training. Figure 2-5 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Korea Hub. Encroachment Figure 2-5: Training Areas in South Korea Hub Korea was not addressed in the 2011 SRR. Challenges and limitations for this hub are drawn from Congressional testimony. The available training areas are challenged by encroachment as the population in and around the training areas increases. For example, Pocheon, where the Rodriguez Range Complex located, is quickly becoming a bedroom community to Seoul; a subway and express roadways are planned as urban development continues to sprawl northward from Seoul. To address these and access challenges, an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the Republic of Korea, titled the Land Partnership Plan (LPP), was signed on 29 March This plan intends to align installations with future requirements, modernize the aerial and sea ports of debarkation, and consolidates units in better position to support contingencies, and protect training areas. Land, Sea, Airspace Availability, and Acquisition Former Commander, United States Forces Korea (USFK), noted in his 2009 statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee that The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps possess adequate training resources on the Korean Peninsula to maintain unit combat readiness including the conduct of robust amphibious operations (Sharp 2009). He also noted the following challenge, USFK still faces challenges with insufficient training range capacity and capability needed to maintain the readiness of our air forces in Korea (Sharp 2009). In a 2011 statement, the Commander offered his FINAL 2-10

35 Hub Concept assessment of training on the peninsula, as follows: Provisions in the LPP help ensure continued readiness by providing U.S. forces dedicated time on ROK training areas and ranges (Sharp 2011). As noted above, USFK is addressing the training range challenges through the LPP, primarily by the use of access protocols involving current Korean ranges and facilities. All requests for expanding training areas or capabilities are directed through the United States Forces Korea/Republic of Korea Joint Committee established as the Facilities and Areas Subcommittee. Spectrum Availability Available resources did not reveal shortfalls in spectrum availability. FINAL 2-11

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37 Unfilled Training Requirements CHAPTER 3. UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS The PACOM Service Components participated in a series of meetings conducted by the EA in 2011 to identify the training ranges and supporting facilities required to meet training requirements in the PACOM AOR. These meetings resulted in a list of 62 unfilled requirements by Service Component and hub (Table 3-1). This section defines the training requirements and determines their size requirements. The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) N was the primary source used for range definitions. Requirements contained in the UFC were assigned the appropriate Category Code Number (CCN) and the associated definition was recorded. If a requirement could not be found in the UFC N, the Army s Training Circular (TC) 25-8, Training Ranges, was reviewed and Army Facilities Category Codes (FCC) and associated definitions were noted. The Navy s Ranges Required Capabilities Document (RCD) was consulted for Navy requirements. No Air Force publication exists that is similar to TC 25-8 or the Navy s RCD. Air Force Instruction (AFI) , Range Planning and Operations, provides broad guidance pertaining to training range definition but does not offer sufficiently detailed dimensions with which to measure range capability. The appropriate UFC was used as the criteria source of Air Force requirements. Since the CCN does not contain ground range size or design criteria information and the preponderance of unfilled requirements were identified by the Marines, Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, was used as the primary source for determining requirements size. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 share common sizes for ground ranges that are listed in both documents, so MCRP 3-0C criteria satisfy Army requirements contained in TC Again, TC 25-8 and the RCD were used if appropriate information was not available in MCRP 3-0C. In some cases, size/design criteria could not be found in any of the available service documents (e.g., the Home Station Lanes [Counter Improvised Explosive Device {IED} Facility]). In those cases, open source research was conducted and/or Service Components provided amplifying details requiring, in some cases more, written descriptive information. Table 3-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and Service Components Unfilled Training Requirements RANGES THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING Component 1 Impact Area Dudded USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea FINAL 3-1

38 Unfilled Training Requirements 2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 3 Pistol Known Distance Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 4 Rifle Known Distance Qualification Range (500 yd) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 5 Rifle Known Distance Range (1,000 yd) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 6 Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 7 Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 10 Field Fire Range (Automated) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea FINAL 3-2

39 Unfilled Training Requirements 11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 14 Light Anti-Armor Weapon Range Live USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 15 Grenade Launcher Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 17 Battle Sight Zero Range (built to 100 yard Non Standard Small Arms USARPAC Range) PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC yard Non Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight USARPAC Zero Range) PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea FINAL 3-3

40 Unfilled Training Requirements 20 Multi-Purpose Training Range/ Multi-Purpose Training Range (Automated) Hawaii Japan Marianas USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 21 Modified Record of Fire Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multi-Purpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range Complex USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 23 Multi-Purpose Machine Gun Range (Automated) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC 24 Combined Arms Training Range to support Close Air Support and Naval Gun Fire Support training (must have instrumentation capability lease and installation) PACAF SOCPAC USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 27 Urban Assault Course/Military Operations on Urban Terrain Urban USARPAC Assault Course PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas USARPAC [CS and CN]) PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Korea FINAL 3-4

41 Unfilled Training Requirements 29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 30 Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain Training Site USARPAC (simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improved Explosive Device USARPAC facility) PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 32 Convoy Live-Fire Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 33 Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea FINAL 3-5

42 Unfilled Training Requirements 38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 39 Sniper/Jungle Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 40 Infantry Immersion Trainer USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC RANGES THAT SUPPORT MARITIME TRAINING 41 Mine Warfare Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC RANGES THAT SUPPORT AVIATION TRAINING 42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) USARPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas PACFLT MARFORPAC Korea PACAF SOCPAC 43 Close Air Support Range (Air-to-Ground Range) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System/Counter Integrated Air Defense System) 45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC FINAL 3-6

43 Unfilled Training Requirements 46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 47 Landing Zones/Drop Zones USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 48 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operating Areas USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 49 Anti-Air Warfare Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 50 Low Altitude Tactics Route/Range (Fixed Wing) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 51 Terrain Flight Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 52 Short field take-off and landings, night USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Range Facilities and Enablers 54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea FINAL 3-7

44 Unfilled Training Requirements 55 Range Control USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 56 Data Transfer Infrastructure USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 57 Aerial Target Support Facility USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 58 Ammunition Storage USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC 60 Special Use Airspace and Warning Areas USARPAC 61 Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new construction) 62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and facilities (existing or new construction) Notes: = unfilled training requirement Blank space = no unfilled training requirement mm = millimeter PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC USARPAC PACFLT MARFORPAC PACAF SOCPAC Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea FINAL 3-8

45 Unfilled Training Requirements 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING RANGE REQUIREMENTS The following sections provide the definitions and metrics associated with the 62 training ranges and supporting facilities. Each requirement will be further developed through the course of planning and design, including preparation of Basic Facility Requirements, DD1391 project documentation, and concepts of operation Impact Area Dudded An Impact Area Dudded (CCN 17430) is defined as having designated boundaries within which all ordnance will detonate or impact. This area includes all impact areas that do not contain automated targets or targets classified as real property. Vehicle bodies are sometimes placed in the area to act as targets for artillery direct and indirect fire. The primary function of the impact area is to contain weapons effects as much as possible using earthen berms or natural terrain features. It is assumed that the impact areas contain unexploded ordnance and may not be used for maneuver. This area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation training or range control manager, and is accounted for with a separate facility number and individual real property record. To support the largest Dudded Impact Area for live-fire ranges identified in MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8, an area 12.5 km 25 km (7.7 mi 15.5 mi or 77,220 acres) is required Combat Pistol Range, Automated An Automated Combat Pistol/Military Police Firearms Qualification Course (CCN 17572) is a range designed to meet training and qualification requirements with combat pistols and revolvers. This range is used to train and test personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. Weapons trained on this range may include 9 millimeter (mm) and 45 caliber pistols, M-4 carbines, and shotguns. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 135 m 30 m (131 yd 33 yd) area to support this range Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range A Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range (CCN 17570) is designed for training pistol and revolver marksmanship and target engagement techniques. Marine Corps pistol qualification is conducted on ranges using yards as the standard measurement. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. MCRP 3-0C calls for a 135 yd 25 yd (123 m 23 m) area to support this range Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (500 yd) A Rifle KD Range (CCN 17570) is designed for training rifle marksmanship and target engagement techniques. Marine Corps rifle qualification is conducted on ranges using yards as the standard measurement. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. MCRP 3-0C calls for a 500 yd 500 yd (457 m 457 m) area to support this range Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd) A 1,000 yd (914 m) Rifle KD Range shares the same CCN (17570) with the 500 yd (457 m) range and supports all the functions of the 500 yd (457 m) range for training rifle marksmanship and target engagement techniques. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. The ranges in excess of FINAL 3-9

46 Unfilled Training Requirements 500 yd (457 m) allow this range to be used for Marine Corps Sniper Qualification training. The Army uses this range for training advanced rifle marksmanship and target engagement techniques, and squad-designated marksmanship training and qualification. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 500 m 1000 m (546 yd 1,093 yd) area to support this range Live Hand Grenade Range (Qualification Course) A Live Hand Grenade Range (CCN 17810) is designed to satisfy the training requirement of throwing live fragmentation grenades. This range familiarizes Marines, Soldiers, Sailors, and Airmen with the effects of live fragmentation grenades. No automation is required for this facility. Each throwing location is counted as one Firing Point. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 30 m 80 m (32 yd 87 yd) to support this range Live Hand Grenade Range (Support for Multi-Purpose Range) This range has the same criteria as the Live Hand Grenade Range (Qualification Course) listed in Section This range is located in close proximity to other ranges and MPRCs that support livefire grenade training. This allows units to conduct qualification and/or refresher training before moving to more complex training evolutions with live hand grenades on other ranges Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range A Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range (CCN 17671) is designed to meet the training and qualification requirements of field artillery units. This range is used to train field artillery crews on the skills necessary to apply fire mission data, engage, and hit stationary targets in a tactical array with indirect fire. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to one battery of artillery. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 12.5 km 25 km area (7.7 mi 15.5 mi or 77,220 acres) to fully meet this requirement Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) A Mortar Range (CCN 17670) is designed to meet the training requirements of mortar crewmen. This range is used to train mortar crews on the skills necessary to apply fire mission data, engage, and hit stationary targets in a tactical array using live-fire mortars. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to the mortar section (two mortar teams). MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 2 km 6 km area (1.2 mi 3.7 mi or 2,965 acres) to fully meet this requirement Field Fire Range (Automated) An Automated Field Fire Range (CCN 17520) is designed for training target engagement techniques with rifles. This range is used to train and familiarize personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 320 m 300 m (349 yd 328 yd) area to support this range Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) An Automated Anti-Armor Tracking and Live-Fire Range (CCN 17641) is a complex designed to meet training and qualification requirements with medium and heavy anti-armor weapons systems (e.g., Javelin, Tube-fired, Optically-tracked, Wire-Guided Missile [TOW], Shoulder Launched Multi-Purpose Assault Weapon). This complex is used to train and test personnel on the skills necessary to employ the weapon, identify, track, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor FINAL 3-10

47 Unfilled Training Requirements targets presented individually or as part of a tactical array. All targets within this range are fully automated, computer driven, and scored from the range operations center. One lane is designed to accommodate up to 10 gunners/weapons. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,000 m 5,000 m (1,093 yd 5,468 yd) area to support this range Field Artillery Direct Fire Range A Field Artillery Direct Fire Range (CCN 17650) is designed to meet training requirements of field artillery crews. This range is used to train field artillery crews on the skills necessary to employ direct fire gunnery techniques with indirect fire equipment against stationary targets in a tactical array using live direct fire artillery. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to one battery of artillery. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1 km 5 km (0.6 mi 3.1 mi) area to support this range Tank/Fighting Vehicle Stationary Target Range A Tank/Fighting Vehicle Stationary Gunnery Range (CCN 17650) is designed for conducting weapons system bore sighting, screening, zeroing, and/or harmonization. Armor, infantry, and aviation crews use this range. Within this range, targets may be fully automated and/or scored from the range operations center. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to 15 guns. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1 km 4 km (0.6 mi 2.5 km) area to support this range Light Anti-Armor Weapon (LAW) Range Live A Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live (CCN 17631) is designed for training target engagement techniques with LAW (e.g., LAW/AT-4). This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to employ the weapon and hit stationary and moving targets using live rockets or a sub-caliber training device. Targets are not fully automated and/or the scenarios are not computer driven or scored. Ranges used for both live and sub-caliber firing are carried under this category code. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC 25-8 calls for a 200 m 600 m (218 yd 656 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range Grenade Launcher Range A Grenade Launcher Range (CCN 17610) is designed to meet training and qualification requirements for the M203 Grenade Launcher (40 mm). This range is used to train and test personnel on the skills necessary to engage and defeat stationary emplacements with the 40 mm grenade launcher. No automation is required for this facility. Each Firing Point is counted as a collection of points or lanes that allows completion of all training objectives. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC-25-8 calls for a 30 m 500 m (33 yd 564 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Course A 40 mm Machine Gun Qualification Range (CCN 17620) is designed to conduct training qualification firing with the grenade machine gun (e.g., Mark [MK]-19). This range is used to train personnel with the weapon either ground or vehicle mounted. Targets in this range may be either non-automated or fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. A lane is defined as the area for one gunner/weapon system to complete the training objectives. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 500 m 2,000 m (564 yd 2,187 yd) area to support this range. FINAL 3-11

48 Unfilled Training Requirements Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range Built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range A Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Firing Range (CCN 17510) is designed for training shot-grouping and zeroing exercises with rifles and machine guns. This range is used to train individual personnel on the skills necessary to align the sights and practice basic marksmanship techniques against stationary targets. This range requires no automation. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 100 m 25 m (109 yd 27 yd) area to support a standard BZO range. This requirement extends the length of the range from 25 m to 100 m (27 yd to 109 yd) yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range The Non-Standard Small Arms Range (CCN 17502) is designed for training requirements that are not associated with current published doctrine, but fall within a commander's training requirements. The Non-Standard range includes all small arms ranges that do not fit into other categories. Targets in this range are not fully automated and/or scenarios are not computer driven or scored. MCRP 3-0C calls for a 100 m 100 m (109 yd 109 yd) area to support a Non-Standard Small Arms Range Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) An Infantry Platoon Battle Course (CCN 17753) is designed for the training and qualification requirements of infantry platoons, either mounted or dismounted, on movement techniques and operations. This complex is used to train and test platoons on the skills necessary to conduct tactical movement techniques, detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. The Engagement Area is defined as a range area to support training of squad and platoon sized units. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,500 m 5,000 m (1,640 yd 5,468 yd) area to support this requirement Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR) (Automated) An Automated Multipurpose Training Range is specifically designed to satisfy the training and qualification requirements for the crews, teams, and sections of combat units. This range supports dismounted infantry squad tactical live-fire operations either independently of, or simultaneously with supporting vehicles. This range is used to train and test armor, infantry, and aviation teams, crews and sections on the skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. Each range lane is defined as a range to support training for two vehicles. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,000 m 4,000 m (1,093 yd 4,374 yd) area to support this range Modified Record of Fire Range A Modified Record of Fire Range is designed for training and day/night qualification with rifles. This range combines the capabilities of CCN 17520, Automated Field Fire Range; and CCN 17531, Automated Record Fire Range to reduce land and maintenance requirements. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC-25-8 calls for a 320 m 300 m (349 yd 328 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range. FINAL 3-12

49 Unfilled Training Requirements Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC) A Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC), Heavy, Automated (CCN 17722), is a complex specifically designed to satisfy the training and qualification requirements for the crews and platoons of armor, infantry and aviation units. This complex supports dismounted infantry squad tactical live-fire operations either independently of, or simultaneously with supporting vehicles. This range is used to train and test armor, infantry, and aviation platoons, sections, teams and crews on the skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific targets scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. When the range can be used for both heavy and light purposes, it will be classified under this Category Code. The Engagement Area is defined as a range area to support training of platoon-sized units up to six vehicles. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,500 m 5,000 m (1,640 yd 5,468 yd) area to support this requirement Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated) An Automated Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range is designed for zeroing, training, and qualification requirements with Squad Automatic Weapons and machine guns. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All targets within this range are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,200 m 5,200 m (1,312 yd 5,687 yd) area to support this requirement Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease and installation) The requirement for a co-located (both CAS and NGFS) Combined Arms Training range to support both CAS and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) training is not specifically addressed in published Service Components requirements documents. The CAS range requirement is specifically addressed in Section of this Training Needs Assessment. The NGFS, also termed NSFS, requirement, is delineated in both the Amphibious Warfare (AMW) and STW range functions within the RCD. The AMW range function specifies an area 5 square nautical miles (nm²) (9.3 square kilometers [km²]) that should be cleared for the use of live NSFS ordnance. The STW range function should provide sufficient airspace to allow the use of stand-off air-to-ground weapons, NSFS, and land attack cruise missiles. Proximity of the NSFS target area to suitable contiguous operating sea space for ships to maneuver is not specified, but is an assumed requirement. Instrumentation requirements specify automatic scoring (vice manual method of scoring), both realtime and post-mission feedback, and both automatic and voice real-time kill notification Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex There is no CCN that describes this requirement. The Army s TC 25-8 describes the Battle Area Complex (FCC 17880) as used to train and test the Stryker Brigade Combat Team and Infantry Brigade Combat Team crews, sections, platoons, companies, and dismounted infantry squads on the skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving infantry and armor targets in a tactical array in both open and urban terrain environments. This complex also supports tactical live-fire operations independently of, or simultaneously with, supporting vehicles in free FINAL 3-13

50 Unfilled Training Requirements maneuver. Company Combined Arms Live-Fire Exercises may also be conducted on this facility. This complex accommodates training with sub caliber and/or training devices. A Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) route may be included with use of qualification/tactical trails. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC 25-8 calls for a 2,400 m 4,000 m (2,624 yd 4,374 yd) area to support firing positions and target area for this range Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area There is no CCN that describes this requirement. Marine Corps Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) level training supports personnel and platforms of a MEU-sized Marine Air Ground Task Force or its individual elements and Training and Readiness Requirements for each element of the MEU. Accordingly, MEU-level training supports the training associated with Air Combat Element (ACE), Ground Combat Element, and Logistics Combat Element units. MCRP 3-0C describes the following space requirements to support MEU level live-fire training as: Airspace nautical mile (nm) (93 km 148 km); Sea Space 7500 nm² (19,425 km²); Land Space 150 square miles (mi²) (388 km² or 96,000 acres) Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC) There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17878) describes the Urban Assault Course (UAC) as a facility that is used to train individual Soldiers, squads, and platoons on the tasks necessary to operate within a built-up/urban area. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 300 m 200 m (328 yd 219 yd) area to support the structures within this facility Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN Tear Gas]) There is no CCN that describes this requirement. CS and CN are chemical classifications for Tear Gas and Mace respectively. TC 25-8 (FCC 17879) describes the shoot house as providing units with a facility to train and evaluate individual Soldiers and squads on tasks necessary to move tactically (enter and clear a room; enter and clear a building), engage targets, conduct breaches, and practice target discrimination in a live-fire environment. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 60 feet (ft) 70 ft (18.3 m 21.3 m) building to support this requirement Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17879) describes the breach facility as used to train Soldiers on the skills necessary to breach windows, walls, and doors. It is also used to train tactics, techniques, and procedures and explosive techniques not trained on any other type of facility. Neither MCRP 3-0C nor TC 25-8 provides the dimensions of this facility Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site (simulation ammunition) (Combined Arms Collective Training Facility [CACTF]) There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17901) describes the Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) as a training facility designed to conduct multi-echelon, full-spectrum operations training up to battalion Task Force level. The CACTF replicates an urban environment, and the facility consists of 2.25 km² (0.78 m 2 ) of urban sprawl with 20 to 26 buildings, roads, alleys, parking areas, underground sewers, parks, athletic fields, and command and control building. The actual size and configuration of the CACTF depends on the local installation site requirements. The CACTF is designed to support heavy and light infantry, armor, artillery, and FINAL 3-14

51 Unfilled Training Requirements aviation positioning and maneuver. The CACTF will accommodate force-on-force and force-ontarget training. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 1.5 km 1.5 km (0.9 mi 0.9 mi) area to support this requirement Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility) There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this facility. Local Counter Improvised Explosive Device (IED) training lanes typically consist of an array of different IEDs representative of those personnel might encounter in a deployed theater of operations. This requirement may be met by incorporating IED events into other training facilities such as the UAC, CACTF, and/or the CLF Range Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17901) describes this complex as used to train and test convoy crews, platoons, and companies on the skills necessary to detect, identify, engage and defeat stationary and moving vehicle and infantry targets from a stationary or moving platform using all assigned weapons and weapon systems. It is also designed to satisfy the training and qualification requirements for the crews and sections of unstabilized platforms. The targets may be presented individually or as part of a tactical array in an open or urban environment. This complex is also used to train and test Soldiers to engage and defeat vehicle and infantry targets from multiple firing points as part of an Entry Control Point. MARFORPAC has established the threshold length for the course at 5 mi (8 km) and the objective length at 10 mi (16 km) length with the range capable of supporting a tactically dispersed 10-vehicle convoy Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course A Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course (CCN 17907) is an area to teach the basic driving skills of steering and gear shifting on a level course. The facility may also contain a hilly course for developing advanced tracked vehicle driving skills such as turning on slopes and negotiating steep grades. MCRP 3-0C does not provide criteria for this course Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this requirement. Amphibious beaches are typically located in other training venues. MARFORPAC has agreed that this requirement is incorporated in the Maneuver Area Amphibious Forces (Section ) and Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches (Section ) Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces This category (CCN 17420) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice movements and tactics. Different types of units may support one another (combined arms), or may operate independently. The heavy designation refers to areas where maneuver is unrestricted and can consist of all types of vehicles and equipment, including tracked vehicles. Heavy maneuver/training areas can be used by light forces. This category includes bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training areas. This area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation training or range control manager, and is accounted for with a separate facility number and individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C describes the following space requirements to support an infantry company with organic weapons with, supporting tank FINAL 3-15

52 Unfilled Training Requirements platoon, AAV platoon, Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) Platoon, Artillery Battery, and Engineer Platoon as: non-live-fire 144 mi² (373 km² or 92,160 acres) and live-fire 260 mi² (673 km² or 166,400 acres) Maneuver Area, Light Forces This category (CCN 17410) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice movements and tactics. Different types of units may support one another (combined arms), or a unit may operate independently. The light designation refers to areas where maneuver is restricted to only small units or units having only wheeled vehicles. Light maneuver/training areas are not typically used by heavy or mechanized forces, other than in assembly areas where movement is restricted to roads or trails. Included in this category are bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training areas. Each area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation training or range control manager with a separate facility number and individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C describes the following space requirements to support an infantry company with organic weapons with, supporting LAV Platoon, Artillery Battery, and Engineer Platoon as: non-live-fire 144 mi² (373 km² or 92,160 acres) and live-fire 260 mi² (673 km² or 166,400 acres) Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces A Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces (CCN 17411) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice movements and tactics during amphibious (ship-to-shore) operations. Different types of units may work in support of one another (combined arms), or the units may operate independently. Tasks can include both combat and logistics (especially Logistics Over-the-Shore). This category also includes areas with bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training areas. Each area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation training or range control manager, with a separate facility number and individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C has set a 144 mi² (373 km² or 92,160 acres) as the threshold to support company sized non-live amphibious training and 260 mi² (673 km² or 166,400 acres) as the threshold to support live-fire training by the same force Rappelling Training Area (Rappel Tower) A Rappelling Training Area (CCN 17917) is an area that includes at least one structure used to practice rappelling (rope descent). The training area may also include modified towers for training in helicopter rappels. The design criteria varies in size and dimensions based on local training requirements Sniper/Jungle Range There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this training requirement. SOCPAC described this requirement as a sniper proficiency course designed to allow target engagements from 1,000 yd to 2,000 yd (914 m to 1,828 m) from both elevated positions and ground hides. This requirement may be incorporated into other range facilities. FINAL 3-16

53 Unfilled Training Requirements Infantry Immersion Trainer There is no CCN for this facility. The Infantry Immersion Trainer (IIT) prepares Marines and Sailors for deployment to today s battlefields. The facility uses virtual reality to re-create foreign urban scenes, to include the sounds and smells, to give troops the necessary skills to win and survive in battle overseas. The IIT facility is designed to be a decision house for the Marine Rifleman and the Small Unit Leaders; focusing on increasing the tempo of the Observe, Orient, Decide, Act Loop. An individual Observes a situation, Orients to it and develops courses of action, makes a Decision, and Acts. Stress inoculation is conducted at the facility where a rifleman is put into multiple situations that in turn replicate the stressors and physiological responses faced in combat, thus building the individual s stress-immune system Mine Warfare (MIW) Range There is no dedicated CCN for a Mine Counter Measures (MCM) range. UFC N, Table specifies a 3 nm 8 nm (5.5 km 14.8 km) minimum surface impact area and restricted airspace for mine-laying. The RCD addresses a combined area for both mine-laying and mine-counter measures training. PACFLT has specified that shallow water minefield support of submarine MCM training requires a depth of ft ( m), and a sandy bottom with flat contour in an area relatively free from high swells and waves. The size of the sea and subsurface area should be a minimum of 2 nm 2 nm (3.7 km 3.7 km) and optimally 3 nm 3 nm (5.6 km 5.6 km). Mine shapes would be approximately yd ( m) apart and in (76-89 cm) in size, and would consist of a mix of recoverable/replaceable bottom shapes (approximately 10 cylinders weighed down with cement) and moored shapes (approximately 15 shapes, no bottom drilling required for mooring). Shapes would typically need maintenance or cleaning every two years. The MH-60S helicopter has similar requirements for shallow water minefield mine training shapes. A fixed shallow water minefield site is not a requirement for organic airborne mine counter measures (OAMCM) training. However, a fixed site would experience MH-60S usage for inert training. The shallow water minefield would be used by submarines, surface vessels, and helicopters utilizing a mix of mid- to high-frequency navigation/mine detecting sonar systems that are either platform based or remotely operated. Airborne laser mine detection systems may also be used to locate surface, moored, and bottom mines. Once located, mine neutralization of permanent shapes by explosive shaped-charge, ordnance, or removal would be by simulation only Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing and Rocket Ranges (Aircraft Weapons Ranges) (CCN 17910) provide air crews with operating areas for the development of proficiency in gunnery, bombing, rocketry, missile delivery, strafing, and mine laying. Ranges should generally be within 100 mi (185 km) of the supporting air installation. The Offensive Air Support Range targets require at least one range complex with at least two separate live/inert weapons target sites composed of raked and strafe ranges, structural targets, mobile targets, and targets located in revetments. Some of the structural targets should replicate congested urban areas, requiring event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets in order to practice minimizing collateral damage. Tactical target complexes should provide a minimum of four targets with four Desired Mean Points of Impacts per target, as well as present FINAL 3-17

54 Unfilled Training Requirements target identification and discrimination challenges to the aircrew. This does not apply to raked and strafe ranges. Tactical targets should possess visual, radar, and spectral signatures representing threat systems. Building structures, revetted targets, and moving targets must replicate, to the greatest degree practical, the physical characteristics and spectral signatures of the type of targets expected to be encountered in the projected area of operations. At least one target site must allow the use of inert weapons up to 2,000 pounds (lbs) (907 kilograms [kg]) and live weapons (including cluster munitions) up to 1,000 lbs (454 kg). At least some of the targets should allow the use of laser designators. MCRP 3-0C calls for an Offensive Air Support range that requires a 30-minute period on a 25 nm 50 nm (46 km 92 km) range with airspace that extends from the surface to 40,000 ft (12,192 m). The area should be cleared for use of air-to-ground gunnery, free-fall and guided air-to-ground munitions, laser-designating devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range) CAS is air action by fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces, and requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. Various definitions of a CAS range exist within the Service Components training requirements publications. The CAS Range (FCC 17936) is designed to support the training and qualification requirements of CAS aircraft. This range is used to train and test aircraft crews on the skills necessary to provide air support to ground forces under varying conditions. This range does not require automation but does require surveillance of the target area. CCN Table specifies that a CAS and combat training area minimum surface impact area is 16 nm 20 nm (30 km 37 km), with minimum restricted airspace radius of 25 nm (46 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum altitude required by the using aircraft (nominally surface to 50,000 ft [15,240 m]). One control tower and two spotting towers at each designated target site and target illumination for night operations are required. TC 25-8 specifies two complexes/facilities that support CAS training among other training requirements. Digital Air/Ground Integration Range complex (FCC 17936) is designed to train and test Army Aviation crews, teams, platoons, companies/troops along with Army ground units on skills necessary to detect, identify and effectively engage stationary and moving infantry and/or armor targets in a tactical array. The Digital Air/Ground Integration Range will enable critical air-ground integration tactics, techniques, and procedures training to ensure the optimum teaming of ground and air, Army and joint platforms. An 8 12 km (4 nm 6.5 nm) area (Objective Area B) with static targets to support indirect fire/cas engagements is required by TC The Aerial Gunnery Range (FCC 17912) is a baseline facility with requirements similar to FCC 17721, but intended for training at less than a medium combat aviation brigade level. A 6 km 9 km (3.2 nm 4.9 nm) area (alternate) with static targets to support indirect fire/cas engagements is specified by TC Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter Integrated Air Defense System [Counter IADS]) Criteria for the Electronic Warfare Training Range (FCC 17971) are not currently available in the UFC. FINAL 3-18

55 Unfilled Training Requirements The Electronic Combat range function, which is a subset of Command and Control Warfare, supports the set of friendly force offensive and defensive tactics and operations associated with Electronic Attack and Electronic Protection activities. The Electronic Combat range function supports identifying, degrading, or denying hostile forces the effective use of their battlefield surveillance, targeting radar and electro-optical systems, communications, counter fire equipment, and electronically fused munitions. Electronic Attack consists of active offensive tactics, designed to confuse the enemy or deny the enemy the use of its electronically-targeted weapons systems. The Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and active jamming against hostile aircraft and surface combatant radars are examples of the application of Electronic Attack. Electronic Protection consists of active and passive defense tactics, designed to intercept, identify, categorize, and defeat threat weapons systems that are already targeting friendly platforms. Friendly aircraft hazard warning systems are designed, for example, to recognize land-based, sea-based, and airborne radar, laser, and microwave transmissions and correlate those transmissions with known weapons systems. The RCD specifies Basic Electronic Combat training as requiring an area 30 nm 60 nm (55.5 km 111 km), from surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m), allowing for the use of chaff, flares, and supporting two concurrent training events. Electronic Combat Threat levels 1 through 4, describe in general terms the complexity and degree of integration or sophistication exhibited by threat systems. MCRP 3-0C specifies that MEU training requires combat threat level 2 with sufficient electronic combat emitters to provide multiple coordinated threats with accurate threat replication Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice UFC Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design calls for a 1,000 foot long runway (no temperature and altitude correction is applied) is considered sufficient to conduct proficiency training and autorotation exercises for most Navy air installations. The standard width for rotary wing runways is 75 ft (23 m). Rotary wing runways that support CH- 53 or any helicopter with rotor diameter greater than 70 ft (21 m) shall have a width of 100 ft (30 m). The basic rotary wing runway length is 1,600 ft (488 m) corrected for elevation and temperature. For planning purposes, helicopter landing/takeoff surfaces greater than 400 ft (122 m) in length shall be considered a runway. Pavements equal to or less than 400 ft (122 m) in length and width (or diameter) shall be classified as CCN 11120, Helicopter Landing Pad. A helicopter-landing pad (helipad) is a prepared area for the hovering, Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) of helicopters and other VTOL aircraft. The pad is designed to accommodate only one helicopter/vtol aircraft at a time. The standard helipad is 100 ft 100 ft (30 m 30 m). A shipboard-sized pad may be 50 ft 50 ft (15 m 15 m) for shipboard landing practice. Where more than one helicopter is to be at the helipad location at one time, a connecting taxiway and parking apron is required. Other site-specific considerations are located within UFC for planning and design criteria and Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) P-80.3, Facility Planning Factor Criteria for Navy and Marine Corps Shore Installations; Appendix E, Airfield Safety Clearances for airfield safety clearances. Expeditionary airfields (EAFs) are exempt from P-80.3 criteria. FINAL 3-19

56 Unfilled Training Requirements Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice The maximum planned length of a runway shall be long enough to accommodate a selected critical aircraft in takeoff and landing operations under stipulated load and environmental conditions. A runway length computation example for an F/A-18 produced an 8,500 ft (2591 m) minimum length requirement (UFC N, Figure ). UFC Table provides runway classification by aircraft type. The standard runway width shall be 200 ft (61 m) for all Class B runways. Other site-specific considerations are located within UFC , Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design for planning and design criteria and NAVFAC P-80.3, Facility Planning Factor Criteria for Navy and Marine Corps Shore Installations; Appendix E, Airfield Safety Clearances for airfield safety clearances. Note: EAFs are exempt from P-80.3 criteria Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs) CCN 17440, personnel/equipment Drop Zone (DZ) is defined as a large, flat, cleared area for personnel and equipment to land following a parachute jump. No dimensions are specified. TC 25-1, Training Land, specifies a 1 km 2 (0.3 nm²) maneuver area requirement for the conduct of tactical operations by a quartermaster airdrop equipment support company. AFI , Drop Zone and Landing Zone Operations, specifies Air Force requirements for both Landing Zones (LZs) and DZs. Some of the variables used to calculate safe DZ operations include type and number of delivery aircraft, delivery system, altitude, number of parachutist, cultural and natural environment, and weather conditions. LZ suitability factors include type of aircraft, runway dimensions, and runway category (prepared or semi-prepared). The Zone Availability Report is a comprehensive listing of DZs and LZs available for use by the DoD and maintained by the Air Force Air Mobility Command Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas There are no specific UAS training range requirements within current requirements publications. The use of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) is articulated in sections of the STW and AAW range functions. The STW range function could support tactics and operations associated with unmanned Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles. Surface combatants, within the AAW range function, should be able to conduct overland detection and tracking exercises. This required capability can be best satisfied if some portion of the airspace (that can be used by manned and unmanned aircraft and drones) overlies a land mass with a littoral component. UAVs generally operate in airspace where they are segregated from other airspace users (restricted airspace). FAA approval of UAV operations conducted wholly within an active Restricted, Prohibited, or Warning Area airspace is not required when operating with permission from the appropriate authority or using agency of that airspace. There are two acceptable means of operating UAS in the National Airspace outside of restricted airspace: a Special Airworthiness Certificate Experimental Category or a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization. The International Civil Aviation Organization is addressing UAS operations within international airspace. FINAL 3-20

57 Unfilled Training Requirements Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing, and Rocket Ranges (CCN 17910), and Air-to-Air Weapon Ranges (CCN ), specify that the Rocket and Missile Ranges minimum surface impact areas and coincident restricted airspaces, whose minimum altitude is based on characteristics of the using aircraft, is 50 nm 2 (171 km²). Specific AAW range dimensional characteristics are not published within current open source Air Force training requirements documents. AFI , Section 1.4, specifies that the land or sea encompassed within the Danger Area or underlying an air-to-air range used for actual weapon employment must be protected by purchase, lease, or other means to ensure the safety of personnel, structures, and the public from expended weapons, laser and electromagnetic emissions, and target debris. Air-to-air operations cover a wide range of mission requirements. Ranges that support, for example, air-to-air operations involving simulated and actual employment of missiles, air-to-air gunnery, aeronautical system testing, unmanned vehicles, and Electronic Combat require a substantial amount of range space and a sophisticated range infrastructure. This infrastructure may include high fidelity simulators, visual simulators, end-game scoring capabilities, command and control systems, communications networks, data display/processing capabilities, instrumentation systems, flight termination systems, and flight hazard analysis/strike prediction capability. An instrumented air-to-air range monitored by a Range Training Officer to facilitate training is categorized as a Class D range. MCRP 3-0C specifies an ACE level AAW range as a 40 nm x 60 nm (74 km 111 km) range with airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). The range must support supersonic operations. Some portion of the airspace should overlay land area with significant topography. AAW targets require gunnery banners or darts, which are subsonic and supersonic UASs that can operate from surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). These UASs should be capable of being augmented to replicate the radar and spectral signature of anticipated threat aircraft and anti-ship and/or air-to-ground missiles Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing) Specific Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) route/range (fixed wing) requirement characteristics are not specifically addressed within current open source publications. FAA Special Military Operations Order K, defines Military Training Routes as routes developed for use by the military for the purpose of conducting low-altitude, high-speed training. Two types of high-speed routes exist: Instrument Flight Rules Military Training Routes (IRs) and Visual Flight Rules Military Training Routes (VRs). IRs are used by the DoD units for the purpose of conducting low altitude navigation and tactical training in both Instrument Flight Rules and Visual Flight Rules weather conditions at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots (462 kilometers per hour [kph]) Indicated Air Speed below 10,000 ft (3,048 m) Mean Sea Level (MSL). The VRs are used for the purpose of conducting low altitude navigation and tactical training under VFR at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots (462 kph) Indicated Air Speed below 10,000 ft (3,048 m) MSL. For Marine fixed wing aircraft operations, Marine Aircraft Wing Orders specifying Standard Operating Procedures for Flight Operations articulate LAT policy for fixed wing aircraft, to include certification procedures of unpublished routes. These Orders specify that LAT training shall be FINAL 3-21

58 Unfilled Training Requirements conducted in restricted airspace, MOAs or published IR/VR or other training areas so designated by the respective Wing Commanding General Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) Specific Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) requirement characteristics are not within current open source publications. Marine Aircraft Wing Orders dealing with Standard Operating Procedures for Flight Operations articulate TERF policy for rotary wing and tilt wing aircraft, to include certification procedures of unpublished routes. These Orders specify that TERF training shall be conducted in restricted airspace, MOAs or published IR/VR/Slow Routes (SRs) or other training areas so designated by the respective Wing Commanding General. SRs are slow speed, low altitude training routes and are used for military air operations flown from the surface up to 1,500 ft (457 m) Above Ground Level (AGL) at air speeds of 250 (462 kph) knots indicated airspeed or less and usually involve C-130 or helicopter type aircraft Short Field Take-Off and Landings, Night This requirement was identified as specific to Air Force C-17 and C-130 crew training in the Hawaii and Japan Hubs. The short field (small austere airfield) minimum runway length requirement is 3,500 ft (1.067 m) and the maximum runway length requirement for training credit is 5,000 ft (1,524 m), based on the Air Force C-17 Fact Sheet and AFI 11-2C-17, C-17 Aircrew Training and AFI 11-2C-130 C-130 Aircrew Training Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range Within Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing, and Rocket Ranges (CCN 17910), and Air-to-Air Weapon Ranges (CCN ), the Gunnery Range minimum surface impact areas and coincident restricted airspaces, whose minimum altitude is based on characteristics of the using aircraft, are 23 nm 50 nm (43 km 93 km). AFI , Section specifies that towed targets and drones are used for live air-to-air gunnery operations. The aircraft performance capabilities and the appropriate munitions ballistic tables determine the airspace and surface area required for safe accomplishment Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure A Base Camp contains expeditionary facilities that support deployed forces and provide troop housing, food services, electricity, water, sanitation, maintenance, and storage facilities when deployed to their MTA. The type and standard of construction will depend on the projected lifespan of the facilities. MARFORPAC, as a PACOM Service Component, identified its threshold requirement as needing facilities to support a deployed training force of 1,500 personnel. The MARFOPAC stated objective requirement is for facilities to support 3,000 personnel Range Control Range Operations Buildings (CCN 17310) are designed for the direct support to range operations. Such buildings can support a variety of operations for a firing range such as: range operations, administrative support, target storage and issue, equipment storage and maintenance, and ammunition breakdown and distribution (not storage). This category includes buildings associated with range operations such as range operations centers and operations/storage buildings. Range FINAL 3-22

59 Unfilled Training Requirements control provides real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the range resources that support those events Data Transfer Infrastructure There is no CCN to describe this requirement. MCRP 3-0C defines Information Exchange Requirements (IERs) as a common attribute of Marine Corps Ranges. An IER characterizes the information exchanges to be performed by and with a proposed system of systems. The Data Transfer Infrastructure should be capable of supporting the transfer of information between all of the following: the Officer Conducting Exercise (OCE), participants, Range Control, Range Scheduling, Range Tracking, Range Electronic Warfare, Range Targets, Range Data Collection and Processing Systems (RDCPS), Range Simulation, and Range Debriefing Aerial Target Support Facility There is no CCN for this facility. PACFLT has specified that an aerial target support facility is intended to support the preparation and storage of a dual, aerial target presentation to surface vessels or aircraft, with two target backups. Four BQM-74E targets, support equipment, and ready stores shall be staged in storage. When required, a fly away personnel team will deploy from the Pacific Missile Range Facility to support aerial target operations. Targets in layup storage will require buildup, installation of mission augmentation (if additionally required), testing, and other maintenance to prepare targets for dual target flight presentations, with two backup targets, when a live-fire missile exercise (MISSILE) event is scheduled. PACFLT has provided further details related to storage, target preparation and decontamination, ordnance and additional support requirements, but these are not included in this assessment Ammunition Storage High explosive magazines (CCN 42122) are used for storage of mass-detonating explosives. Some examples of munitions generally stored in high explosive magazines include bombs, warheads, naval mines, and demolition charges. The type and amount of material that may be stored in any magazine is dependent on the safety quantity-distance requirements, permissible storage limits, and ammunition compatibility relationships as established by the DoD Explosives Safety Board and as approved by Naval Sea Systems Command. Sufficient ammunition storage will be required at MTAs to support deployed unit training evolutions Staging Areas (Administrative and Tactical) Joint Publication 1.02, DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 15 November 2011 defines a staging area as a general locality established for the concentration of troop units and transient personnel between movements over the lines of communications. The staging area will typically be located at or near an air or sea point of embarkation at the hub and will support movement to the MTA. At the MTA, the staging area will support the debarkation of training units and their eventual re-embarkation at the completion of training. Staging areas may include biosecurity and/or quarantine facilities to prevent the inadvertent spread of biological contaminants between geographic areas Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas Airspace requirements are discussed with the respective air-to-air and air-to-ground training requirements. Almost all unfilled training requirements may need some form of SUA. An example of an unfilled training requirement that will drive a large SUA requirement is CAS Range. While a FINAL 3-23

60 Unfilled Training Requirements CAS Range primarily needs land in order for aircraft to employ weapons against various targets, it also requires SUA in order to provide safe aircraft maneuvering area and separation from civilian air traffic. Therefore, where an unfilled training requirement is described in the document, such as CAS Range, the SUA is also specified as a component part (airspace) of the total requirement (land, airspace, sea space, etc). Airspace has three dimensional requirement components: length, width, and height. Determining which type of SUA is required (restricted, warning, or alert area) is for follow on steps, done with the local airspace agency with jurisdictional authority, such as the FAA for U.S. airspace Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure UFC , Military Harbors and Coastal Facilities, provides adequate harbor and dredging project criteria, design and maintenance guidance, and relevant lessons learned with respect to shore infrastructure Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Area (existing or possible construction) Infrastructure guidance for facilities to support training areas can be found in the following documents: UFC N, Water Supply Systems; UFC N, Wastewater Treatment Systems Augmenting Handbook; UFC A, Wastewater Collection; and UFC FA, Pavement Design for Roads, Streets, Walks, and Open Storage Areas. FINAL 3-24

61 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub CHAPTER 4. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ASSESSMENT BY HUB The list of 62 unfilled requirements was assessed against the existing ranges and facilities inventory in each hub. This was done to meet the PACOM guidance of attempting to minimize costs by examining existing ranges in U.S. territories and overseas. Information was gathered from PACOM Service Component interviews, Service Component-provided range inventories, Range Standing Operating Procedures, AFIs, DoD Flight Information Publications, Navy range publications, Army Training SOPs, and DoD public websites. This assessment resulted in a finding in one of four categories for each requirement. The following four categories selected for this assessment match the categories used in the 2011 SRR. A requirement was assessed as Fully Mission Capable if the existing range/facility meets one or more of the following: Established Service range/facility design criteria Service training standards Not identified by Service Components as an unfilled training requirement in the specific hub Author s assessment of available information Substantial planning has been initiated for this requirement A requirement was assessed as Partially Mission Capable if the training is being conducted on a range/facility that does not meet the established Service doctrinal standards for range and facility and design. No assessment was made on the quality or quantity of training that the range/facility supports. A requirement was assessed as Not Mission Capable if no range/facility is available to meet a requirement. A requirement was assessed as Not Required if no units based in the hub required the type of training. Requirements assessed as Partially Mission Capable or Not Mission Capable are considered unfilled requirements for that particular hub. In the Marianas Hub, the ranges included in the planned live-fire training range complex in Guam were assessed in this study for their potential to meet requirements. Although they may still be in the planning stages, the establishment of these ranges is linked to the relocation of Marine forces from Okinawa to Guam. As shown in Table 4-1, only two requirements are assessed as Not Mission Capable across all four hubs: Electronic Training Ranges and Low Altitude Tactics Routes for Fixed Wing Aircraft. Other significant deficiencies (identified as Not Mission Capable findings across three of the four hubs) are the 1,000 yard Known Distance Rifle Ranges; Field Firing Ranges; Tank/Stationary Target Ranges; Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area; and Tracked Vehicle Driver s Courses. FINAL 4-1

62 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub The Hawaii Hub has more Fully Mission Capable and Partially Mission Capable findings than Not Mission Capable or Not Required findings. The Korea Hub does not have the same diversity of training requirements as the other hubs based on their assigned forces. This results in the greatest number of Not Required findings. Additionally, forces in the Korea Hub use ranges owned by the Republic of Korea to leverage their capabilities to meet their training requirements. Ground training range capabilities in Korea are relatively robust, while greater training challenges exist for aviation training. The Japan Hub has almost an equal number of Fully Mission Capable, Partially Mission Capable, and Not Mission Capable findings. This indicates that just over one third of existing training ranges fully support Service training requirements. Many of the Partially Mission Capable and Not Mission Capable findings in the Japan Hub are a reflection of the challenges posed by a constrained training area. Because of highly developed economies and infrastructure in the Hawaii, Japan, and Korea Hubs, these three hubs present the greatest encroachment difficulties and the least amount of undeveloped land available for increased training. These observations contrast substantially with the assessment of the Marianas Hub. The Marianas Hub has significantly more unfilled training requirements than other hubs in the PACOM AOR. This is evident by the largest amount of Partially Mission Capable and Not Mission Capable findings. This overall assessment for the Marianas Hub reflects an increase in training requirements for currently based forces and the requirements for the Marines that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam. This significant increase in both number of forces and the training requirements needed to maintain combat readiness cannot be met by the existing training range and facilities inventory. Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has a less developed infrastructure, allowing for more undeveloped land with potentially less encroachment pressures available for expanded training capability. The findings of this assessment are consistent with the IDA Study that concluded that current training deficiencies exist, especially in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study further stated that the central location of the Mariana Islands in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support U.S. DoD forces on both sides of the Pacific. While the four hubs make up the majority of the Pacific region force structure, each hub has an independent collection of forces that has its own training requirement. This is particularly true of LTAs due to the relative frequency of the training that occurs in these areas. Regardless of the hub, closing the gap between the existing training capabilities in any of the hubs, based on the requirements identified by the PACOM Service Components with units assigned to that hub, will require some investment to accomplish. FINAL 4-2

63 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Legend Fully Mission Capable Partially Mission Capable Not Mission Capable Not Required Table 4-1: Hub Assessment Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea Hub - defined as current force posture location (sqdn/bn as the bottom limit) RANGES/ENABLERS THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING 1 Impact Area Dudded 2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated) 3 Pistol KD Range 4 Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd) 5 Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd) 6 Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) 7 Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) 8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range 9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) 10 Field Fire Range (Automated) 11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) 12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range 13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range 14 LAW Range Live 15 Grenade Launcher Range mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range 17 BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range) yd Non-Standard Small Arm Range (separate from BZO range) 19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) 20 MPTR/MPTR (Automated) 21 Modified Record of Fire Range 22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC 23 MPMG Range (Automated) 24 Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training (must have instrumentation capability lease and installation) FINAL 4-3

64 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea 25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex 26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area 27 UAC/MOUT UAC Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN]) 29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) 30 Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF 31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility) 32 CLF Range 33 Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course 34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches 35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces 36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces 37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces 38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) 39 Sniper/Jungle Range 40 Infantry Immersion Trainer RANGES THAT SUPPORT MARITIME TRAINING 41 MIW Range RANGES THAT SUPPORT AVIATION TRAINING 42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) 43 CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range) 44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS) 45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice 46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice 47 LZs/DZs 48 UAS Operating Areas 49 AAW Range 50 LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing) 51 TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) FINAL 4-4

65 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Hawaii Japan Marianas Korea 52 Short field take-off and landings, night 53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS 54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure 55 Range Control 56 Data Transfer Infrastructure 57 Aerial Target Support Facility 58 Ammunition Storage 59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) 60 SUA and Warning Areas 61 Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new construction) 62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and facilities (existing or new construction) Notes: AAW = Anti-Air Warfare bn = Battalion BZO = Battle Sight Zero CACTF = Combined Arms Collective Training Facility CAS = Close Air Support CLF = Convoy Live-Fire DZ = Drop Zone IADS = Integrated Air Defense System IED = Improvised Explosive Device KD = Known Distance LAT = Low Altitude Tactics LAW = Light Anti-Armor Weapon LZ -= Landing Zone MIW = Mine Warfare mm = millimeter MOUT = Military Operations on Urban Terrain MPMG = Multi-Purpose Machine Gun MPRC = Multi-Purpose Range Complex MPTR = Multi-Purpose Training Range NGFS = Naval Gunfire Support sqdn = Squadron SUA = Special Use Airspace TERF = Terrain Flight UAC = Urban Assault Course UAS = Unmanned Aircraft Systems yd = yard or yards FINAL 4-5

66 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub 4.1 HAWAII HUB The results of the Hawaii Hub assessment are depicted in Table Impact Area Dudded This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the Army s assessment in the 2011 SRR. The Marine Corps operates a small Dudded Impact Area at Kaneohe Bay, as part of the 800 acre (3.2 km²) Mokapu Peninsula Range Area. This Dudded Impact Area supports 60 mm mortar training. At Schofield Barracks, the Schofield range and impact area encompass 2,800 acres (11.3 km²). On Hawaii, the Army s PTA has a 51,000-acre (206 km²) Dudded Impact Area. Although the total of 54,600 acres (220 km²) on Hawaii fall short of the 77,220 acre (312 km²) objective outlined by MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8, in the SRR the Army s more detailed assessment of its ability to conduct fire support training it the Hawaii Hub was assessed as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, scoring and feedback Combat Pistol Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates three Combat Pistol Ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet the TC 25-8 standard. The Marine Corps has no ranges listed under this facilities code in the Hawaii Hub Pistol Known Distance (KD) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four ranges on Oahu that meet the MCRP 3-0C standard. At Kaneohe, ranges R-2 and R-6 meet this requirement. Ranges E and F at Puuloa meet this requirement Rifle Known Distance (KD) Qualification Range (500 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates three ranges on Oahu that meet the MCRP 3-0C standard. At Kaneohe, ranges R-1 meets this requirement. Ranges A and B at Puuloa meet this requirement. The Army also operates one 500 m (547 yd) Rifle KD Range at Schofield Barracks Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps has completed the construction of a 10 firing point/1,000 yd (914 m) KD/Sniper Range at Puuloa. The Army operates a 1,000 m (1,093 yd), 10 firing point KD Range at PTA. The Army also operates a Sniper Range (FCC 17811) in the PTA with 4 firing points and 1,000 m (1,093 yd) of range that meets the TC 25-8 standard Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates four hand grenade ranges in the Hawaii Hub. At Schofield Barracks, the Army has one Grenade Range built to MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards. At the PTA, the Army has two Grenade Ranges and a Hand Grenade Qualification Course. All ranges at PTA meet the MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards. FINAL 4-6

67 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Marine Corps operates a Grenade House as part of its Grenade/Shoot House complex on Range R-8A at Kaneohe Bay Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub that are currently classified under this CCN/FCC. However, the Army and Marine Corps conduct artillery indirect fire training at PTA. In the 2011 SRR, the Army assesses its ability to conduct fire support training in the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, scoring, and feedback Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a 60 mm mortar range at Kaneohe Bay. Although it does not classify any ranges under this CCN/FCC, the Army operates numerous mortar firing points at PTA and these firing points are also used by Marine Corps units. Under the 2011 SRR, the Army assesses its ability to conduct fire support training in the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, and scoring and feedback Field Fire Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet this requirement. The Army s 10 firing point Automated Field Fire Range at Schofield Barracks has been deactivated Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates an Anti- Armor Tracking Range and an Automated Anti-Armor Range at Schofield Barracks. These ranges do not meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards Field Artillery Direct Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standard Field Artillery Direct Fire Range at PTA Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub classified under this CCN/FFC. The MPTR on the PTA that could support the training provided by a Tank/Stationary Target Range has been deactivated Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Marine Corps operates a Static Rocket Range at Kaneohe Bay. The Army Light Anti-Armor Live-Fire Range at PTA has been deactivated Grenade Launcher Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard Grenade Launcher Range at PTA. FINAL 4-7

68 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard Grenade Launcher Qualification Range at PTA Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates three BZO ranges at Schofield Barracks and one at PTA. All four ranges meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards for a BZO range, which means they are 25 m (27 yd) in length versus 100 yd (91 m) Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO] range) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Marine Corps operates Range R-9 at Kaneohe Bay and Ranges C and D at Puuloas Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates an Automated Infantry Platoon Battle Course at PTA, but the current range does not meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards for length and range features Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR) (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet this requirement. The MPTR at PTA has been deactivated Modified Record of Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates one Modified Record of Fire Range at Schofield Barracks and one at PTA. Both ranges meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet this requirement Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a Machine Gun Field Firing Range at Kaneohe Bay. The Army operates two Automated MPMG Ranges at Schofield Barracks. One range meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease and installation) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army s PTA supports CAS training of local units from all the Service Components, as well as transiting MEUs and Navy Carrier Strike Groups (CSGs) from the U.S. Pacific Coast and Air Force strategic bombers flying from air bases external to the Hawaii Hub. Marine Aircraft Group 24, located at MCBH conducts aviation training at PTA that includes assault support training and CAS training. Marine aviation units have FINAL 4-8

69 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub deployed from Continental U.S. (CONUS) bases to MCBH in order to train with Marine ground units at PTA. The 1st Battalion, 12th Marines (artillery battalion) conducts regular firing at PTA. Marines conduct UAS training at Cooper Airstrip near Forward Operating Base (FOB) Warrior, which is also located at PTA. The Marine Corps has proposed construction of an Urban Close Air Support (UCAS) range, to be located adjacent to the Navy Mock Runway, in the southern portion of the PTA impact area to aid in training exercises for Marine aviators. PTA s impact area (Range 16, the CAS and Bomber Bombing Range) is an irregular area approximately 10 nm 9 nm (18.5 km 16.7 km) at its widest point, with an aerial bombing box area of approximately 5 nm 3 nm (9.3 km 5.6 km). Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an irregular area approximately 14 nm 14 nm (26 km 26 km), with airspace extending from the surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m). PTA does not have a ground-based scoring system. PTA has an observer position for Tactical Air Control Party use in conducting CAS. The PTA does not meet CCN Table specification for CAS and combat training area minimum surface impact area, 16 nm 20 nm (29.6 km 37 km) with minimum restricted airspace radius of 25 nm (46.3 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum altitude required by the using aircraft, nominally surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). Navy surface combatants conduct Fire Support Exercises events at PMRF on a virtual range against Fake Island, located on Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range. Fake Island is a virtual landmass simulated in three dimensions. Ships conducting Fire Support Exercises training against targets on Fake Island are given the coordinates and elevation of targets. PMRF is capable of tracking fired rounds to an accuracy of 30 ft (9.1 m). Live gunnery rounds are fired into the ocean during this training event. The AMW range function specifies an area 5 nm 5 nm (9.2 km 9.2 km) should be cleared for use of live NSFS ordnance. The 10 nm 12 nm (18.5 km 22.2 km) on Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range area exceeds the training requirement for an MIW Range as defined in the RCD Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army has one Battle Area Complex under construction at Schofield Barracks and one planned for PTA (based on current planning status) Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet this requirement Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard UAC at Schofield Barracks; however it does not support the full compliment of live-fire weapons for use on this course Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN]) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates shoot houses at Ranges R-3 and R-8A at Kaneohe Bay. The Army operates TC 25-8 standard shoot houses at Schofield Barracks and PTA. FINAL 4-9

70 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard Live-Fire Breaching Range at Schofield Barracks Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site (simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) sites at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The Army operates five large MOUT facilities and one MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 non-standard small MOUT complex at Schofield Barracks Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Home Station Counter IED Training Lane at Schofield Barracks. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a CLF Range at PTA. Live-fire convoy training was planned for the Army s Makua Valley Training Area, but has not been conducted due to environmental concerns. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet this requirement Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. TA-1 at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows consists of a 1,000 m (3,281 ft) long beach suitable for amphibious landings with 11 AAV and one LCAC road crossing points. Crossing points allow units to transition from the beach training area (TA-1) directly into TAs 2 and 3. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Some heavy forces maneuver areas exist at Schofield Barracks, Bellows, and the PTA, but these are insufficient to fully support this requirement Maneuver Area, Light Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps maintains three light force maneuver areas in the Hawaii Hub under CCN code At Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, TA-2 is a 376 acre (1.5 km²) training area dominated by three partially overgrown runways and a FOB consisting of two buildings enclosed with metal barriers and a MOUT training site. TA-3 is 582 acres (2.4 km²) of scrubland, abandoned runways, a mix of flat and hilly terrain and three modular MOUT training sites. At Kaneohe Bay, the Mokapu Peninsula Range Area is 800 acres (3.2 km²) and contains the Ulupau Multipurpose Range Area. The range is used for FINAL 4-10

71 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub squad fire and maneuver, static small arms up to.50 cal, 40 mm MK19, anti-tank (AT) and assault weapons training, 60 mm mortars, and explosive training. The current facilities available (1758 acres or 2.7 mi² [6.9 km²]) in the Hawaii Hub represent a mi² (141 km²) shortfall from the Marine Corps objective of 144 mi² (372 km²). At PTA, there are approximately 32,000 acres (50 mi² or130 km 2 ) of land level enough for large maneuvers. On Oahu, the Schofield Training Area totals 4,695 acres (19 km²). None of the available Light Force Maneuver Areas meets the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km²) Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps maintains two amphibious force-training areas in the Hawaii Hub under CCN code Marine Corps Training Area Bellows (1,049 acres or 4.2 km²) consists of a 1,000 m (1,093 yd) long beach suitable for amphibious landings with 11 AAV and 1 LCAC road crossing points. Crossing points allow units to transition from the beach training area (TA1) directly into TA 2 and 3. A FOB is also located in the center of the training area. Marine Corps Training Area Bellows also provides space for mounted and dismounted maneuver, helicopter LZs, military vehicle operators training, MOUT, combat operations center training, artillery Reconnaissance, Selection, and Occupation of Position, FOB operations and engineer (excavation/berming) training. TA-1 is a 43 acre (0.2 km²) beach area for amphibious training. The current facilities available in the Hawaii Hub represent a 143 mi² (370 km²) shortfall from the Marine Corps objective Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Rappelling Tower at Schofield Barracks. The Marine Corps operates Rappelling Towers at Kaneohe Bay and Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The Marine Corps conducts elevated sniper training from terrain adjacent to the Kaneohe Bay Rifle Range. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Sniper/Jungle Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps has a 1,000 yd (914 m) Sniper Range at Puuloa. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard Sniper Range at PTA. These facilities provide basic and advanced sniper training, but the available target distances fall short of the SOCPAC objective of 2,000 m (2,187 yd) Infantry Immersion Trainer This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps opened an IIT at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows in 2011.The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Mine Warfare (MIW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. PACFLT units currently execute aerial mine laying training within the PMRF (R-3101) and MCM training within the Hawaiian Operating Area, Kingfisher, Shallow-water Minefield Sonar Training Range off the western coast of Kahoolawe in the Maui Nui area. Aerial mining lines are generally developed off the southwest coast of Kauai and the southeast coast of Niihau, within PMRF Warning Areas W-186 and W-188. The FINAL 4-11

72 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Kingfisher area lies within R-3101 and is approximately 3.5 nm 1 nm (6.5 km 1.9 km). Submarine mining events are conducted within PMRF Warning Area W-188. Inert mine shapes are released into the ocean during these training events. The Kingfisher area (within R-3101 surface to unlimited airspace, with the adjacent Warning Areas) meets MIW airspace requirements, meets the sea space requirements, is in close proximity to one or more prominent land formations, and meets the undersea space requirements. The SRR notes that the existing mine training field does not realistically portray a threat environment Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army s PTA partially fulfills this training requirement. PTA ranges support helicopter door gunnery and air-to-ground fixed wing bombing and gunnery. PTA supports laser designating and ranging but does not have a ground-based scoring system. Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an irregular area approximately 14 nm 14 nm (26 km 26 km), with airspace extending from the surface to 30,000 ft (9.1 km). These characteristics partially meet CCN specifications, not meeting the 30 nm (55.6 km) length requirement, nor the MCRP 3-0C requirement for 40,000 ft (12.2 km) restricted airspace. R-3107, 3 nm radius, surface to 18,000 ft (5.5 km radius, surface to 5,486 m) contains Kaula Rock, a small 108 acre (0.4 km²) crescent shaped island located southwest of Niihau. A 10 acre (0.04 km²) portion at the southern end of Kaula Rock is used for aircraft gunnery and inert ordnance target practice. This target range does not have a scoring system Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army s PTA supports CAS training of local units from all the Service Components, as well as transiting MEUs and Navy CSGs from the U.S. Pacific coast and Air Force strategic bombers flying from air bases external to the Hawaii Hub. Marine Aircraft Group 24, located at MCBH conducts aviation training at PTA that includes assault support training and CAS training. Marine aviation units have deployed from CONUS bases to MCBH in order to train with Marine ground units at PTA. 1st Battalion, 12th Marines (artillery battalion) conducts regular firing at PTA. Marines conduct UAS training at Cooper Airstrip near FOB Warrior, which is also located at PTA. The Marine Corps has proposed construction of an UCAS range, to be located adjacent to the Navy Mock Runway, in the southern portion of the PTA impact area to aid in training exercises for Marine aviators. PTA s impact area (Range 16, CAS, and Bomber Bombing Range) is an irregular area approximately 10 nm 9 nm (18.5 km 16.7 km) at its widest point, with an aerial bombing box area of approximately 5 nm 3 nm (9.3 km 5.6 km). Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an irregular area approximately 14 nm 14 nm (26 km 26 km), with airspace extending from the surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m). PTA does not have a ground-based scoring system. PTA has an observer position for Tactical Air Control Party use in conducting CAS. The PTA does not meet CCN Table specification for CAS and combat training area minimum surface impact area, 16 nm 20 nm (29.6 km 37 km) with minimum restricted airspace radius of 25 nm (46.3 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum altitude required by the using aircraft, nominally surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). FINAL 4-12

73 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No dedicated electronic warfare training range exists within this hub. Adequate quantity and types of threat Opposing Force (OPFOR) are not available, including Electronic Combat threat levels. Restrictions limit spectrum operations. Hawaii-based Marine units rely extensively, and for some training exclusively, on other- Service ranges. MCBH ranges lack realistic, modern threat representation/simulation capability. The Army assessment in the SRR does not address threat training in the Hawaii Hub Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by current hub training facilities. Marine Corps Air Facility Kaneohe Bay (7,771 ft 200 ft [2,369 m 61 m], asphalt), Wheeler Army Airfield (5, ft [1,708 m 90 m], asphalt) and Bradshaw Army Airfield (3,695 ft x 90 ft [1,126 m 27 m], asphalt) provide sufficient runway length for rotary wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC standards Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by current hub training facilities. Hickam AFB (co-use, numerous runways, and asphalt), Marine Corps Air Facility Kaneohe Bay, and PMRF Barking Sands (6,006 ft 146 ft [1,830 m 45 m], asphalt) provide sufficient runway length for fixed-wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC N standards Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by current hub training facilities, listed below: LZs. Four LZs at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows: LZ Owl, LZ Noni, LZ Hawk, and LZ Gull. Three LZs at Kahuku Training Area: Kahuku Range, Kahuku Split Rock, Strip. Six LZs at Kawailoa Training Area: LZs Red, Elephant s Foot, Nixon, Black, Puu Kapu, Non Stop. Seven LZs at Schofield Barracks East Range: DZ Lightning, Lower 36, Upper 36, Lower 72, Upper 72, Italy, and Ku Tree. Five LZs at Dillingham Military Reservation: LZs Dillingham, Albatross, Blue Jay, Finch, and Rooster. There are 24 LZs within the Keamuku area of PTA: Brad, Noble, Rob, Tango, T11, -ray, Yankee, Zulu, Buzzard, Chick, Dodo, Dove, Emu, Finch, Gamecock, Kiwi, Loon, Parrot Option, Peacock, Penguin, Robin, Rooster, Seagull, Turkey. DZs Marine Corps Training Area Bellows: DZ Tiger. Dillingham Military Reservation: DZ Dillingham, PTA: DZs Fisher and Mikilua. The Zone Availability Report lists the Kanes, Keekee East-West, Keekee West-East, Keekee North-South, and the Keekee South-North DZs as having current surveys. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. UAV flights primarily are conducted within previously designated restricted areas (e.g., R-3109 and R-3103). For UAV flights that cannot be conducted entirely within restricted areas, operations occur in accordance with well-defined FAA procedures for remotely operated aircraft. These procedures FINAL 4-13

74 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub include approval of the UAV flights by the FAA regional office in Honolulu at least 60 days in advance. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Warning Areas (W-189, 190, 192, 193, 194) provide sufficient airspace for AAW training and the Quick Draw Areas (KAPU and WELA, located in W-192, SOA 4 and SOA 6, ocean floor to 50,000 [15,240 m]) allow for hot events such as surface/air-to-air/aaw gunnery. No land space (terrain) exists beneath the AAW airspace described directly above. Airspace over land is required for Air Combat Maneuver training. The lack of land space reduces realism by preventing detection and targeting of terrain following aircraft. No land space is available to solve this problem. There is no dedicated threat OPFOR. There is a shortage of the required number and variety of threat aircraft. The AAW scoring and feedback system lacks required capacity and needs upgrades to prevent obsolescence. Lack of adequate instrumentation reduces the overall effectiveness of flights due to lower quality debrief information Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no aviation over-land, low level training routes in the Hawaii Hub for fixed-wing LAT. Due to the paucity of usable land space, carrier aviation units are unable to conduct low-level ingress over land to an air-to-ground range area with a realistic strike package Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Army and Marine Corps rotary wing TERF flights are primarily conducted within Army training areas and associated controlled airspace. The two main Army training areas where TERF is conducted are Alert Area A 311 on the island of Oahu and Restricted Area R 3101 at PTA on the island of Hawaii. In these areas, training activities such as TERF involve aircraft at a minimum altitude of 50 ft (15 m), but is insufficient to fully meet the training requirement Short Field Take-off and Landings, Night This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. A purpose-built runway for this specific requirement does not exist in the Hawaii Hub. Under a waiver to receive training credit, Air Force C-17 aircrew currently use Kalaeloa airfield (formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Point) with a painted strip on the runway to simulate a short field for night take-off and landing training Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Quick Draw Areas (KAPU and WELA, located in W-192, SOA 4 and SOA 6, ocean floor to 50,000 ft [15,240 m]) allow for hot events such as surface/air-to-air/aaw gunnery but do not fully meet the lateral airspace requirements Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Base Camp at PTA to support units deployed to the MTA for training. The PTA Base Camp is capable of providing FINAL 4-14

75 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub life support to a 2,000 personnel exercise force. Present planning provides for expansion of this capability Range Control This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Range Control facilitates on Oahu and at PTA are adequate to provide real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the range resources that support those events. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Data Transfer Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Current infrastructure is adequate to support the transfer of information between all of the following: the OCE, participants, Range Control, Range Scheduling, Range Tracking, Range Electronic Warfare, Range Targets, RDCPS, Range Simulation, and Range Debriefing. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Aerial Target Support Facility This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by training support facilities at PMRF Barking Sands. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Ammunition Storage This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There is inadequate ammunition storage to fully support LTAs on Oahu and the MTA at PTA Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Adequate staging areas are planned on Oahu for units deploying to PTA and at PTA for debarking and re-embarkation of exercise forces Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. These requirements are met, except where noted in specific unfilled requirements within the sections in this hub s assessment Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. Pearl Harbor on Oahu supports Logistics Support Vessel 2000 vessels and barges that transport training forces to Kawaihae Harbor on the island of Hawaii. Kawaihae Harbor supports the receipt of vessels and barges transporting equipment and personnel to the PTA. This harbor is not sited for storage of ammunition Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges and Facilities (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The harbor is too shallow to handle ammunition supply ships that are used to deliver ammunition to the Hawaiian Islands. 4.2 JAPAN HUB The results of the Japan Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1. FINAL 4-15

76 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Impact Area Dudded This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The United States and Japan released the Final Report of the Special Action Committee on Okinawa on December 2, The report made 27 recommendations to reduce the impact of the U.S. military presence on the Okinawan people including the relocation of artillery live-fire. Because of this agreement, the 3d Marine Division's artillery live-fire exercises have been relocated from the Central Training Area on Okinawa to the Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai training ranges on the Japanese mainland. The Marine Corps operates a 3,100 acre (12.5 km²) Dudded Impact Area at Camp Fuji on Honshu. None of these areas offer the 77,220 contiguous acre (312 km²) objective mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Combat Pistol Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps operates the Hansen Pistol Range KD range with 40 firing positions. This range has an alternate use as a shotgun familiarization range and Close Combat Pistol Course. To support training and annual qualification on mainland Japan, the Marine Corps operates a 25 yd (23 m) Indoor Pistol Range at MCAS Iwakuni. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard Rifle Known Distance (KD) Qualification Range (500 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two Rifle KD Qualification Ranges on Okinawa. The Hansen Rifle KD Rifle Range with 50 prepared firing positions and the Schwab Rifle KD Rifle Range with 50 prepared firing positions. The Schwab Range has alternate uses for sniper training and rifle team practice. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement. The Hansen and Schwab Rifle ranges on Okinawa each have a 600 yd (548 m) firing line, but there are no facilities with firing lines at greater distances Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa the Marine Corps Operates the Range 3 Hand Grenade Range. Range 3 is a hand grenade-training range complex consisting of three separate training ranges. Range 3A is the Familiarization/Accuracy Range, Range 3B is the Grenade Pits Range, and Range 3C is the Grenade House. The Grenade House is a singlestory, two-room structure constructed of Shock Absorbing Concrete and used for close quarter room entry and room clearance training. At Camp Fuji on mainland Japan, the Marine Corps operates two Hand Grenade Ranges at Camp Fuji. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement. FINAL 4-16

77 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps conducts artillery training at Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai training ranges on the Japanese mainland as part of the Artillery Relocation Exercises. The Marine Corps operates a 3,100 acre (12.5 km²) Dudded Impact Area at Camp Fuji on Honshu. None of these areas offer the 77,220 contiguous acre (312 km²) objective mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two ranges on Okinawa that support mortar training. Range R-2 has one firing point for 60 mm or 81 mm mortars and three designated targets. Range R-10 has one firing point for 60 mm mortars and four designated targets. There are 13 mortar-firing positions at Camp Fuji for 60 mm and 81 mm mortars. 120 mm mortar training is supported at Camp Fuji and other locations on Japan as part of Artillery Relocation Training Exercises. The small impact areas and limited number of firing positions do not meet the Marine Corps objective for a Mortar Range Field Fire Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two TOW Ranges, two Javelin Ranges, and two AT Guided Missile Moving Target Ranges at Camp Fuji. These ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Field Artillery Direct Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a Field Artillery Direct Fire Range at Camp Fuji, but this range does not meet the objective size mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Marine Corps operates two AT-4/LAW Ranges at Camp Fuji Grenade Launcher Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. Although not specifically listed under CCN 17610, the Marine Corps operates seven ranges on Okinawa that support M203 Grenade Launcher Training mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. The Marine Corps operates two ranges at Camp Fuji that partially meet this requirement (CCN 17620). FINAL 4-17

78 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates the Schwab BZO Range on Okinawa. This range is 50 m (55 yd) long vice the 100 yd (91 m) requirement yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO] range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates the Range 16A Square Bay as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex. This range is 50 yd (45 m) in length vice the 100 yd (91 m) requirement Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR) (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four ranges on Okinawa that are classified under the MPTR CCN (Ranges 4, 5, 8, and 14). These ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Modified Record of Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a 25 mm LAV firing range (Range 12) on Okinawa. At Camp Fuji, five ranges fall under the Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex CCNs (17721/22). These ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease and installation) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji supports the Fuji Maneuver Area, which consists of a 12,000 acre (48 km²) North Fuji Maneuver Area and a 22,000 acre (89 km²) East Fuji Maneuver Area, and is jointly used by U.S. forces and the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It contains live-fire ranges as well as maneuver areas. R-114, approximately 7 nm 14 nm (13 km 26 km), surface to 14,000 ft (surface to 4,267 m) is the SUA over the CATC. Aircraft may employ inert FINAL 4-18

79 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub spotting charges only. The Camp Fuji facility partially meets the CAS training requirement due to airspace limitations. W-174, 15 nm 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-to-surface weapons range for training and inert ordnance delivery, located on Idesuna Jima, approximately 36 nm (66.7 km) from Kadena Air Base. Live ordnance delivery is prohibited. Strafe and laser use are authorized. The target is a 2 nm (3.7 km) circle on the island. Tactical Air Control Parties may control CAS aircraft from a hill at the southern edge of the island. Additional airspace, W-174A, 15 nm 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km 18.5 km, surface to 4572 m) is available and is contiguous with W-174, providing 15 nm 20 nm (27.8 km 37.0 km) airspace. The Tori Shima (W-176) air-to-surface range is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surfaceto-surface weapons range for live and inert ordnance delivery. The target, Tori Shima Island, lies within W-176, 5 nm radius, surface to 15,000 ft (9.3 km radius, surface to 4,572 m), approximately 53 nm (98 km) from Kadena Air Base. Weapons impact area is the island and water surface contiguous to Tori Shima within a 3 nm (5.6 km) radius. The Oki Daito Jima Range, W-183, 3 nm circular radius, surface to unlimited airspace (5.6 km circular radius, surface to unlimited) approximately 260 nm (481 km) southeast of Okinawa, occupies an entire island and is used to conduct air to surface firing exercises (FIREs). Live-fire strafing is permitted on the west side of the island only. East side targets are for inert ordnance delivery. The SRR notes that the current Okinawa naval training beach area does not support NSFS and the available range is not contiguous with required size of beachfront training area. MCB Camp Butler SUA dimensions are very limited, particularly vertically. Its ceiling varies from 1,000 ft to 3,000 ft (305 m to 914 m) and some of the instrument approaches into Kadena Air Base overlay this SUA. The relatively low ceilings for this SUA limit live-fire operations like mortar employment and restrict fixed-wing aircraft from providing training support for ground units, such as simulated CAS. Simulated rotary and fixed wing CAS training remain unlikely because of the size and geographic constraints of the training area and existing political constraints and noise concerns. Accordingly, fixed wing and rotary wing simulated CAS and Fire Support Team/Forward Air Controller training occur at an island location off the west coast of the main island of Okinawa, well clear of the Central Training Area Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement with live-fire capability. FINAL 4-19

80 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN]) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a Shoot House as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex in the Central Training Area on Okinawa. This range meets the TC 25-8 standard Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a Breacher Facility as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex in the Central Training Area on Okinawa. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site (simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a small non-live-fire MOUT facility on Okinawa consisting of six concrete buildings, a plaza, and six partial wall buildings. This range has alternate uses for Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations and hostage rescue training. At Camp Fuji, the Fuji School has 10 buildings that can be used for MOUT training. These ranges lack the size and number of buildings mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no beaches in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement and support amphibious landings by AAV, Landing Craft Utility, and LCAC Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. At Camp Fuji the 22,000 acre (89 km²) East Fuji Maneuver Area has three training areas of approximately 3,300 acres (13 km²) that are designated as Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces. This area falls short of the MCRP 3-0C objective of 92,160 acres (372 km²) Maneuver Area, Light Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps operates 27 non live-fire training areas in the Central Training Area covering 11,000 acres (44 km²) FINAL 4-20

81 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub and containing single layer canopy with moderate to steep jungle terrain and mountainous areas. The Jungle Warfare Training Center is approximately 19,000 acres (77 km²) of maneuver area located in northern Okinawa, (sometimes referred to as the Northern Training Area). It is utilized for counter guerilla training, jungle infantry maneuvers, helicopter exercises, escape, evasion, survival training, and jungle patrolling. Off shore of Okinawa, the Ie Shima Training Facility is comprised of 1,900 acres (7 km²) of land area. On Honshu, Camp Fuji offers 34,000 acres (137 km²) of maneuver area between the East and North Fuji Maneuver Areas. None of the available Light Force Maneuver Areas meets the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km²) Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Ie Shima Training Facility is comprised of 1,900 acres (7 km²) of land area, two Water Surface Areas (WSA 1 and 2), and Warning Areas W-178 and 178A. The Ie Shima facility is designed to enable units to conduct training in a tactical environment. No live-fire of any kind is authorized within Ie Shima. Normal training operations include: fixed- and rotary-wing training; EAF training; small unit (company and smaller) infantry maneuver training; and Rigid Raiding Craft training. The current facilities available in Okinawa represent a 90,070 acre (364 km²) shortfall from the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 acres (372 km²) Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps operates the Schwab Rappelling Tower and Camp Hansen Multi-Purpose Tower. Range 4A has a rappel tower primarily used for rappelling, fast rope training, and building climbing. Sniper training from the tower is permitted. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub Sniper/Jungle Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps conducts sniper training of Ranges 10, 12, 13, and 14 with maximum ranges out to 1,175 m (1,285 yd). The available target distances fall short of the SOCPAC objective of 2,000 m (2,187 yd) Infantry Immersion Trainer This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub that meet this requirement Mine Warfare (MIW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partial Mission Capable. The SRR notes that mainland Japan lacks shallow water MIW training areas and geographic references. There are no dedicated or instrumented targets available, and units will typically provide their own targets where feasible. Limited OPFOR are available, and no permanent instrumentation exists. The SRR notes that the Navy s Okinawa MIW range has sufficient space, but the bottom type does not have required characteristics, the water depth is too deep, no underwater training range, no dedicated Shock Wave Action Generator training area, no mine avoidance area, and insufficient geographic references. While limited targets are available, there are no dedicated targets that meet full training requirements and the range has no dedicated OPFOR available. No permanent instrumentation exists for this range. FINAL 4-21

82 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Offensive Air Support range training requirements are partially met by the R-130, Draughon Range, approximately 2 nm 6 nm (3.7 km 11.1 km), surface to 23,000 ft (surface to 7,010 m), which is a joint use air-to-ground training range, located 10 nm (18.5 km) north of Misawa Air Base. This facility is for the delivery of inert ammunition only. It has raked range, strafe, and tactical targets that are laser capable. The range has a single Electronic Warfare emitter. The airspace limitations and paucity of targets contribute to the partial mission capable assessment. The characteristics of the CAS ranges within this hub articulated below in Section also partially meet CCN specifications for an Offensive Air Support Range Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Current range facilities lack proximity to ground forces and do not provide sufficient target variety in order to practice target discrimination for both aircrew and Tactical Air Control Party. The Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji supports the Fuji Maneuver Area, which consists of a 12,000 acre (48 km²) North Fuji Maneuver Area and a 22,000 acre (89 km²) East Fuji Maneuver Area, and is jointly used by U.S. forces and the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It contains live-fire ranges as well as maneuver areas. R-114, approximately 7 nm 14 nm (13 km 26 km), surface to 14,000 ft (surface to 4,267 m) is the SUA over the CATC. Aircraft may employ inert spotting charges only. The Camp Fuji facility partially meets the CAS training requirement due to airspace limitations. W-174, 15 nm 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-to-surface weapons range for training and inert ordnance delivery, located on Idesuna Jima, approximately 36 nm (66.7 km) from Kadena Air Base. Live ordnance delivery is prohibited. Strafe and laser use are authorized. The target is a 2 nm (3.7 km) circle on the island. Tactical Air Control Party may control CAS aircraft from a hill at the southern edge of the island. Additional airspace, W-174A, 15 nm 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft, (27.8 km 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is available and is contiguous with W-174, providing nm (27.8 km 37.0 km) airspace. The Tori Shima (W-176) air-to-surface range is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surfaceto-surface weapons range for live and inert ordnance delivery. The target, Tori Shima Island, lies within W-176, 5 nm radius, surface to 15,000 ft (9.3 km radius, surface to 4,572 m), approximately 53 nm (98 km) from Kadena Air Base. Weapons impact area is the island and water surface contiguous to Tori Shima within a 3 nm (5.6 km) radius. The Oki Daito Jima Range, W-183, 3 nm circular radius, surface to unlimited airspace (5.6 km circular radius, surface to unlimited) approximately 260 nm (481 km) southeast of Okinawa, occupies an entire island and is used to conduct air to surface FIREs. Live-fire strafing is permitted on the west side of the island only. East side targets are for inert ordnance delivery. The Marine Corps Base Camp Butler SUA, R-177, dimensions are very limited, particularly vertically. Its ceiling varies from 1,000 ft to 3,000 ft (305 m to 914 m) and some of the instrument approaches into Kadena Air Base overlay this SUA. Additionally, the relatively low ceilings for this SUA are minimally adequate to support individual weapons firing. The relatively low ceilings for this SUA limit live-fire operations like mortar employment and restrict fixed-wing aircraft from FINAL 4-22

83 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub providing training support for ground units, such as simulated CAS. Simulated rotary wing and fixed wing CAS training remain unlikely because of the size and geographic constraints of the training area and existing political constraints and noise concerns. Accordingly, fixed wing and rotary wing simulated CAS and Fire Support Team/Forward Air Controller training occur at an island location off the west coast of the main island of Okinawa, well clear of the Central Training Area Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no Electronic Warfare threats for aviation on Okinawa or mainland Japan. There are no standing OPFOR to support ground training Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Ie Shima has a simulated Landing Helicopter Assault (LHA) deck for both rotary wing and AV-8 landing and take-off practice. This air facility meets UFC standards Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Ie Shima has a simulated LHA deck for both rotary wing and AV-8 landing and take-off practice. PACFLT Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) squadrons are unable to conduct night carrier landing practice at home base (NAF Atsugi). Aircraft must travel to remote location for training. Inability to conduct training at home base location reduces air-wing readiness and impacts STW and AAW mission. Noise encroachment at NAF Atsugi prohibits certain training events, segments training/reduces realism, reduces training days, limits application of new weapons technologies, and inhibits new tactics development. The CVW-5 move to MCAS Iwakuni moves the noise encroachment at NAF Atsugi to MCAS Iwakuni. This requirement is partially fulfilled by Field Carrier Landing Practice (FCLP) exercises conducted by the Navy s Carrier Air Wing Five, based at NAF Atsugi, at Iwo To (formerly Iwo Jima) airfield, 760 nm (1,400 km) south-southeast of Tokyo. The use of Iwo To as a FCLP site was jointly agreed to by the Japanese and United States governments as a temporary measure due to noise level concerns, until the GOJ provides the U.S. Navy with a permanent FCLP site. The NAF Atsugi FCLP pattern presents unrealistic cultural lighting and a higher flight pattern than executed during carrier flight operations. The distance from NAF Atsugi or MCAS Iwakuni air bases to Iwo To present safety challenges, due to the distances of suitable divert bases while enroute to and from Iwo To. MCAS Iwakuni air base remains an option for Carrier Wing Five FCLP, based on governmental agreement Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The DZ Ie-Shima (W-178) meets the dimensional requirement but does not have a current survey for use by units outside the local commands. The Zone Availability Report lists DZs Iwate, Misawa East and Misawa West at Misawa and DZ Lucky at Yokota as having current surveys. The Jungle Warfare Training Center on Okinawa contains 22 helicopter LZs. FINAL 4-23

84 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. SUA exists within the Japan Hub; however, limited frequency bandwidth prevents full capability Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Current ranges lack suitable opposing force platforms and electronic warfare levels, maximum altitude availability, supersonic flight authorization and some lack an overland training characteristic. Restrictions on RF emissions limit the use of the TCTS. A-567A and A-567B, are triangular airspace blocks, 56 nm 47 nm 35 nm (104 km 87 km 65 km), surface to 23,000 ft (7,010 m) and 11,000 (3,352 m) to 23,000 ft (7,010 m), entirely over land is authorized for AAW training. No ordnance may be employed. This airspace is near MCAS Iwakuni. It is not authorized for supersonic flight nor does the airspace reach the 50,000 ft (15,240 m) requirement. Two areas are used for AAW training in this hub, west of northern Japan. A-561A, also termed Charlie One, is 373 nm 283 nm (690 km 525 km), surface to unlimited airspace. A-561B, also termed Charlie two, is a triangular airspace, 25 nm 41 nm 60 nm (46 km 76 km 111 km), surface to 15,000 ft (4572 m). Two areas are used for AAW training in this hub, both in the southern half, one east, and one west of land. R-134, 20 nm 40 nm (37 km 74 km), surface to 35,000 ft (surface to 106,680 m), is entirely over water southwest of Japan. R-109, 60 x 80 nm (111 km 148 km), surface to unlimited, is entirely over water southeast of Japan. Collectively, the following AAW ranges around Okinawa meet or exceed training requirements at this hub, with the exception of suitable opposing force platforms, unavailability of electronic warfare levels and lack of sufficient terrain under the available airspace: W-172 is an air-to-air training range, 60 nm 60 nm, (111 km 111 km), surface to unlimited) is an air-to-air range located southeast of Okinawa. All conventional air-to-air weapons may be employed in this range. Additionally, Mobile 9 is a large altitude reservation (ALTRAV) overlaying and extending W-172 airspace on all sides, approximately 100 nm 100 nm (185 km 185 km), 5,500 to 40, 000 ft (1,676 m to 12,192 m). Ordnance expenditure is not authorized outside W-172. W-173A is an air-to-air training range, 40 nm 80 nm (75 km 150 km), 3,000 to 60,000 ft, (914 m to 18,288 m) east of Okinawa. No ordnance delivery is authorized. W-173B is an air-to-air training range, 16 nm 95 nm (30 km 176 km), 3,000 to 60,000 ft (914 m to 18,288 m) east of Okinawa. No ordnance delivery is authorized. W-173C is an air-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface training and weapons delivery range, 56 nm 140 nm (104 km 260 km), surface to unlimited. All conventional naval, aircraft and air-to-air ordnance are authorized for delivery. W-179, 48 nm 120 nm (89 km 222 km), surface to unlimited is an air-to-air range located northwest of Kadena Air Base. Air-to-air weapons may be employed. FINAL 4-24

85 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub W-185 (Mike-Mike), approximately 25 nm 100 nm (46 km 185 km), surface to unlimited, is an air-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface training and weapons delivery range. All conventional naval, aircraft and air-to-air ordnance are authorized Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. Low altitude navigation routes exist, however no LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing) routes exist within Japan Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No TERF areas/routes (rotary wing/tilt wing) exist within Japan Short Field Take-off and Landings, Night This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable in this hub. Runways exist in this hub, such as Yokota Air Base, however, no purpose-built 5,000 ft (1,524 m) runway is present for this training requirement Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. R-134, 20 nm 40 nm (37 km 74 km), surface to 350,000 ft (surface to 106,680 m), entirely over water southwest of Japan, is authorized for live air-to-air gunnery. R-109, 60 nm x 80 nm (111 km 148 km), surface to unlimited, entirely over water southeast of Japan, is authorized for live air-to-air gunnery. W-172 is an air-to-air range located southeast of Okinawa. All conventional air-to-air weapons may be employed in this range. Additionally, Mobile 9 (Mob 9) is a large ALTRAV overlaying and extending W-172 airspace on all sides, approximately 100 nm 100 nm, 5,500 to 40, 000 ft (185 km 185 km, 1,676 m to 12,192 m). Ordnance expenditure is not authorized outside W-172. These ranges meet UFC N standards Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Fuji Base Camp provides support to units deployed to the MTA for training. The Fuji Base Camp is capable of providing life support to an approximately 1,500 personnel exercise force. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub Range Control This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Range Control facilitates on Okinawa and at Camp Fuji are adequate to provide real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the range resources that support those events Data Transfer Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There is no capability to monitor air traffic in the Okinawa training areas and there are no means to monitor air traffic situational awareness. There are a limited number of ranges with automated targets or scoring Aerial Target Support Facility This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Targets Department, Commander Naval Forces Okinawa, provides the required support to 7th Fleet units for this FINAL 4-25

86 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub requirement in this hub. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub Ammunition Storage This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There is adequate ammunition storage to support LTAs on Okinawa and the MTA at Camp Fuji. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Adequate staging areas exist on Okinawa for units deploying to Japan and on Japan for debarking and re-embarkation of exercise forces. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Areas lacking suitable SUA are noted in sections with SUA requirements, above Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. Naha Harbor, White Beach, and Kin Red Beach on Okinawa support High Speed Vessels and amphibious shipping that transport training forces to the Camp Fuji. There are numerous modern port facilities on mainland Japan including Naval Bases Yokosuka and Sasebo Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges and Facilities (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. There are no existing infrastructure shortfalls at Japan s LTAs and MTA. 4.3 MARIANAS HUB The results of the Marianas Hub assessment are depicted in Table Impact Area Dudded This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. FDM has an approximately 206 acres (0.8 km²) Dudded Impact Area that supports air-to-ground training and NSFS. There are no Dudded Impact Areas that support ground training. The 206 acres (0.8 km²) on FDM falls 77,004 acres (311.6 km²) short of the MCRP 3-0C objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km²) Combat Pistol Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Pistol KD Range that meets MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam. FINAL 4-26

87 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Rifle Known Distance (KD) Qualification Range (500 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Rifle KD Range that meets MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live Hand Grenade Range that meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Field Fire Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Field Artillery Direct Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement. FINAL 4-27

88 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Grenade Launcher Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non Standard Small Arms Range) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement yd Non Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO] range) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A 100 yd (91 m) Square Bay, Non- Standard Small Arms Range that meets MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR) (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Modified Record of Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Modified Record of Fire Range that meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. An MPMG Range (Automated) is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet Service (Marine Corps) training standards for forces on Guam Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease and installation) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The NSFS and CAS missions with Tactical Air Control Party/spotter support are authorized within the FDM Restricted Area, R- FINAL 4-28

89 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub 7201, 3 nm (5.6 km) radius centered on the island, surface to 60,000 ft (surface to 18,283 m). FDM, leased by the DoD from the CNMI, consists of a single island land mass and a restricted airspace, designated R The land mass, approximately 206 acres (0.8 km 2 ), is approximately 1.7 nm (3.1 km) long and 0.3 nm (0.6 km) wide. It contains a live-fire and inert bombing range and supports livefire and inert engagements such as surface-to-ground and air-to-ground Gunnery Exercises, Bomb Exercises, Missile Exercises, Fire Support, and Precision Weapons (including laser seeking) employment training as well as NSFS FIRE (Land). A NSFS FIRE (Land) consists of the shore bombardment of FDM by Navy ships (with 5 inch Guns and High Explosive shells), as part of the training of both the ship gunners and Shore Fire Control Parties. FDM does not have instrumentation capability. There are limited targets available on FDM Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN]) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live-fire Exercise Shoot House at Andersen South is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet TC 25-8 standards and all requirements for forces on Guam Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live-fire Exercise Breach House at Andersen South is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet TC 25-8 standards and all requirements for forces on Guam Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site (simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. An abandoned housing area at Andersen South on Guam is currently used for MOUT training. This area lacks the size and instrumentation required by MCRP 3-0C/TC Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement. FINAL 4-29

90 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Amphibious landings have been conducted on Tinian, but the Tinian beaches are currently incapable of supporting AAVs due to the presence of coral reefs and have a limited ability to support LCACs Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Maneuver Area, Light Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Guam, approximately 2,060 acres (8 km²) at Andersen South are available for Light Force Maneuver Training. At the Naval Munitions Site, approximately 3,000 (12 km²) acres are available for Light Force Maneuver Training. These areas fall well short of the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km²) Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Tinian MLA is a 24.7 mi² (63.9 km²) area on the northern two-thirds of Tinian Island in the CNMI. The MLA has hosted a variety of military training and exercises ranging from small-scale raid operations to large regional exercises such as Operation Tandem Thrust. Under the Mariana Islands Range Complex, the MLA is approved for four MEU level non-live-fire exercises (Ship-to-Objective-Maneuver and/or Noncombatant Evacuation Operations) per year. The Tinian MLA is mi 2 short of the Marine Corps objective. The CNMI island of Pagan is being considered for future training. Pagan s 18.1 mi² falls mi² (326 km²) short of the Marine Corps objective of 144 mi² (372 km²) Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. A rappelling tower is planned for Andersen South as part of the MOUT complex, however it does not support sniper training since it is planned for a non-live-fire training area Sniper/Jungle Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement. FINAL 4-30

91 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Infantry Immersion Trainer This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Mine Warfare (MIW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Within the waters near Guam, Agat Bay supports deepwater MCM training and the Piti Floating Mine Neutralization Area is used for training in locating and neutralizing floating or near surface mines by Explosive Ordnance Disposal divers. The SRR indicates there are insufficient geographic references and no designated operating area for mine laying. The aerial MINE training events use W-517, approximately nm (148 km 185 km), surface to unlimited, a polygon-shaped area of airspace over international waters. W-517 lacks any geographic reference features. No dedicated area for Surface Wave Action Generator use or mine avoidance training exists. The extreme water depth and lack of variance in sea bottom is problematic and limits mine countermeasures training. There are no targets available from the range and users sometimes supply their own targets. There is no OPFOR or instrumentation at the range Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The FDM R-7201 target area does not have an instrumentation capability or a raked range. The size and altitude of current FDM airspace cannot accommodate multiple strike packages. There are limited targets available and no targets replicating congested urban areas, requiring aircrew to discriminate between valid and invalid targets in order to practice minimizing collateral damage Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are limited targets available on FDM. The limited targets do not present the required target identification and discrimination challenges to the aircrew and forward air controllers Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no Electronic Warfare training ranges for aviation in the Marianas Hub Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Andersen AFB is suitable; however, the simultaneous mix of fixed wing and rotary wing landing practice is operationally undesirable Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Andersen AFB provides suitable runways for this training requirement. This air facility meets UFC N standard Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs) These training requirements are assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The following LZs support training on Guam: Ferguson-Hill LZ/DZ is used for parachute insertion and special warfare training. FINAL 4-31

92 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Orote Point Triple Spot supports personnel transfer, logistics, parachute training, and a variety of training activities reliant on helicopter transport. Breacher House LZ supports airborne raid type events. There are six DZs on or near Andersen AFB: Machete North (East), Machete North (West), Machete South (East), Machete South (West) Fortress (East) and Fortress (West). These six DZs have expired surveys in the Zone Availability Report. Other DZs on Guam are: DZs Chelsey, Apra Harbor, Trident, Singha, Agat Bay, Neptune, and Gab support Special Warfare/Mine Warfare parachute insertion. There is one published DZ on Saipan: Dan DZ. There is a surveyed parachute DZ east of West Tinian Airport. The Andersen AFB DZs meet TC 25-1 standard Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. This is a specific PACAF Marianas Hub requirement. SUA overlaying significant terrain and cultural features is desired for crew training and maintenance check flights of various UAS onboard sensors. The paucity of such land space in this hub renders this requirement problematic Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. W-517, approximately 14,000 nm 2 (48, km 2 ), overlays deep open ocean approximately 50 nm (92.6 km) south-southwest of Guam and provides a large contiguous area that is relatively free of surface vessel traffic. Commercial air traffic lanes constrain the warning area; however, ATCAA 2 overlays most of W-517, permitting coordination of scheduling of short-lived airspace training events with the FAA. W-517 altitude limits are from the surface to infinity and capable of supporting Gunnery Exercise, Chaff and Electronic Combat, Missile Exercise, and Mine Exercise. The SRR states that Marianas Hub airspace is adequate when the ATCAAs are available; however, scheduling can be problematic as FAA is not always flexible to short notice requests. No permanent instrumentation exists at the range. The Navy deployed a TCTS to Guam in support of a biennial Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) Strike Fighter Advanced Readiness Program, in March TCTS is a GPS-based training instrumentation system that allows real-time monitoring of tactical missions as well as high-resolution post-flight debriefing for the aircrews. No OPFOR is available at any of the Marianas Hub ranges Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing) exist within the Marianas Hub. The IR-983, the sole published military training route within the Marianas Hub, is entirely over water and authorized for Strategic National level training missions only. The lowest authorized flight altitude is 1,000 ft (304.8 m). Quantity of suitable land mass does not exist. FINAL 4-32

93 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No published TERF areas/routes (rotary wing/tilt wing) exist within Marianas Hub Short Field Take-off and Landings, Night This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. W-517, approximately nm (148 km 185 km), surface to unlimited, a polygon-shaped area of airspace over international waters, overlays deep open ocean approximately 50 nm (92.6 km) south-southwest of Guam and provides a large contiguous area that is relatively free of surface vessel traffic. Commercial air traffic lanes constrain the warning area; however, ATCAA 2 overlays most of W-517, permitting coordination of scheduling of short-lived airspace training events with the FAA. W-517 is capable of supporting Gunnery Exercise, Chaff and Electronic Combat, and Missile Exercise training events. This airspace meets UFC N standard Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no base camp and associated facilities and infrastructure in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement Range Control This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Local control of ranges is adequate, but there is no Marianas Hub-wide range control. A new range control is planned on Guam to support the new Marine Corps ranges, but there is no infrastructure in place to link it to planned ranges on Tinian Data Transfer Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No facilities in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement and training areas on Tinian are not linked to range infrastructure on Guam. There is no web based scheduling for scheduling or post event documentation of range usage Aerial Target Support Facility This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. A permanent aerial target support facility does not exist in this hub Ammunition Storage This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Ammunition storage is adequate on Guam, but there is no storage elsewhere in the Marianas Hub Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are adequate staging areas on Guam, but there are no dedicated staging areas on Tinian. This shortfall presents challenges to meeting bio-security concerns. FINAL 4-33

94 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. These requirements are met, except where noted in specific unfilled requirements within the sections in this hub s assessment. PACOM has initiated a multi-phased SUA plan to support training range evolution and other area goals in the Marianas Hub Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Apra Harbor on Guam has adequate harbor infrastructure to support training deployments. Tinian Harbor requires extensive work to repair and/or replace its aging breakwater and wharves. Saipan Harbor was modernized in 1999 and is now capable of supporting medium and deep draft vessels. Rota Harbor requires dredging and dock/revetment repairs Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges and Facilities (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Upgrades to infrastructure are required on Guam and Tinian to support the full range of desired training ranges and facilities. 4.4 KOREA HUB The results of the Korea Hub assessment are depicted in Table Impact Area Dudded This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army maintains an extremely small Dudded Impact Areas at the Story Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (448 acres or 1.8 km²) and the Rodriguez Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (466 acres or 1.9 km²). These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km²) Combat Pistol Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Idaho Range Auto Pistol Range and two additional ranges are programmed in Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Rifle Known Distance (KD) Qualification Range (500 yd) This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Korea Hub that meet this requirement. FINAL 4-34

95 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the California Range Live Hand Grenade Range Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range) This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates Story Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (448 acres or 1.8 km²) and the Rodriguez Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (466 acres or 1.9 km²). These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km²) Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates the St. Barbara Live-Fire Exercise Area, Nightmare Range Mortar Range, and Whiskey 4 Mortar Range. These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 2,965 contiguous acres (11.9 km²) Field Fire Range (Automated) This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Utah Range Automated Anti-Armor Tracking and Live-fire Range Field Artillery Direct Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Korea Hub that meet this requirement Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army utilizes the Republic of Korea Army s Chipori Range Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Sioux Range LAW/AT-4 Range and the Baekil AT-4 Range Grenade Launcher Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Oregon Range and Seminole Range Grenade Launcher Ranges. FINAL 4-35

96 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Baekil MK-19 Range, Story MK-19 Range, and the Rodriguez MPMG Range that supports MK-19 qualification training Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates nine Basic 10 m/25 m (10.9 yd/27 yd) BZO Ranges in Korea (three at Camp Casey, one at Camp Henry, one at Camp Humphreys, two at Camp Red Cloud, one at Yongsan Garrison, and one at the Story Live-Fire Complex). These ranges are built to Army TC 25-8 standards yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO] range) This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Georgia Range Infantry Platoon Battle Course Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR) (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Warrior Valley Digital MPTR Modified Record of Fire Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the New Mexico Range Modified Record of Fire Range Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Rodriquez MPRC Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information The Army operates the Montana Range MPMG Range and the Rodriguez MPMG Range Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease and installation) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. No dedicated NSFS range exists to support this training requirement within this hub. Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range R-110, surface to 25,000 ft (surface to 7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea FINAL 4-36

97 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert and live ordnance. An area referred to as the Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the Tactical Valley Target Complex is the Television Ordnance Scoring System. The range complex is available for electronic warfare training with several enemy air defense radar emitters and laser target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller. Nightmare Range, 4 nm 4 nm (7.5 km 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ, surface to unlimited) 40 nm (74 km) north east of Seoul is a Republic of Korea controlled range within the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. Hard targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback. Realistic ground training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges during CAS training events Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Black Hawk Village UAC Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and CN]) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the New Mexico Shoot House and the Rodriguez Shoot House Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Korea Hub that meet this requirement Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site (simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates the Rodriguez Combined Arms Collective Training Facility Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Counter IED Training Lane at the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub. FINAL 4-37

98 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a CLF Range at the Story Live-Fire Complex. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub Tracked Vehicle Driver s Course This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Maneuver Area, Light Forces This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. The Army operates 11 small active maneuver areas in Korea that support squad to company level dismounted maneuver. The total area of these 11 maneuver areas is 9,563 acres (38.7 km² or 14.9 mi²). None of the available Light Force Maneuver Areas meets the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km² of 144 mi²) Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Sniper/Jungle Range This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Infantry Immersion Trainer This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Mine Warfare (MIW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No dedicated MIW exists within this hub Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Chick-Do (also Jikdo) Range, R- 105, 10 nm (18.5 km) radius, surface to 25,000 ft (7,620 m) is a target area made up of two small FINAL 4-38

99 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub islands located 27 nm (50 km) west of Kunsan Air Base. This target range is jointly scheduled by the Republic of Korea Air Force and U.S. Air Force. There are no restrictions to ordnance employment. An electronic Weapons Impact Scoring System provides delivery feedback. The airspace and nature of the targets partially meet this training requirement. Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range, R-110, 18 nm 17.5 nm (33.3 km 32.5 km), surface to 25,000 ft (7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea. It is operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert, and live ordnance. The Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the Tactical Valley Target Complex is the Television Ordnance Scoring System. The range complex is available for electronic warfare training with several enemy air defense radar emitters and laser target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller. Nightmare Range, 4 nm 4 nm (7.5 km 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ, surface to unlimited) 40 nm (75 km) north east of Seoul is a Republic of Korea controlled range within the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. Hard targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback. Realistic ground training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range R-110, surface to 25,000 ft (surface to 7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea and is jointly operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force and Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert and live ordnance. An area referred to as the Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the Tactical Valley Target Complex is the Television Ordnance Scoring System. The range complex is available for electronic warfare training with several enemy air defense radar emitters and laser target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller. Nightmare Range, 4 nm 4 nm (7.5 km 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ, surface to unlimited) 40 nm (74 km) north east of Seoul is a Republic of Korea controlled range within the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. Hard targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback. Realistic Army training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no dedicated Electronic Warfare training ranges for aviation in South Korea Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Osan (K-55) Air Base, Kunsan (K-8) Air Base, Desiderio Army Airfield (A-511), and Cochran Army Airfield (H-207) provide suitable runways for rotary wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC standard. FINAL 4-39

100 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Osan (K-55) Air Base and Kunsan (K-8) Air Base provide suitable runways for fixed wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC N standard Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The following LZs/DZs are within South Korea: Angang, Cory, Kakdong, Kumsung, Namji, Rigger, and Soonchang. These meet TC 25-1 standard Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Korean Training Areas include MOAs, low-level zones, and restricted areas typically available to U.S. units. These areas are divided into two general categories: Centrally Scheduled Airspace and Republic of Korea Air Force Wing Owned Airspace. MOA-16, 42 nm 25 nm (78 km 46 km), 5,000 ft (1,524 m) is the only Centrally Scheduled Airspace allocated to 7th Air Force units for 100% of daylight hours. Other potential airspace blocks range from 0% to 60% allocation level per month. The MOA-16 single block of airspace is less than AAW training requirements and lacks a suitable terrain component Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing) This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing) exist within South Korea. Low level zones blocks exist that allow for flight down to 500 ft (153 m) AGL but no specific LAT routes exist Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. TERF areas/routes (rotary wing/tilt wing) exist within South Korea, and are unit specific, designated by Army aviation units in this hub Short Field Take-off and Landings, Night This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Various Korea Training Area restricted areas and MOAs support this requirement, such as MOA-16. However, none fully meet the lateral airspace requirement Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Rodriquez Live-Fire Complex Cantonment. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub. FINAL 4-40

101 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub Range Control This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Range Communications are nonsecure FM, hand-held radios, Land Lines, and Cell Phones. There is no Exercise Command and Control beyond hand-held radios. The lack of communications resources reduces flexibility, safety, and Command and Control Data Transfer Infrastructure This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. All targets lack automated scoring feedback. Infantry targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback Aerial Target Support Facility This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this training Ammunition Storage This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Rodriguez Ammo Holding Area to support training forces. The Navy and Air Force operate several ammunition storage facilities in the Korea Hub. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Watkins Logistic Training Area as a staging area for deployed training forces. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. These requirements are met, except where noted in specific unfilled requirements within the sections in this hub s assessment Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There are numerous modern port facilities in Korea including Inchon, Busan, and Pohang. This assessment is based on the author s assessment of available information Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges and Facilities (existing or new construction) This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author s assessment of available information. Korea has a modern infrastructure that supports movement throughout the country. FINAL 4-41

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103 Appendix A PACOM Guidance

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107 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS COMMANDER, U.S. MARINE CORPS FORCES, PACIFIC CAMP H. M. SMITH, HI IN REPLY REFER TO: 5090 DPRI/Dir 11 S JUNN 220ft I From: To: Subj : Ref: Commander, U. S. Marine Corps Forces, Pacific Commander, U. S. Pacific Command REQUEST REFINEMENT OF GUIDANCE FOR THE DOD TRAINING IN THE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (DTP EIS) (a) USPACOM DoD Training in the Pacific EIS Executive Agent Appointment letter of 25 Aug U. S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) designated Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) Executive Agent (EA) to prepare the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the development of new training ranges and increased capabilities at existing ranges in the USPACOM AOR per the reference. As EA, MARFORPAC continues to collaborate with USPACOM Service Components and will execute a practicable and justifiable EIS. 2. MARFORPAC hosted an EIS Working Group meeting with all Service Components on 24 May 2011 to begin the NEPA planning process. The Working Group proposed refinement of the USPACOM guidance to establish parameters for the Statement of Work (SOW) for execution of the EIS. 3. MARFORPAC recommends USPACOM guidance be refined to direct that the EIS develop and analyze alternatives that provide USPACOM Service Components assured access to a permanent system of ranges to address training requirements in the USPACOM AOR. Assured access includes the use of training facilities without undue restrictions that may impede requirements, including but not limited to, force protection, multilateral training, and contingency response. As the EIS analysis progresses, this guidance may be revisited should it prove too limiting. 4. MARFORPAC requests Commander, USPACOM approval of the refined guidance as the next step in development of the SOW, timely obligation of the $30M in EIS funding, and completion of the tasking in the reference. ~:2.tDL~~ CRAIG B. WHELDEN Executive Director Marine Corps Bases Pacific