Soci111 Human Societies

Transcription

1 Soci111 Human Societies Module 18 Industrializing Societies François Nielsen University of North Carolina Chapel Hill November 21, 2013

2 Outline Main Themes Industrializing Societies: Synonyms & Euphemisms Legacy of Imperialism Two Types of Industrializing Societies Population Demographic Transition Economy Polity Social Stratification Status of Women Theoretical Perspectives on Industrializing Societies

3 Industrializing Societies Main Themes Industrializing societies are hybrid societies having elements of both the traditional (preindustrial) culture and modern industrial culture. Problems of industrializing societies can often be traced to a mismatch between traditional and modern culture due to selective diffusion of modern elements. Severity of problems tends to be greater for industrializing horticultural than for industrializing agrarian societies.

4 Industrializing Societies: Synomyms & Euphemisms Industrial Societies industrializing societies are hybrid societies having both elements of traditional preindustrial culture elements of modern industrial technology & characteristic culture & institutions synonyms & euphemisms underdeveloped countries (out of fashion) Third World countries (Q What s the Second World?) LDCs ( = less developed countries ) The South vs. The North (= industrial societies) developing countries peripheral vs. core societies

5 Legacy of Imperialism Involvement of U.S. in Imperialism imperialism / colonialism 2d half of 19th c. European powers compete for overseas territories to use as colonies period comprises scramble for Africa circa involves UK, France & other countries extent of classical imperialism illustrated by seizures of territories by imperial powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (next 5 slides)

6 Legacy of Imperialism Seizures of Territories by Imperial Powers (a)

7 Legacy of Imperialism Seizures of Territories by Imperial Powers (b)

8 Legacy of Imperialism Seizures of Territories by Imperial Powers (c)

9 Legacy of Imperialism Seizures of Territories by Imperial Powers (d)

10 Legacy of Imperialism Seizures of Territories by Imperial Powers (e)

11 Legacy of Imperialism Involvement of U.S. in Imperialism Q Why was the U.S. relativeley less involved in imperialism than other great powers in the period?

12 Legacy of Imperialism World in Early 20th Century (Chirot 1994 p. 132)

13 Legacy of Imperialism The Hobson-Lenin Theory of Imperialism theory of imperialism developed 1902 by British J(ohn) A(tkinson) Hobson adopted by Vladimir Illich Lenin theory argues that capitalism concentration of ownership giant monopolies by end of 19th century monopolies & banks control policy of core states ( = industrial societies producing manufactured goods) capitalist development scarcity of raw materials + impoverished domestic market cannot absorb industrial production imperialism (core states seek new sources of raw materials & markets) competition among core states war H-L theory correctly predicted onset of World War I

14 Two Types of Industrializing Societies Industrializing Agrarian vs. Industrializing Horticultural Societies industrializing agrarian societies = industrializing societies with an agrarian heritage e.g. China, India, Egypt, Portugal, Mexico, Turkey... a majority of the world s population lives in industrializing agrarian societies today industrializing horticultural societies = industrializing societies with an horticultural heritage e.g. Angola, Nigeria, Congo (Zaï re), Haï ti... many industrializing horticultural societies are located in subsaharan Africa an important pattern industrializing agrarian societies are adapting more successfully to challenges of industrialization & globalization than industrializing horticultural societies

15 Two Types of Industrializing Societies Industrializing Agrarian vs. Industrializing Horticultural Societies the initial level of development (agrarian vs. horticultural heritage) has profound effects on the fate of industrializing societies look for differences between these two types of societies, and the reasons for the differences e.g. compared to industrializing agrarian societies, industrializing horticultural societies have relatively lower government stability Why? greater problem with work motivation (especially for men) Why?

16 Two Types of Industrializing Societies Map of Industrializing Societies

17 Two Types of Industrializing Societies Evolution of Industrializing Agrarian & Horticultural Societies Since 1960 Hans Rosling s web site at scroll down to Human Development Trends, 2005 click on each topic to see regional and country trends in income (GDP per capita), poverty, health (child survival to 5 years of age), inequality note different development trajectories of Africa (industrializing horticultural) in contrast to other regions (industrializing agrarian), e.g. in 1970 majority of world poor (56%) lived in East Asia in 2015 majority of world poor (68% projected) will be in Africa trends compatible with thesis on importance of agrarian vs. horticultural heritage

18 Population Demographic Transition Population Growth in Industrializing Societies many industrializing societies are (or have recently been) through a demographic transition thus experiencing rapid population growth in last decades many industrializing agrarian societies have reduced population growth rates rates are still high for industrializing horticultural societies next 5 slides (repeated from Module <>) illustrate demographic transition

19 Population Demographic Transition Population Growth in Industrializing Agrarian Societies Mid-1980s

20 Population Demographic Transition Population Growth in Industrializing Horticultural Societies Mid-1980s

21 Population Demographic Transition Population Growth in Industrial Societies Mid-1980s

22 Population Demographic Transition Demographic Transition - Schematic

23 Population Demographic Transition Demographic Transition Circa 1970

24 Population Demographic Transition Consequences of Rapid Population Growth Consequences of rapid population growth large proportion of young people public education expensive lack of modern skills continued dependence on traditional subsistence farming crowding of agricultural land subdividing of land use of machinery difficult poverty of excess population no useful demand for industrial goods

25 Economy Economic Development vs. Population Growth Table: Average annual rate of economic & population growth, 1961 to 2003, by societal type ( From Human Societies 10e Table 14.2 p. 297) Advanced Industrializing Industrializing Industrial Agrarian Horticultural GDP growth rate Population growth rate GDP per cap. growth rate Ns GDPs of industrializing societies have been growing over past decades part of aggregate economic growth absorbed by population growth problem most serious for industrializing horticultural societies trend of africanization of world poverty

26 Economy Characteristics of Industrializing Economies Economies of industrializing societies characterized by dualism = sharp contrast between traditional & modern sectors of the economy (& corresponding regions) excessive concentration / specialization in production of raw materials for export (due to late industrialization) economy vulnerable to fluctuations in world commodities markets (e.g. banana republics ) traditional work values poorly suited to industrial economy (especially for men in industrializing horticultural societies)

27 Economy Characteristic of Industrializing Economy Dualism example of dualism Greece in 1960s

28 Economy Characteristic of Industrializing Economy Dependence on Export of Raw Materials

29 Economy Characteristic of Industrializing Economy Dependence on Export of Raw Materials

30 Economy Characteristic of Industrializing Economy Work Values in Sub-Saharan Africa

31 Polity Stability of Democratic Systems democratic institutions fragile in industrializing societies many societies evolving toward an authoritarian regime democratic regimes more successful recently fragility of democratic regimes due to different causes in two typed of industrializing societies traditional governing class inherited from the past opposed to democracy (industrializing agrarian societies) internal divisions from tribal loyalties inherited from colonial past (industrializing horticultural societies) even in multiparty democracies, fewer political rights & civil liberties than in industrial societies corruption of government officials (bribe-taking, diversion of international development funds) much greater than in industrial societies

32 Polity Stability of Democratic Systems

33 Polity Political Rights & Civil Liberties

34 Polity Perceived Corruption

35 Social Stratification Stratification System of Industrializing Societies especially in industrializing agrarian societies, coexistence of traditional aristocracy (in rural areas) modern middle class (in urban areas) income inequality greater than in industrial societies modern elites often related to traditional elite e.g. similarity of social & educational backgrounds of Chinese Communist & Nationalist parties leaderships in the 1920s-1940s (next slide) especially in industrializing horticultural societies, quality of life lower than in industrial societies

36 Social Stratification Education & Social Background of Chinese Elites 1920s-1940s (Chirot 1986, Tables 7-3 & 7-4)

37 Stratification Quality of Life Index in Industrializing Societies

38 Status of Women Status of Women in Industrializing Societies industrializing societies have not (yet) experienced changes raising status of women that took place during development of industrial societies women s freedom more restricted in industrializing societies especially so in Muslim societies? manifested in women s access to education & attitudes about women s rights to jobs (next slides)

39 Status of Women Attitudes About Women s Employment

40 Status of Women Secondary School Enrollments of Boys & Girls Table: Secondary school enrollment as % population aged 14 to 17 ( Human Societies 10e Table 14.8 p. 308) Advanced Industrializing Industrializing Industrial Agrarian Horticultural Females Males N of societies

41 Theoretical Perspectives on Industrializing Societies Three Theoretical Perspectives Three influential theoretical perspectives on the plight of industrializing societies 1. modernization theory 2. dependency theory 3. ecological-evolutionary theory

42 Theoretical Perspectives on Industrializing Societies Modernization Theory problems of industrializing societies attributed to internal causes outdated values (e.g., fatalism) outdated institutions (e.g., unequal landholding patterns, absence of democracy) scarcity of skilled labor (e.g., illiteracy) much of U.S. foreign policy based on assumptions of modernization theory, e.g. Peace Corps to bring skills land redistribution plans emphasis on restoration of democratic systems (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Haiti, Afghanistan, Iraq)

43 Theoretical Perspectives on Industrializing Societies Dependency Theory dependency theory is a version of Marxian theory problems of industrializing societies attributed to external causes related to exploitation and oppression by core (=industrial) societies within the World System, e.g. dependence on production of raw materials vulnerability to international price fluctuations dependence on foreign investment profits drained & not reinvested in local economy problems viewed as caused by (i.e., the fault of ) advanced industrial societies e.g. expression the development of underdevelopment (Gunder Frank)

44 Theoretical Perspectives on Industrializing Societies Ecological-Evolutionary Theory problems of industrial societies attributed to selective diffusion of elements of industrial technology into social systems still geared to agrarian or horticultural technologies resulting in maladjustments, e.g. modern hygiene technology lower mortality rate + high birthrate rapid population growth industrialization occurs late production specialized economy not integrated (disarticulated) economy vulnerable in contrast to both modernization theory & dependency theory, ecological-evolutionary theory emphasizes importance of rapid population growth in explaining problems of industrializing societies