abstract QUALITY REPORT

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1 Project IMPACT Pilot Report: Feasibility of Implementing a Hospital-to-Home Transition Bundle Leah A. Mallory, MD, a Snezana Nena Osorio, MD, MS, b B. Stephen Prato, MA, a Jennifer DiPace, MD, b Lisa Schmutter, RN, b Paula Soung, MD, c Amanda Rogers, MD, c William J. Woodall, MPH, d Kayla Burley, MPH, d Sandra Gage, MD, PhD, c David Cooperberg, MD, d, e IMPACT Pilot Study Group BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To improve hospital to home transitions, a 4-element pediatric patient-centered transition bundle was developed, including: a transition readiness checklist; predischarge teach-back education; timely and complete written handoff to the primary care provider; and a postdischarge phone call. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of bundle implementation and report initial outcomes at 4 pilot sites. Outcome measures included postdischarge caregiver ability to teach-back key home management information and 30-day reuse rates. METHODS: A multisite, observational time series using multiple planned sequential interventions to implement bundle components with non technology-supported and technology-supported patients. Data were collected via electronic health record reviews and during postdischarge phone calls. Statistical process control charts were used to assess outcomes. RESULTS: Four pilot sites implemented the bundle between January 2014 and May 2015 for 2601 patients, of whom 1394 had postdischarge telephone encounters. Improvement was noted in the implementation of all bundle elements with the transitions readiness checklist posing the greatest feasibility challenge. Phone contact connection rates were 69%. Caregiver ability to teach-back essential home management information postdischarge improved from 18% to 82%. No improvement was noted in reuse rates, which differed dramatically between technology-supported and non technology-supported patients. CONCLUSIONS: A pediatric care transition bundle was successfully tested and implemented, as demonstrated by improvement in all process measures, as well as caregiver home management skills. Important considerations for successful implementation and evaluation of the discharge bundle include the role of local context, electronic health record integration, and subgroup analysis for technology-supported patients. The transition from hospital-to-home presents a safety risk to pediatric patients. 1 3 Current practices do not ensure that caregiver home management skills are routinely taught before hospital discharge. 1,4 6 Errors in medication use, failure to activate contingency plans, and failure to adhere to follow-up appointments stem from lapses in provider-to-caregiver handoffs before hospital discharge. 7 9 Likewise, communication between inpatient and outpatient medical care providers is often delayed and abstract a Department of Pediatrics, The Barbara Bush Children s Hospital at Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine; b Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine and The New York Presbyterian Hospital/Komansky Center for Children's Health, New York, New York; c Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; d Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and e Section of Hospital Medicine, St. Christopher s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dr Mallory participated in the conceptualization and design of the study, designed the data collection instruments, supervised data collection at 1 site, carried out initial analysis, drafted the initial manuscript, and participated in revisions; Drs Osorio and Gage participated in the conceptualization and design of the study, refinement of the data collection instruments, supervised data collection at individual sites, carried out initial analysis, and revised the manuscript; Mr Prato built the data collection instrument, carried out initial analyses, and reviewed the final manuscript; Drs DiPace, Soung, and Rogers, Mr. Woodall, Ms. Burley, and Ms. Schmutter participated in project implementation, data collection, initial data analysis, and manuscript revision; Dr Cooperberg served as central principal investigator, led the conceptualization and design of the study, helped design the data collection instruments, supervised data collection, carried out initial analysis, and revised the manuscript; and all authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript as submitted. DOI: /peds Accepted for publication Sep 28, 2016 To cite: Mallory LA, Osorio SN, Prato BS, et al. Project IMPACT Pilot Report: Feasibility of Implementing a Hospital-to-Home Transition Bundle. Pediatrics. 2017;139(3):e PEDIATRICS Volume 139, number 3, March 2017 :e QUALITY REPORT

2 lacks essential information, leading to confusion over ownership of pending results and delays in care. 4, 14, 15 Ineffective hospital-tohome transitions may contribute to increased hospital reuse and overall health care costs. 6, 16 Reducing reuse (readmission to the hospital and/or return to the emergency department) has become a target for improvement throughout the health care community. Decreasing unplanned reuse highlights each of the goals of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement s Triple Aim framework by improving the patient experience of care, enhancing population health, and reducing per capita health care costs. 17 A review of literature showed that no single intervention was effective in reducing hospital reuse. 18 Several studies of geriatric patients, including 2 randomized controlled trials 19, 20 suggest that care transition bundles can increase adherence to follow-up plans and reduce hospital reuse. 21 Key components of these bundles include: use of a transitions coach, predischarge confirmation of patient/caregiver discharge readiness, caregiver education and understanding of essential components of the care plan, and a postdischarge phone call to review and clarify information There is limited pediatric literature to support the usefulness of individual interventions. 27 Investigations of pediatric posthospital reutilization have suggested the importance of discharge education, access to discharge medications, a clear follow-up plan, and caregiver attitudes. 6, Efforts to improve communication between pediatric hospital and outpatient providers have demonstrated improvement in the relay of concise, accurate, and timely information. 9, 31 The importance of a comprehensive approach to hospital-to-home transitions has been demonstrated in medically complex children. 29, 30 However, no universal pediatric hospital-to-home transition care bundle has been reported to date. 31 The first 2 phases of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Hospital Medicine Transitions of Care Collaborative improved the timeliness and defined the essential content of pediatric hospitalist to primary care provider (PCP) communication during hospital-to-home care transitions. 12, 32, 33 The current phase of this collaborative seeks to promote partnerships between parents/ caregivers and medical teams via shared ownership of care transitions at hospital discharge. To that end, the Improving Pediatric Patient-Centered Care Transitions (IMPACT) project, a multicenter quality improvement research collaborative, developed a 4-element patient-centered pediatric care transitions (PACT) bundle based on review of existing literature. The objective of this pilot study is to demonstrate the feasibility of bundle implementation and to assess the early impact of the bundle on outcome measures, namely, caregiver s home management skills (primary outcome) and reuse rates (secondary outcome). We hypothesize that reliable implementation of all 4 bundle elements will be associated with an improvement in both primary and secondary outcomes. METHODS Context Four pilot sites ( Table 1) instituted the PACT bundle. The bundle includes: a transition readiness checklist; predischarge caregiver teach-back of essential home management skills; timely and complete medical provider handoff; and a postdischarge phone call ( Fig 1). Subjects were technologysupported and non technologysupported patients, age 0 to 18 years who were discharged to home. Technology-supported patients were defined as patients with 1 of the following: ventriculoperitoneal shunt, tracheostomy tube, surgically placed feeding tube, and/or indwelling central venous catheter. The non technology-supported patients were infants, toddlers, asthma patients age 2 to 17 years old, or all patients admitted to a specific geographic area or unit. These subpopulations were determined based on evidence of increased reuse risk or availability of evidence suggesting that targeted predischarge interventions decreased transition risks. 27, 34 We excluded patients with a primary oncologic diagnosis and those discharged from the newborn nursery or critical care units. We used a convenience sampling based on each pilot site s patient annual volume, resource availability, and organizational priorities. Interventions A pediatric hospitalist from each site served as local improvement team leader. The composition of teams varied, but included patient/ family representatives, pediatric hospitalists, subspecialists, resident physicians, PCPs, nurses, case managers, social workers, pharmacists, information technologists, and administrative staff. Monthly conference calls occurred between the 4 pilot sites to facilitate resource sharing and promote successful bundle implementation. The project was approved for American Board of Pediatrics Maintenance of Certification Part IV credit for eligible participants. Each pilot site improvement team mapped local preintervention processes for medical provider handoff at discharge and parent/caregiver education and used multiple planned sequential interventions to implement the 4 bundle elements ( Fig 2). The transition checklist (Supplemental Fig 11) documents logistical components of family and medical provider e2 MALLORY et al

3 TABLE 1 Institution of PACT Bundle Measure (and Type) Description Time-Bound Goal (Denominator for Rates Is Entire Enrolled Patient Population at Each Site) Predischarge caregiver teach-back of home management skills (P) Must document successful teach-back of all 4 components: Improve documentation of successful caregiver explanation of all elements to 90% within 12 mo medication use follow-up appointments contingency plan (when to call PCP or return to emergency department) equipment contact information (if applicable) Transition readiness checklist (P) Checklist use in paper or electronic chart Improve to 90% complete checklist use within 12 mo Any use: at least 1 item documented Complete: all items documented Timely and complete handoff to the PCP (P) Postdischarge phone call to caregiver within 3 d of discharge (P) Postdischarge caregiver teach-back of home management skills (O) Reuse (O) O, outcome; P, process. Must include documentation of all 7 elements of essential discharge communication content bundle: (admission/discharge dates, discharge diagnosis, medications, follow-up, results pending, immunizations administered during hospitalization, brief description of hospital course) and be sent within one day of discharge Transcript of call in medical record used to measure successful contact Caregiver demonstration of successful teach-back of all 4 components: medication use follow-up appointments contingency plan (when to call PCP or return to emergency department) equipment contact information (if applicable) Return to emergency department within 3 d or readmission within 30 d of index discharge date Improve rates of documented discharge summaries including all 7 elements sent within one day to 90% within 12 mo Improve contact rate (from all enrolled patients) to 70% within 12 mo Improve documentation of successful caregiver explanation to 90% within 12 mo (denominator is all patients with successful phone contact) Reduce by 10% from baseline within 24 mo handoffs including: parent/caregiver perceptions of discharge readiness, preferred language and arrangement for professional interpretation for teaching, and identification of transportation, financial, or social barriers to a safe transition. The checklist existed as a paper document or was integrated into the electronic health record (EHR). Teach-back is an evidence-based, patient-centered, closed-loop communication tool to confirm understanding of information provided by asking patients and caregivers to explain in their own words what they need to know or do. 24 A teach-back curriculum, which includes a just-in-time teach-back primer, and video were developed at 1 pilot site and shared across other sites (Supplemental Information). Nurse educators at each site trained staff nurses on teach-back techniques. FIGURE 1 Patient-centered care transitions bundle elements. Timely and complete communication with the PCP was defined as documentation of verbal or written communication to the PCP within 1 day of discharge that included 7 essential elements ( Table 2). 12 At each site, essential information elements were incorporated into EHR discharge summary templates (Supplemental Fig 12). Staff nurses and/or care coordinators performed postdischarge phone calls within 3 days of discharge ( Table 1). Phone call scripts were piloted, revised, and standardized across sites (Supplemental Information). PEDIATRICS Volume 139, number 3, March 2017 e3

4 and revised based on investigator feedback from each site. At each pilot site, the initial chart review was performed by all study personnel on the same 10 charts and results were compared for consistency. Ambiguous choices for data entry were identified and recommendations for consistent interpretation were made to the national group. Once consensus was reached, a data collection manual and data entry webinar were developed, recorded, and shared. Analysis FIGURE 2 Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle ramp. Measures Specific aims of our initiative included increased caregiver understanding of home management skills and timely and complete communication between inpatient and outpatient providers ( Table 2). Therefore, the rates of nursing predischarge teachback documentation of essential home management skills (contingency plan, follow-up appointment, medication management, and medical equipment provider contact information, if applicable) and rates of timely transmission of a complete discharge document were used as process measures. Additional process measures included the following: postdischarge phone call attempt and connectivity rates, as well as the discharge (PACT) checklist completion rates. Outcome measures assessed the effect of bundle implementation. We used rates of caregivers postdischarge teach-back of the essential home management skills during a postdischarge phone call as the primary outcome measure. A 30-day reuse rate assessed our secondary outcome. Chart review was performed for all included patient populations at each site, including audit of transitions checklist use, discharge education documentation, discharge summaries, transcripts from postdischarge phone calls, and reuse episodes within 30 days. The components of each of these bundle elements were assessed individually. Element implementation was considered complete if all components of the domain were documented in the EHR ( Table 2). Additional information obtained in the chart reviews included patient age, gender, insurance type, and details of any reuse event. With multiple study personnel from each site performing chart review and data entry, several safeguards were developed to ensure internal validity of data. Each pilot site reviewed charts for their identified study population and entered data into an online, password-protected, de-identified database (REDCap). 35 This IMPACT data collection tool was drafted Statistical process control p-charts were used to plot and analyze data. The center line (CL) (mean) and upper and lower control limits were calculated using QI Charts (licensed by Richard Scoville, Scoville Associates, 2009). Established rules for detecting special cause were applied. 36 Ethical Considerations Central institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from the primary investigator s institution. At each pilot site, IRB approval or exemption was obtained according to local IRB policies. Consent for the study was waived at all sites, except at site B, which required verbal consent at initiation of the postdischarge phone call. RESULTS During the pilot study phase (January 2014 May 2015), 4 sites reviewed 2601 patient records ( Table 1), 1394 of which had postdischarge telephone encounters. Supplemental Table 3 includes a detailed table of interventions for each bundle element at each site. The Supplemental Information includes collaborative and site-specific control charts for each process and outcome measure. Process Measures Predischarge Teach-back Composite completion of predischarge teach-back improved e4 MALLORY et al

5 TABLE 2 Essential Elements Site No. of Patients Enrolled in Pilot Phase No. of Technology- Supported Patients Enrolled in Pilot Phase Total No. Discharged Patients From Pediatric Hospitalist Service in 2014 Patient Type Hospital Type Pediatric Medical/ Surgical Beds (Exluding Newborn and ICU) EHR Type Transmission of Discharge Summaries Who Performs Postdischarge Phone Calls A All patients on pediatric hospitalist service including technologysupported B Age <1 y, asthma C Technologysupported patients Asthma Age <2 y Children s hospital within a larger hospital Free-standing children s hospital Children s hospital within larger hospital 39 Epic On attending physician signature: Automatic route to Epic providers Automatic fax to non-epic providers 160 Epic On attending physician signature Automatic route to Epic providers Automatic fax to non-epic providers 95% patients called by 1 of 2 transition nurses Patients who receive primary care from hospitalbased resident clinic ( 5%) called by clinic nurse Majority of patients called by 2 designated study nurses Rarely calls performed by other study medical providers 30 AllScripts Calling PCP Nurses are expected to call all discharges Start Date for Bundle Implementation PCP Survey Sent January 2014 June 2015 January 2014 March 2015 April 2014 March 2015 PEDIATRICS Volume 139, number 3, March 2017 e5

6 TABLE 2 Continued PCP Survey Sent Start Date for Bundle Implementation Who Performs Postdischarge Phone Calls EHR Type Transmission of Discharge Summaries Patient Type Hospital Type Pediatric Medical/ Surgical Beds (Exluding Newborn and ICU) Total No. Discharged Patients From Pediatric Hospitalist Service in 2014 No. of Technology- Supported Patients Enrolled in Pilot Phase Site No. of Patients Enrolled in Pilot Phase May 2015 December 2014 Outpatient special needs clinic care coordinator 115 Cerner Unit clerk faxes Free-standing children s hospital D Technologysupported patients Non technologysupported patients who attend special needs clinic from 30% to 52% ( Fig 3). Categories of interventions included: interprofessional engagement/ education; EHR modifications; and family engagement (Supplemental Table 3). As new sites joined, decreased composite performance was noted ( Fig 3). One site (site C) achieved the aim using interventions noted ( Fig 4). Timely and Complete Hospitalist-to-PCP Handoff at Hospital Discharge Composite rates of timely and complete hospitalist-to-pcp handoff improved from 51.9% to 77.7% ( Fig 5). Interventions included: interprofessional education/ engagement and integrating essential handoff elements into EHR systems (Supplemental Table 3). Site A linked a percentage of physician compensation to quality metrics in timely and complete handoff performance. This contributed to a significant increase in performance from 74% to 87.6% ( Fig 6). Transition Checklist For the discharge readiness checklist, both efforts to integrate a paper checklist into existing workflows and attempts to incorporate the checklist into the EHR encountered multiple barriers. Improvement cycles aimed to decrease redundancy in workflow, increase institutional support for EHR change, and promote interprofessional buy-in (Supplemental Table 3). One site (site A) successfully integrated the checklist into the EHR in January 2014 (Fig 7). Postdischarge Phone Call Connection Rates Figure 8 depicts the composite phone call attempt and contact rates. Strategies to improve connection rates included ensuring documentation of the correct telephone number in the EHR, calling within 24 hours after discharge (site A), and partnership with outpatient providers (site D). e6 MALLORY et al

7 Outcome Measures Caregiver Understanding of Essential Discharge Home Management Skills Caregiver performance of teach-back of essential home management skills during a postdischarge phone call was a primary outcome measure and there was significant improvement from 17.7% to 81.8% as bundle implementation advanced. A decline in rates were noted with the late addition of site D (Fig 9). Hospital Reuse Decreasing hospital reuse rates was an additional outcome measure; however, to date, no improvement in this measure has been noted (Supplemental Information). Composite reuse rates increased with the addition of site D (November 2014). Stratification of reuse rates between technology-supported and non technology-supported patients showed dramatically different reuse rates between the 2 populations (Fig 10) and explain the effect of the addition of site D (high proportion of technology-supported patients) on the composite chart (see control charts in the Supplemental Information). Reuse rates for non technology-supported patients have remained unchanged (CL = 7.2%, Fig 10B), whereas reuse rates for technology-supported patients have shown more variability (CL= 27%, Fig 10A). DISCUSSION The main objective of this pilot quality improvement report was to demonstrate the feasibility of the implementation of the PACT bundle. The secondary objective was to demonstrate the early impact of the PACT bundle on outcome measures. With regards to the primary objective, the pilot sites have implemented the 4-element PACT bundle, showing FIGURE 3 Composite predischarge teach-back rates (n = 2601). Composite control p-chart showing percent of patients receiving teach-back by month. Multiple interventions at each site led to overall improvement (Supplemental Table 3). Sites D and C joined as noted with corresponding decreases in rates. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. FIGURE 4 Site C predischarge teach-back rates (n = 615). Site C control p-chart showing percent of patients receiving teach-back by month. EHR modification, monthly data sharing, and real-time performance feedback were instrumental in achieving aims at site C. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. an improvement in all process measures: teach-back, timely and complete handoff, follow-up phone call connectivity, and discharge checklist use. Individual pilot sites had different implementation rates for individual bundle elements, and no site implemented all bundle elements, which is consistent with the influence of local context. Bundle implementation was associated with a significant improvement in our main outcome, caregiver ability to teach-back essential home management skills. Although reuse rates were comparable to previously published rates, 37 they remained unchanged during the pilot study. This is not surprising, because we did not reach reliable implementation of all bundle elements and the number of technology-supported patients enrolled was relatively small. As previously reported, several large collaboratives (Solution for Patient Safety Network, Pedi-Boost, Children s Hospital Association) have been working to improve care transitions and reduce readmissions. 31 Although each collaborative is using a different set of tools, to date there are no PEDIATRICS Volume 139, number 3, March 2017 e7

8 FIGURE 5 Composite perfect handoff rates (n = 2601). Composite control p-chart showing percent of discharge communication within 1 day of discharge that included 7 required elements. Financial incentives and EHR modifications led to significant improvements. For a complete list of site-specific interventions, see Supplemental Table 3. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. local context greatly influenced the postdischarge telephone call. As a relatively high-resource bundle element, processes developed to accomplish postdischarge phone calls differed across sites. Connectivity rates varied based on several key factors, including the availability of dedicated personnel, the population type enrolled, and whether a culture of making postdischarge calls predated the initiation of the project. Although the composite phone call connection rate (68.8%) was near the goal of 70%, higher rates are needed to generalize bundle effects across patient populations. 40 Identifying the correct telephone number and calling within 24 hours after hospital discharge were among the interventions that helped improve the connectivity rates. At this point in time, the influences of the type of caller (inpatient versus outpatient provider, nurse versus physician) on the success of the caregiver s teachback of essential home management skills are unknown. FIGURE 6 Site A perfect handoff (n = 1265). Site A control p-chart showing aim achieved by using addition of financial incentives. There was a decline after attainment of goal secondary to chart review delay and lack of real-time feedback of lapses to providers. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. published reports on pediatric bundle implementation. Similar to reported adult bundles, the PACT bundle consists of evidence-based and patient-centered tools. 5, 19, 20 Implementation of the teach-back communication tool varied between sites and was highly dependent on the degree of nursing buy-in and the availability of EHR teachback documentation templates. High-impact interventions, such as EHR modification to capture teachback documentation coupled with interprofessional education, were the most useful in improving this metric. Teach-back, contingency planning, and follow-up telephone calls are useful bundle elements that address the recently described limited ability of caregivers to process information gathered during hospitalization (ie, the in a fog concept), the need for individually tailored red flags (what to watch for after hospitalization), and additional support after hospitalization. 38, 39 For example, we employed follow-up telephone calls not only to ensure caregiver understanding of home management skills, but also as a safety tool to detect and correct misunderstandings. Once again, The transition checklist was the most challenging bundle element to implement, and ultimately to integrate, into the EHR. This EHRintegrated checklist is meant to provide a prominently visible multidisciplinary display of a patient s progress toward identified discharge readiness elements. This requires EHR editing access of a single document by multiple interprofessional users. Current EHR products do not support this functionality. 41, 42 However, a recent report highlights new solutions and has served as a model to avoid redundant documentation. 33 With respect to hospitalist-to-pcp handoff at discharge, previously identified essential discharge content (7 elements) aligned well with the content of continuous care documentation as well as meaningful use requirements, a universal incentive for hospitals. 43 e8 MALLORY et al

9 during the pilot study, we were not able to demonstrate the impact of the PACT bundle on reuse. Larger sample size and reliable implementation of all bundle elements is needed to demonstrate change. 31, 37 This is an observational study and causation cannot be inferred. Feasibility and local context precluded randomization of sites. Similarly, with the exception of reuse data, it was not feasible to collect baseline data because bundle elements were newly introduced at most sites. FIGURE 7 Site A transition checklist use rates (n = 1264). Site A control P-chart showing the rate of use of the transition checklist. A, Any use of checklist. B, Completed checklist. Checklist audit led to a meaningful increase in checklist completion rate (see Supplemental Table 3). LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. FIGURE 8 Composite control p-chart of postdischarge phone call contact rates for (A) all patients enrolled and (B) patients for whom a call was attempted. No interventions contributed to significant improvement in the connectivity rate (Supplemental Table 3). High census affected both rates when resources were insufficient to call all patients. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. Therefore, modifications of the EHR to add missing elements to discharge summary templates (pending laboratories and immunizations received during hospitalizations) were expedited across sites, requiring only 1 to 2 Plan, Do, Study, Act cycles to complete. Educational interventions were focused on improving physicians (trainees and attending physicians) adherence to complete and timely delivery of discharge information to outpatient providers. With bundle implementation, we observed a significant improvement in the main outcome, caregiver teach-back of home management skills during follow-up telephone calls across all sites. As stated above, In cases where randomization is not practical or not feasible as in the pilot study, other strategies can be used to overcome this limitation. The use of center points at the beginning, middle, and end of the study as controls has been suggested. This replication can be used to check for special cause variation that may have occurred during the study. 44 In addition, data collected during the early months of the pilot phase can help to define the baseline. Preliminary power calculations suggested that a larger number of participants are needed to demonstrate 20% change in reuse rates; for a baseline rate of 2.5% and 650 for 24%. The spread phase with additional sites will likely help realize this goal. Additional limitations include the lack of direct observation of in-person and telephone teach-back and therefore the quality of yes checked for both metrics. Furthermore, our ability to generalize the success of caregiver s selfmanagement skills during follow-up telephone calls is limited by relatively low connectivity rates. Additional analyses are needed to prospectively identify risk factors associated with decreased access to follow-up care (including visits and phone calls) and the impact this may have on adequate home management and hospital reuse. PEDIATRICS Volume 139, number 3, March 2017 e9

10 FIGURE 9 Composite postdischarge teach-back rates (n = 1394 phone contacts). Composite control p-chart of postdischarge phone call teach-back rates. The addition of site D coincided with a decline in rates. High census affected rates negatively. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. achievable, how to practically access identified measures in the EHR and how to differentiate general issues versus those embedded in local context. These early insights are critical in guiding the spread phase to other sites and can be applied to improvement efforts in a variety of other health care settings. The next steps will include enhancing internal validity (use the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Hospital Medicine sponsored data entry webinar for all participating sites, adopt identified EHR-specific solutions, standardize the role of callers across sites), and external validity (increasing enrollment for all subject populations, particularly technology-supported patients). In addition, the spread phase will allow us to evaluate the impact of bundle adherence on reuse and study other transition metrics, including composite metrics and providers and patients satisfaction. FIGURE 10 Reuse rates (technology supported versus not). Composite control p-charts showing reuse rates by month per study population for (A) technology-supported versus (B) non technology-supported patients. Note mild rises on both charts during high-census periods (March 2014 and 2015). Cumulative rates remain unchanged for both populations when evaluated separately. LCL, lower control limit; UCL, upper control limit. CONCLUSIONS Project IMPACT s 17-month pilot phase demonstrates that our bundle is feasible to implement and measure across 4 different sites. This grass roots quality improvement research collaborative capitalized on the lessons learned at individual sites, including optimization of EHR functionality and the effect of the local contextual factors on the project s success. Through shared learning, our pilot team identified which aims were ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge Niccole Alexander and the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Hospital Medicine for supporting collaborative meetings, both telephonic and at annual meetings. We also acknowledge the following individuals: David Caplan, Deana Guerrero, Joel McMullin, and Wendy Craig for analytic support and family-centered care representatives, Sharon Cray, Amy Whifen, and Brandy Robertson. ABBREVIATIONS CL: center line EHR: electronic health record IMPACT: Improving Pediatric Patient-Centered Care Transitions IRB: institutional review board PACT: patient-centered pediatric care transition PCP: primary care physician e10 MALLORY et al

11 Address correspondence to David Cooperberg, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Hospital Medicine, St. Christopher s Hospital for Children, 160 E. Erie Ave, Philadelphia, PA david.cooperberg@drexelmed.edu PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, ; Online, ). Copyright 2017 by the American Academy of Pediatrics FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Moore C, Wisnivesky J, Williams S, McGinn T. Medical errors related to discontinuity of care from an inpatient to an outpatient setting. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(8): Tsilimingras D, Miller MR, Brooks RG. Postdischarge adverse events in children: a cause for concern. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2009;35(12): van Walraven C, Oake N, Jennings A, Forster AJ. The association between continuity of care and outcomes: a systematic and critical review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(5): Moore C, McGinn T, Halm E. Tying up loose ends: discharging patients with unresolved medical issues. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(12): Balaban RB, Weissman JS, Samuel PA, Woolhandler S. Redefining and redesigning hospital discharge to enhance patient care: a randomized controlled study. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(8): Weiss M, Johnson NL, Malin S, Jerofke T, Lang C, Sherburne E. Readiness for discharge in parents of hospitalized children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2008;23(4): Forster AJ, Clark HD, Menard A, et al Adverse events among medical patients after discharge from hospital. CMAJ. 2004;170(3): Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, Gandhi TK, Bates DW. The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(3): Kripalani S, Price M, Vigil V, Epstein KR. Frequency and predictors of prescription-related issues after hospital discharge. J Hosp Med. 2008;3(1): Kripalani S, LeFevre F, Phillips CO, Williams MV, Basaviah P, Baker DW. Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians: implications for patient safety and continuity of care. JAMA. 2007;297(8): Harlan GA, Nkoy FL, Srivastava R, et al Improving transitions of care at hospital discharge implications for pediatric hospitalists and primary care providers. J Healthc Qual. 2010;32(5): Coghlin DT, Leyenaar JK, Shen M, et al. Pediatric discharge content: a multisite assessment of physician preferences and experiences. Hosp Pediatr. 2014;4(1): Solan LG, Sherman SN, DeBlasio D, Simmons JM. Communication challenges: a qualitative look at the relationship between pediatric hospitalists and primary care providers. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(5): Roy CL, Poon EG, Karson AS, et al. Patient safety concerns arising from test results that return after hospital discharge. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(2): Ruth JL, Geskey JM, Shaffer ML, Bramley HP, Paul IM. Evaluating communication between pediatric primary care physicians and hospitalists. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50(10): Kripalani S, Jackson AT, Schnipper JL, Coleman EA. Promoting effective transitions of care at hospital discharge: a review of key issues for hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2007;2(5): Berwick DM, Nolan TW, Whittington J. The triple aim: care, health, and cost. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008;27(3): Hansen LO, Young RS, Hinami K, Leung A, Williams MV. Interventions to reduce 30-day rehospitalization: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8): Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, et al. A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(3): Coleman EA, Parry C, Chalmers S, Min SJ. The care transitions intervention: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17): Koehler BE, Richter KM, Youngblood L, et al Reduction of 30-day postdischarge hospital readmission or emergency department (ED) visit rates in highrisk elderly medical patients through delivery of a targeted care bundle. J Hosp Med. 2009;4(4): Society of Hospital Medicine. BOOSTing care transitions resource room. Available at: www. hospitalmedicine. org/ Web/ Quality_ Innovation/ Implementation_ Toolkits/ Project_ BOOST/ Web/ Quality Innovation/ Implementation_ Toolkit/ Boost/ Overview. aspx. Accessed January 9, Institute for Healthcare Improvement. State actions on avoidable rehospitalizations (STAAR). Available at: Accessed December 23, Schillinger D, Piette J, Grumbach K, et al. Closing the loop: physician communication with diabetic patients who have low health literacy. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(1): Braun E, Baidusi A, Alroy G, Azzam ZS. Telephone follow-up improves PEDIATRICS Volume 139, number 3, March 2017 e11

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13 Project IMPACT Pilot Report: Feasibility of Implementing a Hospital-to-Home Transition Bundle Leah A. Mallory, Snezana Nena Osorio, B. Stephen Prato, Jennifer DiPace, Lisa Schmutter, Paula Soung, Amanda Rogers, William J. Woodall, Kayla Burley, Sandra Gage, David Cooperberg and IMPACT Pilot Study Group Pediatrics 2017;139; DOI: /peds originally published online February 15, 2017; Updated Information & Services References Subspecialty Collections Permissions & Licensing Reprints including high resolution figures, can be found at: This article cites 39 articles, 8 of which you can access for free at: This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the following collection(s): Hospital Medicine Continuity of Care Transition & Discharge Planning nsition_-_discharge_planning_sub Patient Education/Patient Safety/Public Education ent_safety:public_education_sub Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: Information about ordering reprints can be found online:

14 Project IMPACT Pilot Report: Feasibility of Implementing a Hospital-to-Home Transition Bundle Leah A. Mallory, Snezana Nena Osorio, B. Stephen Prato, Jennifer DiPace, Lisa Schmutter, Paula Soung, Amanda Rogers, William J. Woodall, Kayla Burley, Sandra Gage, David Cooperberg and IMPACT Pilot Study Group Pediatrics 2017;139; DOI: /peds originally published online February 15, 2017; The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: Data Supplement at: Pediatrics is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since Pediatrics is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, Copyright 2017 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: