Georgia. and the American Experience. Bonnie Bullard London. CLAIRMONT PRESS Atlanta, Georgia

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3 Georgia and the American Experience Bonnie Bullard London CLAIRMONT PRESS Atlanta, Georgia

AUTHOR BONNIE BULLARD LONDON grew up in historic Wilmington, North Carolina, where she first developed her love of history. She graduated from Sullins College and the University of Georgia.

She has also been an instructor with the Governor s Honors Program. In addition, she served as an elementary principal in the Atlanta City Schools and Clarke County.

Presently, she is an education instructor with Coastal Georgia Community College and Armstrong Atlantic State University.

4 AUTHOR BONNIE BULLARD LONDON grew up in historic Wilmington, North Carolina, where she first developed her love of history. She graduated from Sullins College and the University of Georgia. She received an M.Ed. from Georgia State University. Bonnie taught in the Atlanta Public Schools and Georgia history at Booker T. Washington High School. She has also been an instructor with the Governor s Honors Program. In addition, she served as an elementary principal in the Atlanta City Schools and Clarke County. As a consultant in curriculum, she served with the Northeast Georgia RESA and the Georgia State Department of Education. Presently, she is an education instructor with Coastal Georgia Community College and Armstrong Atlantic State University. She is also president of London Limited and conducts staff development throughout the state of Georgia. In addition to authoring a number of articles and student ancillary materials in the area of Georgia studies and language arts, this is her third Georgia Studies textbook. CONSULTANT GLEN BLANKENSHIP, Senior Development Consultant, is the Program Director at the Georgia Council on Economic Education in Atlanta, Georgia. He taught 8th grade Georgia Studies at Renfroe Middle School, iv Georgia and the American Experience

Blankenship earned his B.A. and M.Ed. in Political Science from Georgia State University, and a Ph.D. in Educational Leadership from Emory University. CONTRIBUTORS PATRICIA H.

She received her Ph.D. from Georgia State University.

5 in Decatur, Georgia. Dr. Blankenship is a frequent presenter at state, regional, and national conferences and consults with school districts across the nation to develop curriculum and improve student learning. Dr. Blankenship earned his B.A. and M.Ed. in Political Science from Georgia State University, and a Ph.D. in Educational Leadership from Emory University. CONTRIBUTORS PATRICIA H. GUILLORY, Multicultural Author and Consultant, is currently Director of Social Studies for Fulton County Schools in Atlanta. She received a B.A. and M.Ed. from the State University of West Georgia. She received her Ph.D. from Georgia State University. She has spent the entire twenty-five years of her career in Fulton County, first as a classroom social studies teacher and department chair and the last ten years as Director of K-12 Social Studies Curriculum. In addition, Pat is a trainer for the Southern Center for International Studies and a trainer and district coordinator for the Center for Civic Education. She is past president of the Georgia Council for the Social Studies and president of the National Social Studies Supervisors Association. BARBARA HADLEY MATHIS received a B.A. from the University of Georgia and an M.Ed. from Georgia State University. She taught in Grades 7-12 in Florida and in Harris, Troup, Cobb, and Camden counties, Georgia. She served as the State English Coordinator for the Georgia Department of Education and as an English Coordinator for the Governor s Honors Program. Mrs. Mathis worked with the development of Georgia s Criterion-Referenced Tests for pupils in Grades 5 and 8, the Regents Writing Examination, and Georgia s Teacher Competency Testing Program for Certification. She has served on the adjunct faculties of Georgia Military College, Valdosta State University, and Coastal Georgia Community College, where she currently teaches English. She is a member of the National Council of Teachers of English Conference on College Composition. Author and Contributors v

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As with any textbook, Georgia and the American Experience is the result of the collaborative efforts of many individuals. I particularly owe a debt of gratitude to Barbara Mathis for her countless hours working on the manuscript, her English expertise, and assistance in collecting and generating materials. Special acknowledgments are given to Susan Akers, Glynn County Schools, and Myra Glisson, Charlton County Schools for their invaluable suggestions along with those eighth-grade teachers from Glynn, Bullock, and Murray counties who took time to share suggestions and comments. I also thank the Coastal Georgia Community College librarians for their help in literally gathering materials. I so appreciate the research assistance of Jennifer Hutchinson, Kim Gordon, Reverend Frank Logue, Linda Wilson, and my AASU students and Dr. Pat Parsons who were always on the lookout for interesting items and shared them generously. I also send special thanks to family and friends for their support and encouragement. But none of this could have been done without the constant assistance of Mark Mathis who, because of his expertise with computers and his love of, and interest in history, enabled this book to become a reality and made writing it so much easier and certainly more fun. Bonnie Bullard London Clairmont Press is grateful to the following educators who reviewed the manuscript for this textbook. Much appreciation goes to each for their incisive comments and suggestions. Dr. Eddie Bennett Director of Social Studies, K-12, Cobb County Schools Ms. Sharon Coleman Social Studies Consultant, Okefenokee RESA Dr. Deborah E. Daniell Instruction Coordinator for Social Studies, K-12, Gwinnett County Schools Ms. Lynn McCoy Social Studies Consultant, Southwest RESA Ms. Carmen Perkins Teacher, Double Churches Middle School, Muscogee County Schools Mr. Scott Roberts Teacher, Summerour Middle School, Gwinnett County Schools Mr. Larry Smith Heritage Education Teacher, Savannah-Chatham Schools Executive Editor: Kathleen Conway Design: Robin McDonald Photo Research: Robin McDonald Maps: Lee Windham Cover photos: North Georgia mountains from Brasstown Bald (background); Georgia State Capitol (front cover inset); Georgia peach (front cover); the Old Pink House in Savannah (back cover inset, above); Chattahoochee river bridge, Columbus (back cover inset, below). Copyright 2005 by Clairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to Clairmont Press, Inc., 2740 Grove Street, Atlanta, GA ISBN: Printed in the U.S.A. First Printing vi Georgia and the American Experience

Introduction According to historian Kenneth Stampp, With the historian, it is an article of faith that knowledge of the past is the key to understanding the present.

7 Introduction According to historian Kenneth Stampp, With the historian, it is an article of faith that knowledge of the past is the key to understanding the present. Not only is understanding history, particularly the history of the state in which you live, important to having a well-rounded education, it can also become an open door to your future. Arnold Toynbee stated History is a Greek word which means, literally, just investigation. And that is what I invite you to do. Investigate our state s past. Learn from our mistakes and accomplishments. Learn about the relationship of cause-and-effect both in terms of past events and your life today. Why? Fifteen years ago, in the first book in this series, A History of Georgia, I said to students, You will be featured in the next adventure story. And so they are in this book. Then they were 12, today they are 27 and teaching school or making laws, serving the public as attorneys or transportation workers, raising families, continuing their studies, or just being good neighbors. They are making important decisions through voting, serving on committees, or sharing their opinions about ways to improve their community. Now it is your turn. What will future history books say about you and your contributions? As you read through the text and complete the accompanying activities, keep asking yourself in what ways can I become a proud part of this great state in which I live? It s up to you. Go for it! Above: Needwood Baptist Church near Darien, organized in 1866 as Broadfield Baptist Church on the nearby Broadfield rice plantation. This building, dating from the mid-1870s, was moved from the plantation to this location in Example of early African American vernacular architecture. Page i: A quilting demonstration at Georgia Agrirama in Tifton. Pages ii-iii: North Georgia hills, Rabun County. Pages iv-v: Early Atlanta scene by Wilbur G. Kurz. Pages viii-ix An alley of live oaks leads to the old house at Hofwyl- Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site near Darien. Introduction vii

8 Contents UNIT 1 Our Special State 1 Chapter 1 Where in the World Is Georgia? 2 Section 1 What is Geography? 5 Section 2 Geographic Regions of Georgia 9 Section 3 Georgia s Climate 22 Georgia s Seven Wonders 34 Chapter 2 This Place We Call Home 40 Section 1 Georgia s Flora and Fauna 43 Section 2 Georgia s Natural Resources 52 Section 3 Georgia s Waterways 56 UNIT 2 From Exploration Through Independence 68 Chapter 3 The Land and Its Early People, 10,000 B.C A.D. 70 Section 1 How Did We Learn About the Earliest People? 74 Section 2 Indian Nations in Georgia 84 Chapter 4 Settlement of the Thirteenth Colony, Section 1 An Age of Exploration 104 Section 2 English Settlement of the New World 110 Section 3 The Colonization of Georgia 114 Section 4 Building a New Home 120 Chapter 5 From Royalty to Independence, Section 1 The Colonial Period 136 Section 2 Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony 142 Section 3 The Call for Independence 149 Section 4 The Revolutionary War Period 153 viii Georgia and the American Experience

UNIT 3 Testing a Nation 168 Chapter 6 An Age of Expansion, 1783-1838 170 Section 1 Creating a New Government 174 Section 2 Land Fever in Georgia 177 Section 3 Economic Growth in Georgia 179 Section 4

Deepening Divisions 215 Section 3 Slavery as a Way of Life 228 Section 4 Antebellum Georgia 237 Section 5 The Election of 1860 245 Chapter 8 A Nation in Conflict, 1860-1865 252 Section 1 The Road to

9 UNIT 3 Testing a Nation 168 Chapter 6 An Age of Expansion, Section 1 Creating a New Government 174 Section 2 Land Fever in Georgia 177 Section 3 Economic Growth in Georgia 179 Section 4 Georgia at the Dawn of a New Century 184 Section 5 The War of Section 6 Native Americans in Georgia 192 Chapter 7 The Antebellum Era, Section 1 Manifest Destiny 210 Section 2 Deepening Divisions 215 Section 3 Slavery as a Way of Life 228 Section 4 Antebellum Georgia 237 Section 5 The Election of Chapter 8 A Nation in Conflict, Section 1 The Road to War 256 Section 2 The War on the Battlefield 266 Section 3 Life for the Civil War Soldier 277 Section 4 Life During the Civil War 286 UNIT 4 A New Spirit 292 Chapter 9 Reconstruction and the New South, Section 1 Lincoln and Reconstruction 298 Section 2 Reconstruction in Georgia 302 Section 3 Georgia s Redemption Years 312 Section 4 The New South 317 Chapter 10 The Progressive Era, Section 1 The Progressive Movement 336 Section 2 Southern Politics in Action 346 Section 3 The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights 351 Section 4 Business in Georgia 361 Section 5 World War I 370 Chapter 11 Flappers, Depression, and Global War, Section 1 The Roaring Twenties 380 Section 2 The Great Depression 387 Section 3 The New Deal 391 Section 4 World War II 402 Table of Contents ix

UNIT 5 Georgia in the Modern World 418 Chapter 12 Baby Boomers, Rebellion, and Wars, 1946-1979 420 Section 1 The Postwar Period 424 Section 2 Georgia After World War II 428 Section 3 The Civil Rights

Abroad 481 Section 4 Georgia in a New Century 486 UNIT 6 Making It All Work 496 Chapter 14 With Liberty and Justice The Federal Government 498 Section 1 Toward a New Constitution 502 Section 2 The

10 UNIT 5 Georgia in the Modern World 418 Chapter 12 Baby Boomers, Rebellion, and Wars, Section 1 The Postwar Period 424 Section 2 Georgia After World War II 428 Section 3 The Civil Rights Movement 436 Section 4 A Period of Protests and Changes 452 Chapter 13 Peace, Prosperity, and Peril, Section 1 The 1980s 468 Section 2 The 1990s 475 Section 3 Terrorism at Home and Abroad 481 Section 4 Georgia in a New Century 486 UNIT 6 Making It All Work 496 Chapter 14 With Liberty and Justice The Federal Government 498 Section 1 Toward a New Constitution 502 Section 2 The Legislative Branch of Government 510 Section 3 The Executive Branch of Government 514 Section 4 The Judicial Branch of Government 520 Chapter 15 Government of the Empire State 526 Section 1 The Executive Branch of State Government 530 Section 2 The Legislative Branch of State Government 536 Section 3 The Judicial Branch of State Government 544 Section 4 Young People and the Law 547 Georgia s State Symbols 554 Chapter 16 Local Government and Citizenship 560 Section 1 County Government 564 Section 2 City Government and Special-Purpose Districts 570 Section 3 Where Do Georgia s Citizens Live? 575 Section 4 Participation in a Representative Democracy 578 Appendix I Georgia Vital Statistics 586 Appendix II Georgia Counties 587 Appendix III Georgia Governors 591 Appendix IV Georgia Colleges and Universities 594 Appendix V Georgia Atlas 597 Glossary 610 Index 620 Acknowledgments 641 x Georgia and the American Experience

11 Maps Map 1 The hemispheres 6 Map 2 Georgia in the United States 7 Map 3 Georgia s latitude and longitude 8 Map 4 Georgia s geographic regions 9 Map 5 Georgia s barrier islands 20 Map 6 Fall Line 21 Map 7 Average January temperatures 23 Map 8 Average July temperatures 23 Map 9 Average annual precipitation 25 Map 10 Wind currents 26 Map 11 Water currents 27 Map 12 Hurricane paths 28 Map 13 Georgia s seven wonders 39 Map 14 Georgia s mineral resources 53 Map 15 Georgia s rivers and lakes 59 Map 16 Georgia s major aquifers 64 Map 17 Bering land bridge 71 Map 18 Georgia mound sites 83 Map 19 Early explorers and their routes 106 Map 20 Route of de Soto s expedition 108 Map 21 The original Georgia charter 116 Map 22 The British colonies in America 136 Map 23 North America, Map 24 North America, Map 25 Georgia s first counties 157 Map 26 The Louisiana Purchase 178 Map 27 Early Georgia roads 182 Map 28 Early Georgia railroads 182 Map 29 The Trail of Tears 201 Map 30 Expansion of the United States 213 Map 31 Antebellum America 215 Map 32 This Missouri Compromise 222 Map 33 The Compromise of Map 34 The underground railroad 234 Map 35 The election of Map 36 The original Confederate states 248 Map 37 The Union and the Confederacy 258 Map 38 The Union blockade 262 Map 39 Civil War battles 267 Map 40 The Civil War in Georgia 274 Map 41 Military Reconstruction districts 304 Map 42 The 1932 election 391 Map 43 Georgia s TVA lakes 394 Map 44 Korea, Map 45 North and South Vietnam 457 Map 46 Afghanistan 483 Map 47 Iraq 484 Map 48 Georgia s congressional districts 511 Map 49 Federal circuit court districts 521 Map 50 Georgia s district courts 521 Map 51 Georgia state senate districts 536 Map 52 Georgia house of representative districts 537 Map 53 Georgia counties and county seats 565 Map 54 Georgia s metropolitan areas 575 Maps xi

12 Figures (Charts, Tables, and Diagrams) Figure 1 Chapter 1 Timeline 4 Figure 2 Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale 28 Figure 3 Tornadoes in Georgia ( ) 29 Figure 4 Fujita intensity scale for tornadoes 29 Figure 5 What to do during a tornado 30 Figure 6 Chapter 2 Timeline 40 Figure 7 Other mineral resources of Georgia 54 Figure 8 Chapter 3 Timeline 73 Figure 9 Georgia archaeological sites 83 Figure 10 Cherokee clans 87 Figure 11 Chapter 4 Timeline 103 Figure 12 Chapter 5 Timeline 135 Figure 13 Results of the French and Indian War 145 Figure 14 The cast of characters 149 Figure 15 The Tories 153 Figure 16 Chapter 6 Timeline 173 Figure 17 Chapter 7 Timeline 209 Figure 18 North-South differences 216 Figure 19 Southern social ladder 218 Figure 20 Slaves social ladder 219 Figure 21 Cotton production and slave population, Figure 22 Cost of slaves 221 Figure 23 The Compromise of Figure 24 The election of Figure 25 Chapter 8 Timeline 255 Figure 26 Resources: North versus South 261 Figure 27 Ten major Civil War battles 266 Figure 28 Civil War battles in Georgia 270 Figure 29 Chapter 9 Timeline 297 Figure 30 Typical loyalty oath 300 Figure 31 The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 301 Figure 32 Excerpt from the Fourteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution 303 Figure 33 Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 306 Figure 34 Chapter 10 Timeline 335 Figure 35 Provisions of Neill Primary Act 349 Figure 36 Eight most populous counties, Figure 37 Georgia s population, 1900 and Figure 38 Chapter 11 Timeline 379 Figure 39 New Deal programs and legislation 393 Figure 40 Social effects of World War II 414 Figure 41 Chapter 12 Timeline 423 Figure 42 Chapter 13 Timeline 467 Figure 43 Georgia s population explosion 472 Figure 44 Urban and rural Georgia 473 Figure 45 Building blocks for educational reform 489 Figure 46 Key issues, Figure 47 Chapter 14 Timeline 501 Figure 48 The Virginia Plan 504 Figure 49 The New Jersey Plan 505 Figure 50 The Bill of Rights 508 Figure 51 Georgia s congressional representatives (2003) 510 Figure 52 Expressed powers of Congress 512 Figure 53 Important dates in electoral process 514 Figure 54 The powers of the president 515 Figure 55 Presidential line of succession 516 Figure 56 Federal revenue sources, Figure 57 Federal revenue sources, Figure 58 Checks and balances 522 Figure 59 Chapter 15 Timeline 529 Figure 60 Georgia state government 531 Figure 61 Formal powers of the governor 532 Figure 62 Informal powers of the governor 533 Figure 63 Georgia s elected officials 534 Figure 64 Powers of a presiding officer 537 Figure 65 Budget Revenues 539 Figure 66 Budget Expenditures 539 Figure 67 Nine steps from proposal to law 540 Figure 68 How a bill becomes law 541 Figure 69 Georgia court system 545 Figure 70 State checks and balances 546 Figure 71 Georgia s juvenile courts 548 Figure 72 Juvenile sentencing 549 Figure 73 Court cases involving students rights 550 Figure 74 Other state symbols 559 Figure 75 Chapter 16 Timeline 563 Figure 76 Camden County services 566 Figure 77 Georgia s ten most populous counties, Figure 78 Sources of revenue for local government 569 Figure 79 Georgia s ten largest cities, Figure 80 Mayor-council forms of government 572 Figure 81 City commission form of government 572 Figure 82 Council-manager form of government 573 xii Georgia and the American Experience

13 Special Features By the Side of the Road Sidney Lanier 19 World Record Bass 50 Nacoochee Indian Mound 81 Savannah Waterfront 119 Point Peter 164 Calhoun Gold Mine 199 Home of Robert Toombs 243 The Athens Double-Barrelled Cannon 275 Springfield Baptist Church 299 Home of Alice Harrell Strickland 342 Ben T. Epps 385 Birthplace of Jackie Robinson 437 Blue Star Memorial Highway 485 President Jimmy Carter 518 Union County 542 Grant Park 576 American Spotlight Charles Holmes Herty 45 Matoaka 112 Nancy Hart 159 Benjamin Franklin 176 Sojourner Truth 235 Federico Cavada 285 Henry W. Grady 318 Juliette Gordon Low 341 Carl Vinson 410 Dean Rusk 458 Oprah Winfrey 490 Dr. Antonia Coello Novello 517 Jimmy Carter 535 Maynard Jackson 571 Spotlight on the Economy Droughts 24 Georgia s Ports 60 The Barter Economy 90 Mercantilism 110 Financing the American Revolution 160 A Changing Economy 183 The Cost of Slavery 221 Economy of the North and the South 261 The Development of Industries in Georgia 322 New Forms of Doing Business 363 Georgia s Wartime Industries 413 Economic Cycles 460 Reaganomics 469 Federal Money 519 Funding Georgia s Government 539 Levels of Taxes 568 The Art of Politics Benjamin Franklin, Join, or Die 150 The Ograbme 190 Honest Abe Taking Them on the Half Shell 246 Copperheads 259 Great Acrobatic Feat of Rutherford B. Hayes 316 The Gerrymander 358 Rebecca Felton 381 Jeff MacNelly 454 UNSCOM 476 A Peep into the Antifederal Club 507 Party Symbols 579 Of Special Interest The Official State Song of Georgia 31 A Tale of Love 91 A Past and a Mission 126 A Discovery 238 The Great Locomotive Chase 264 A City Rises From the Ashes 310 The Jekyll Island Club 368 The Tuskegee Airmen 406 Hammerin Hank Aaron 451 The Great Seal of the United States 506 Georgia s Capitals 543 On the Road Again Westville 240 The St. Simons Island Lighthouse 328 Berry College 344 Lyndon House Arts Center 580 History by the Numbers A Million Dollar Bell 104 The Dunlap Broadside 156 Focus on the Environment Endangered marshes? 58 An Ecological Georgia Victory 366 Global Warming 488 Special Features xiii

GUIDED READING ACTIVITY Which four states joined the Confederacy when President Lincoln issued a call to save the Union?

GUIDED READING ACTIVITY Which four states joined the Confederacy when President Lincoln issued a call to save the Union? GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 13-1 The Two Sides Directions: Answering Questions Reading the section and answering the questions below will help you learn more about the Union and the Confederacy and their preparation