Battle Damage Analysis of Aircraft Wing Fuel Tanks using CEI.EnSight

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1 Agency for Defense Development 1 / 33 Battle Damage Analysis of Aircraft Wing Fuel Tanks using CEI.EnSight Jong H. Kim Aeronautical Technology Directorate, ADD

2 Agency for Defense Development 2 / 33 Contents 1. Background 2. Intro. of Hydrodynamic Ram 3. HRam Sim. of Cubic Tank 4. HRam Sim. of ICW * 5. HRam Sim. of Fighter Wing 6. Conclusion (*) Intermediate Complexity Wing

3 Agency for Defense Development 3 / Background - Survivability Definition of Airframe Survivability* Capability of an aircraft to avoid or withstand a man-made hostile environment. Avoid or Withstand Susceptibility reduction stealth, jamming, threat warning Vulnerability reduction redundancy, damage suppression, protection Enhance Aircraft Affordability (*) Robert E. Ball, The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design

4 Agency for Defense Development 4 / Background Procedure Analyze Battle Scenario Estimate Threats Efficient Development Show Survivability Req. Conceptual Design Simulate Battle Damage Test Criteria & Procedure Perform Scale-Downed Live Fire Test Survivability & Repairability Consideration Develop Survivable Airframe

5 Agency for Defense Development 5 / Background Procedure Simulation & Validating Test Full Scale Live Fire Test (*) F-22 F Case $ 250M * * $ 38M or Less

6 2. Intro. of HRam - Definition Damage process by the impact and penetration/detonation of a ballistic projectile(shell) through the fluid(fuel) of a container(fuel tank). Internal fluid pressure by penetration or detonation causes from perforation/petaling to complete destruction of a structure. Perforation/Petaling (BlazeTech) Water Bottle Test (Rhamm Tech.) Agency for Defense Development 6 / 33

7 Agency for Defense Development 7 / Intro. of HRam - Purpose Plenty of aircraft losses are tied to fuel system vulnerability. (75% of aircraft losses in Desert Storm were related to fuel/fire) HRam effect of fuel tanks is one of major threats in battle environment. Increasing terror from explosives is threatening commercial aircraft. Fuel tank of main wing is vulnerable as it has large exposed area. Analysis of complicated HRam physics enables the application to many other battle damage Apply to the Survivability Design of Aircraft

8 2. Intro. of HRam Reality A-10 Wing Hit by MANPADS in Desert Storm F-16 Detonated by MANPADS in Live Fire Test, China Lake Agency for Defense Development 8 / 33

9 Agency for Defense Development 9 / Intro. of HRam MANPADS? MAN-Portable Air Defense Systems - Hand-held Infrared(IR) Surface-to-Air Missile(SAM) - Very large HEI projectile w/ guidance sensor - Blast close to outside surface and wide fragments

10 Agency for Defense Development 10 / Intro. of HRam Basic Physics* Shock Phase HEI** Case Drag Phase Cavity Phase (*) Robert E. Ball (**) HEI : High Energy Incendiary API : Armor Piercing Incendiary API** Case

11 Agency for Defense Development 11 / Intro. of HRam HRam in Fuel Tank Projectile Splashes Fuel up into Flammable Region to Ignite Fuel Leakage Ignited by Incendiary FT Catches Fire Spilt Fuel Finds Secondary Fire Source Damage Propagates

12 Agency for Defense Development 12 / HRam Sim. of Cube Penetration Simulate the damage and response of tank and fluid when a projectile impacts and penetrates a cubic metal tank. Half Model

13 Agency for Defense Development 13 / HRam Sim. of Cube Skill Solution Method Nonlinear Explicit Solver Solution Technique Multiple Material Eulerian Solver General Coupling Initial Condition Failure Criteria Boundary Euler 70% Plastic Strain Tank Bottom Fixed Multiple (Adaptive) Region Defined Projectile-Fluid General Coupling Tank-Fluid Projectile-Tank General Adaptive Master- Slave Contact

14 Agency for Defense Development 14 / HRam Sim. of Cube Procedure MSC. Patran MSC. Dytran Geometry Structure Prop., Failure Contact btw. Modeling FE Modeling Criteria Input API-Tank Fluid FE Modeling, I.C. Coupling btw. API-Fluid -Tank Executive Control & Run Result Display & Interpretation MSC. Dytran (Manual Input Included) MSC. Patran CEI. Ensight

15 Agency for Defense Development 15 / HRam Sim. of Cube Result (1) t=1.8 msec 42 ksi psi corner edge edge corner time Petaling Time-Stress at Tank Entry Tank Stress and Displacement

16 3. HRam Sim. of Cube Result (2) : Verification Present AFRL Entry Exit 0.4 in Entry/Exit Deform. displacement(in) time(s) ms in ksi stress(psi) time(s) Exit Stress Two Results Agree w/ Each Other Agency for Defense Development 16 / 33

17 Agency for Defense Development 17 / HRam Sim. of Cube Result (3) Animation Demo

18 Agency for Defense Development 18 / HRam Sim. of Cube Result (4) Fluid Factor ½ t with Fluid without Fluid

19 Agency for Defense Development 19 / HRam Sim. of Cube Detonation t=0.85 msec t=0.14 msec Tank Stress & Disp. Fluid Pressure Animation Demo

20 Agency for Defense Development 20 / HRam Sim. of ICW Detonation Simulate ICW tank rupture and fluid bursting by internal detonation under 6g pull-up up maneuver. AL2024-T3 6g Pull-Up(M0.8) Flight Load JP-4 4 inside Wing Box

21 Agency for Defense Development 21 / HRam Sim. of ICW Procedure MSC. FlightLoads ICW AeroMesh ICW Aeroelasticity Analysis Transient Load Input ICW Geometrical Modeling MSC. Patran ICW FE Mesh Prop. & Failure Criteria Input MSC. Dytran Fuel & HEI Mesh, I.C. Multi-Coupling Surfaces, Multi-Euler Materials Coupling btw. Tank-Fuel -Air-HEI MSC. Dytran Executive Control & Run Result Display & Interpretation MSC. Patran CEI. Ensight

22 Agency for Defense Development 22 / HRam Sim. of ICW Skill & Result (1) Fuel-Flowing(Drain) Hole Modeling Detonation Site Flight Load Effect Multi-Porosities Algorithm Tank Stress & Disp.

23 Agency for Defense Development 23 / HRam Sim. of ICW Result (2) Animation Demo

24 Agency for Defense Development 24 / HRam Sim. of ICW Result (3) V/R Demo M&S Research Lab. in ADD 3-D D Simulation Available with V/R System

25 Agency for Defense Development 25 / HRam Sim. of Fighter Wing Penetration Wing Layout 9g Wind Up Turn(M1.05) Flight Load FE Model Damage Area

26 Agency for Defense Development 26 / HRam Sim. of Fighter Wing Result 20mm Vulcan (0.1kg, 1.03km/s) JP-8

27 Agency for Defense Development 27 / HRam Sim. of Fighter Wing Result Animation Demo

28 Agency for Defense Development 28 / Conclusion Achievement Model and simulate hydrodynamic ram, one of major threats to aircraft. Employ the latest FSI analysis skills to improve the reality of simulation of battle damage of wing fuel tanks. Show feasibility of applying the simulation to the airframe design with enhanced survivability in aircraft development.

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