Scientific Advisory Board

Transcription

1 Scientific Advisory Board I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e Kinetic Precision Effects 2008 AF SAB Study Presented at 34 th Air Armament Symposium 8 October 2008 Dr. Alan C. Eckbreth: Chair Dr. Robert E. Peterkin: Vice Chair DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED In accordance with AFI and DODD , distribution statement A, this document is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Approved for public release by SAF/PA 20 August 2008.

2 Relative Performance Motivation: Why a Kinetic Precision Effects Study? Energy Release: Do More with More Trend towards smaller munitions C-H-N-O energy release has plateaued Precision: Do More with Less Precision enables smaller munitions with same or better expected effects Challenges exist, e.g., target location error (TLE), GPS denial, battle damage assessment (BDA), other countermeasures Precision: Do Less with More Urban environments minimize collateral damage, rebuild costs, CNN effect Minimize friendly casualties Large Blast TNT RDX Small Blast Year CEP HMX TLE CL-20 2 of 30

3 Terms of Reference Small precision munitions hold the promise of providing the warfighter with significant benefits, especially in urban environments. System-level perspective is needed for the integration of highly energetic materials, cases, and warheads; guidance, navigation, sensor and fuzing systems; and assessing effects. Explore technological barriers and potential solutions Explore means to achieve precision effects, given the range of target location errors (TLE) and circular error probable (CEP) for various systems and CONOPS Assess current state-of-the-art and technology trends for the development of such munition systems Examine evolving geospatial systems and methods that may improve TLE Define technology options for improving precision kinetic effects in the near-, mid-, and far-term KPE = Small Precision Munitions ~500 lbs or less 3 of 30

4 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 4 of 30

5 Successful KPE Requires Increased Fidelity Across the Entire AF2T2EA Kill Chain Anticipate, Find, Fix, Track, & Target (Planning & Targeting) Deliberate: exquisite target and environment knowledge, weapons inventory, automated tools to predict weapon-target interactions Dynamic: detection, location, identification and precision engagement of targets during operations. Targets may be fixed, mobile, or moving. Engage (Weapons GNC, Ordnance) Accurate and precise GNC to deliver weapon to target across a spectrum of countermeasures Weapon energy coupled to target Assess Integrated engagement assessment to support mission effectiveness review and re-targeting creating a mission effects cycle ENGAGE Mission Effects Cycle ASSESS TARGET AF2T2EA Kill Chain ANTICIPATE FIND TRACK FIX 5 of 30

6 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 6 of 30

7 Current Targeting Tools Could Be Enhanced to Accommodate KPE Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual (JMEM) Weaponeering System (JWS) Methodologies is an improvement over original JMEM Trend towards smaller munitions and desire for enhanced precision increases the challenges for targeting tools Dynamic targeting is more challenging for small munitions Improvements to JWS could include higher fidelity modeling and validation of munitions performance and energy coupling 7 of 30

8 Technologies for Improved Weaponeering Tools Advanced Code Features Adaptive Mesh Strategies Flow discontinuities Embedded meshes Moving bodies Fully Coupled CFD/CSD Codes Fluid-structure coupling Weapon detonation/fragmentation Biomechanics applications Integrated Codes 1 st principle codes linked to JWS Fault-tolerant software Validated and accredited Detonics Detonation wave propagation Detonation product expansion through cracks and afterburning Advanced Modeling Features Fracture and Damage Models Crack initiation, growth and coalescence Large deformation elements Welded steel, rivets, bolts, Non-continuum Constitutive Models Reinforced concrete models Jointed rock Composite materials Near-term Mid-term Far-term Modeling improvements will enable the more effective deployment of KPE 8 of 30

9 Technologies for Dynamic Targeting Weapon Data Link (WDL) Terminals 2 nd Generation New HW & existing comm protocols (~100 in 3 ) 3 nd Generation Advanced HW & advanced comm protocols (~20-30 in 3 ) Ad hoc networking Ultra-Compact Micro and miniature munitions and UAVs Affordable, 5-10 in 3 Registration-Based Operator in loop Legacy sensor, algorithm, and data base availability limitations Aimpoint Generation Auxiliary Sensing Automated sensor registration at image center Accuracy degrades off center Metric Sensors Direct automated aimpoint coordinates Near-term Mid-term Far-term System integration of existing capabilities with new technologies provides more capable dynamic targeting 9 of 30

10 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 10 of 30

11 Countermeasures Can Degrade KPE GPS jamming is understood Higher power microwave and laser directed energy (DE) is less understood Susceptibility of KPE to countermeasures can be assessed Amelioration steps can be taken 11 of 30

12 Precision Operations in Absence of GPS Miss Distance Existing Tactical IMU* Gravity bomb lethal radius Better IMUs Emerging IMUs Small glide munition lethal radius Feature-aided navigation Terminal seeker Normal Operation with GPS Gravity bomb Time-of-Flight Time From GPS Loss Small glide munition Time-of-Flight *Inertial measurement unit Additional GNC technologies can augment GPS for enhanced accuracy 12 of 30

13 Technologies for Weapons GNC & Sensing Improved Small IMUs 1 /hr MEMS IMU 0.1 /hr MEMS IMU 0.01 /hr Interferometric Optical Gyro Feature-Aided Navigation Update Techniques Terrain-Aided Navigation Optic Flow Enhanced Navigation All Weather Terminal Seekers Multi-Spectral Seeker with Autonomous Target Acquisition Flash LIDAR with Multi-Hit Discrimination Low-cost, strap-down RF Seeker Miniature (< 7 lb) 10-km SAR System Near-term Mid-term Far-term Modular GNC may be required to achieve a cost-effective approach 13 of 30

14 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 14 of 30

15 Ordnance Basics Assume minimal losses due to drag with GPS accuracies 1-2% of frags available to couple with target due to probability of hit (10-20 MJ) Energy Storage ~2 GJ ~ 1 GJ breaks/accelerates case Partition Transport Couple Lethality Adiabatic losses: pressure falls by 1/12 as distance from target doubles < 0.1 % of blast energy available from weapon hitting near edge of CEP (<1 MJ) ~ 1 GJ into blast Increases in energy release and system efficiencies can improve lethality 15 of 30

16 Technologies for Enhanced Energy Payloads Shock Dispersed Fuels ~ Reactive mat ls ~ Multi-Phase Blast Explosives ~ Nano mat ls Prompt Energy Release MBX Increased near-field lethality Reduced collateral damage Reactive Liners IM compliance while maintaining blast performance Nano-energetics Selectable energy rate Facilitates novel munition design New Chemistry (non-c-h-n-o) Up to 10X energy density MK-83 effectiveness in SDB-I package Shock Dispersed Fuels Single stage solid fuel dispersal/initiation Increased blast in confinement Delayed Energy Release RM Composite Munition Non-ordnance RM >2X increase in energy release RM Structural Munition 100% reactive material >4X increase in energy release Near-term Mid-term Far-term New technologies hold the promise of increased energy release 16 of 30

17 Technologies for Selectable Effects Focused Energy ~ Dial-a-Yield ~ Adaptable Multipoint Initiation ~ Cumulative Effects Coupled Energy Focusing Active Imaging Fuze Sensor Electrically aimed burst point control Target specific aim point Focused Energy Warhead Rotationally aimed, Initiation directed Multi-point Initiation for Directional Blast Patterned array initiation Shaped charge line initiation Cumulative Effects Of Multiple Munitions Simultaneous time of arrival and detonation fuzing Multi-functional Energetic Materials Utilizing residual fuel Timed Energy Release Deflagration-detonation Adaptable Blast Dial-a-yield for unitary warheads Electromagnetic Control Sensitivity and reaction rate Near-term Mid-term Far-term Tailored energy coupling to the target through novel initiation, partitioning, transport and coupling mechanisms 17 of 30

18 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 18 of 30

19 Effects Assessment Challenges Surface Targets Can be seen before/after the attack Might be moving (prior to attack) Might be decoys or otherwise camouflaged Interior Targets Cannot be seen before/after attack Typically are not moving Are surrounded by structures that may deflect or break munition Apparently Dead Apparently Live Smoking hole approach to BDA based on external visual appearance is likely inadequate to assess kill, particularly for small kinetic munitions, and is inadequate for "interior targets 19 of 30

20 Technologies for Weapon Effects Assessment UAV-Deployed Sensors Weapon-borne Visibuilding-like Nano-UAV Networks Sensors Wireless Mesh Networked Sensors Power storage Ruggedized components Seismic Tomography Deployable sources Interrogative Sensors RF Tomography Stand-off sources and sensors Intrusive Sensors Visibuilding Phenomenology of signal penetration/diffraction CONEMPS Weapon-borne Indicators Fuze function transmitters Terminal imagery transmitters Nano-UAV and Bio-Inspired Systems Ultra-small GNC systems Ultra-dense power storage Near-term Mid-term Far-term Successful use of KPE demands exquisite information on the state of the target: pre-, trans-, and post-strike 20 of 30

21 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 21 of 30

22 Summary No energetic material is on the horizon that will increase the energy potential of small weapons to be equivalent to that of large munitions For small weapons to be effectively deployed, a host of challenging requirements need to be addressed Increase efficiency in coupling energy to the target Get closer to the target Operate against countermeasures Detect subtle signatures for targeting and assessment The Air Force will require a mix of large and small weapons to prosecute future missions effectively 22 of 30

23 Outline KPE Perspective Background & Technology Solutions Mission Planning & Targeting Weapons GNC* & Sensing Ordnance Systems Weapon Effects Assessment Summary Recommendations * Guidance Navigation & Control 23 of 30

24 Recommendation 1: Mission Planning & Targeting Expand the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual (JMEM) Weaponeering System (JWS) tool to enable higher fidelity planning for KPEs Improve and validate weapon effect modeling to include: A higher level of target characterization Accurate mechanisms for coupling energy into target Enhance JWS to include: Higher fidelity Target Location Error required for KPE Countermeasure degradation of Circular Error Probable Collateral damage estimates Tradeoff studies automation 24 of 30

25 Recommendation 2: Dynamic Targeting Accelerate the development and integration of multiple technologies into CONEMPS that provide robust dynamic targeting options for KPE Develop: Networked, air and ground-based sensors and data fusion methodologies for persistent surveillance, targeting, and BDA Ability to generate coordinates in near real time from metric sensors on tactical platforms Multiple mode guidance systems, including multi-mode seekers when necessary, for the endgame Weapon data links to support in flight guidance, abort, and BDA 25 of 30

26 Recommendation 3: Modular Multi-Mode Munitions Assess advantages of field modular, multi-mode munitions and pursue development of promising low-cost components and open, standardized architectures including interface to OFP Universal Armament Interface (UAI) Navigation and Guidance Components Tactical grade IMUs Position update sensor Terminal seekers (EO/IR, RF, LIDAR) Weapon data links (WDL) Ordnance systems for desired effects Components hardened against directed energy 26 of 30

27 Recommendation 4: Ordnance Systems Develop novel ordnance system designs to increase the energy coupling efficiency of small munitions Increase understanding and ability to model energy coupling mechanisms to achieve desired lethality Develop ordnance systems approaches for increasing energy coupled to targets including: Engineered warhead materials Advanced focused energy warhead designs Tailored energetic material formulations Integral fuze initiation systems Fuze precision burst point control 27 of 30

28 Recommendation 5: Weapon Effects Assessment Improve existing BDA infrastructure to enable the effective employment of small munitions Develop robust transmitters and sensors for BDA Weapons borne and pre-deployed Implement an integrated collection system comprised of different platforms and data links 28 of 30

29 The Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) is a Federal Advisory Committee. Therefore all statements, opinions, findings, recommendations, and conclusions contained herein are those of the SAB and do not represent the official position of the United States Air Force or the United States Department of Defense. 29 of 30

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