Evolution of UN-NATO Post-Cold War Relations. Evolution of AU-NATO Relations Since 2005

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1 NATO s Cooperation with other International Organizations: UN and AU in Perspective CIOR Geopolitical Seminar 5 February 2014 Dr. Brooke SMITH-WINDSOR, NATO Defense College

2 Agenda Evolution of UN-NATO Post-Cold War Relations Evolution of AU-NATO Relations Since 2005

3 UN-NATO Relations

4 NATO Strategic Concept 1991 The Missions of Alliance Military Forces The primary role of Alliance military forces, to guarantee the security and territorial integrity of member states, remains unchanged. But this role must take account of the new strategic environment, in which a single massive and global threat has given way to diverse and multi-directional risks. Alliance forces have different functions to perform in peace, crisis and war. In peace, the role of Allied military forces is to guard against risks to the security of Alliance members; to contribute towards the maintenance of stability and balance in Europe; and to ensure that peace is preserved. They can contribute to dialogue and cooperation throughout Europe by their participation in confidencebuilding activities, including those which enhance transparency and improve communication; as well as in verification of arms control agreements. Allies could, further, be called upon to contribute to global stability and peace by providing forces for United Nations missions.

5 Agenda for Peace 1992 This wider mission for the world Organization will demand the concerted attention and effort of individual States, of regional organizations and of all of the United Nations system. [These] could include treaty-based organizations, whether created before or after the founding of the United Nations, regional organizations for mutual security and defence, organizations for general regional development or for cooperation on a particular economic topic or function, and groups created to deal with a specific political, economic or social issue of current concern. -- UN Secretary General

6 Positive Perceptions (1) NATO s greatest assets for the UN in Peace Support Operations: Military Capability Command and Control Security Sector Reform Moral Authority of Liberal Democracies

7 Positive Perceptions (2) The sheer size and complexity of peacekeeping operations makes it imperative to explore new avenues of cooperation with regional organizations such as NATO. With its existing military structure, resources and political weight, NATO has a lot to contribute to the concept of peacekeeping, particularly in its more muscular form [ ] In this context, NATO s willingness to participate in United Nations operations holds promise of a vast qualitative as well as quantitative expansion of the means for collective action that are at the disposal of the United Nations. -- Under-Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations 1993

8 Positive Perceptions (3) UN s greatest assets for NATO in Peace Support Operations: Legitimacy Development Political Process Check on US Power

9 Negative Perceptions NATO UN Propensity to favor military solutions to conflict Agent of alleged US imperialist ambition Cloak for a return to colonial meddling Challenger to the universality of collective security General threat to UN relevance and prominence Operational incompetence Stifling bureaucratic decision-making Double-standards Undue interference in the sovereign decisions of states Propensity for inefficient management of resources (corruption, professional misconduct)

10 1992 UN-NATO Interface: Former Yugoslavia NATO Ships belonging to the Alliance s Standing Naval Force Mediterranean undertake arms embargo monitoring and enforcement in accordance with UNSCRs 713, 757 & 787 NATO s Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AWACS) begin monitoring and enforcing no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of UNSCRs 781 & NATO approves air strikes at UN request to protect Safe Areas in support of UNSCR Feb, four warplanes violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia- Herzegovina shot down marking the first military engagement ever to be undertaken by the Alliance.

11 UNSCR Formulations: Former Yugoslavia states [and] international organizations ; states, acting nationally or through regional agencies or arrangements states, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements

12 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement UN-NATO Interface: Former Yugoslavia (cont d) NATO Implementation Force (IFOR) under the direction and political control of North Atlantic Council (NAC) in support of UNSCR 1031: Authorizes the Member States acting through or in cooperation with the organization referred to in Annex 1-A of the Peace Agreement to establish a multinational implementation force (IFOR) under unified command and control... Notes that close cooperation between IFOR, the High Representative and the agencies will be vital to ensure successful implementation Welcomes United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in coordination with other agencies involved and under the authority of the Secretary General, in assisting with the repatriation and relief of refugees and displaced persons Decides to act expeditiously on the report of the Secretary-General recommending the establishment of a United Nations Civilian Police Force

13 1998 UN-NATO Interface: Kosovo NATO surveillance mission endorsed by UNSCR Operation Allied Force leading to the withdrawal of Yugoslav Forces from Kosovo; NATO Secretary General provides written notification to UN Secretary General of developments. Authorizes Member States and relevant international organizations to establish the international security presence in Kosovo the international security presence with substantial North Atlantic Treaty Organization participation must be deployed under unified command and control and authorized to establish a safe environment for all people in Kosovo [ ] --UNSCR 1244, 1999

14 NATO Strategic Concept 1999 To achieve its essential purpose, as an Alliance of nations committed to the Washington Treaty and the United Nations Charter, the Alliance performs the following fundamental security tasks: Crisis Management: To stand ready, case-by-case and by consensus, in conformity with Article 7 of the Washington Treaty, to contribute to effective conflict prevention and to engage actively in crisis management, including crisis response operations.

15 UN-NATO Interface: 911 Article 5 invoked 12 Sep 2001 for the first time in NATO history in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter AWACs aircraft deployed to the United States Operation Active Endeavour in the Mediterranean First report to the UN Security Council not until Oct 2005

16 2003 UN-NATO Interface: Afghanistan International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to assist the Government of Afghanistan in expanding its authority and in providing a safe and secure environment conducive to free and fair elections, the spread of the rule of law, and the reconstruction of the country. Originally limited to Kabul but expanded after passage of UNSCR 1510 NATO s first mission outside the Euro-Atlantic area. Noting the letter dated 06 October 2003 from the Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to the Secretary-General Authorizes expansion of the mandate of the International Security Assistance Force to allow it. To support the maintenance of security in areas of Afghanistan outside of Kabul so that the Afghan Authorities as well as the personnel of the United Nations and other international civilian personnel engaged in particular, in reconstruction and humanitarian efforts, can operate in a secure environment -- UNSCR 1510, 2003

17 UN-NATO Interface: Iraq 2004 The NATO Training Mission in Iraq (NTM-I) was established in 2004 at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of UN Security Council Resolution The aim of NTM-I is to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that address the needs of the nation. Requests Member States and international and regional organizations to contribute assistance -- UNSCR 1546, 2004

18 UN-NATO Interface: Darfur 2005 From Jun 2005 to Dec 2007, NATO provided logistical assistance to the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) in support of UNSCR 1706 If you look at Darfur, where NATO is supporting, as you know, the African Union by ferrying in and out the AU forces, in and out of Darfur, the Secretary General has said that Africa is one of his priorities more and more you see NATO forces operating under a UN umbrella. -- NATO Secretary General, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, 2007

19 2005 UN-NATO Interface: Pakistan Earthquake & Flood At the request of Islamabad, NATO mounted a major strategic airlift operation in concert with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Sent a deployable headquarters to assist the UN with the planning, command and control and logistics I had a very positive meeting with the NATO Council today. I thanked NATO and NATO members for what they have done in Pakistan, as well as for the airlift and helicopters provided for emergency operations in the country. -- UN Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs, Jan Egeland, Oct Humanitarian relief supply flights to Pakistan flood victims

20 UN-NATO Interface: Counter-piracy 2008 Counter-piracy in the Gulf of Aden. Welcomes initiatives [ ] by regional and international organizations [and] the decision by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter piracy off the Somalia coast -- UNSCR 1846, 2008

21 UN-NATO Interface: Libya 2011 No-fly zone and arms embargo enforcement to protect civilians. Member States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements -- UNSCR 1973, 2011

22 UN-NATO Joint Declaration 2008 Welcoming over a decade of cooperation between the United Nations and NATO... Calls for a framework of regular consultation and coordination to improve: communication and information sharing protection of civilian populations capacity-building, training and exercises lessons learned planning and support for contingencies operational coordination and support Taking into account respective mandates and capabilities.

23 Interorganizationalism Mutual criticism and negative perceptions should be expected alongside positive ones as organizations converge in geographical scope and functional competencies. Overlap stimulates cooperation, but it also instigates rivalry for mandates, tasks and resources among organizations. Benefits derive from working together but there are also costs especially in terms of purpose and autonomy. Tension can only be managed, not eliminated.

24 NATO Strategic Concept 2010 Comprehensive political, civilian and military approach is necessary for effective crisis management. The Alliance will engage with other international actors before, during and after crises to encourage collaborative analysis, planning and conduct of activities [ ] Cooperation between NATO and the United Nations continues to make a substantial contribution to security in operations around the world. The Alliance aims to deepen political dialogue and practical cooperation with the UN, as set out in the UN-NATO Declaration signed in 2008, including through: Enhanced liaison between the two Headquarters; More regular political consultation; and Enhanced practical cooperation in managing crises where both organizations are engaged.

25 African Union in Context

26 African Union

27 NATO and African Crisis Management

28 2011 UN-NATO Interface: Libya no-fly zone enforcement, arms embargo, and use of all necessary measures to protect civilians short of a foreign occupation Member States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements -- UNSCR 1973, 2011

29 UN-NATO Interface: Counter-piracy 2008 Counter-piracy in the Gulf of Aden. Welcomes initiatives [ ] by regional and international organizations [and] the decision by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter piracy off the Somalia coast -- UNSCR 1846, 2008

30 World Food Program (WFP) Escort 2008 NATO responded to an appeal from the United Nations World Food Program for naval escorts to protect its ships carrying life-saving assistance from pirate attacks off Somalia. More than 2 million Somalis could go hungry without this protection. -- WFP NATO's ability to quickly react to the UN's request for support demonstrates NATO's military flexibility to respond to real security challenges on the seas as well as on the land, and in the air. -- General John Craddock, Supreme Allied Commander Europe

31 NATO Support to AU: AMIS 2005 From Jun 2005 to Dec 2007, NATO provided logistical assistance to the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) at the request of the AU in support of UNSCR 1706 If you look at Darfur, where NATO is supporting, as you know, the African Union by ferrying in and out the AU forces, in and out of Darfur, the Secretary General has said that Africa is one of his priorities more and more you see NATO forces operating under a UN umbrella. -- NATO Secretary General, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, 2007

32 NATO Support to AU: AMISOM African Union Mission In Somalia (AMISOM) AU first requested support for strategic airlift Jun 07. Expert Assistance in Addis Ababa at AU Headquarters (strategic planning, logistics, budget/procurement).

33 NATO Support to AU: APSA Support to African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) Ongoing NATO work to train AU to perform effective C2 during African Standby Force (ASF) operations; Operations Planning, Evaluation & Certification (=> Ex Amani Africa), Lessons Learned, etc. Training and Education of AU Officers at the NATO School and NATO Defense College Assistance with development of new operational concepts including creation of Continental Strategic Maritime Capabilities.

34 Strategic Concept 2010 The Alliance is affected by, and can affect, political and security developments beyond its borders. The Alliance will engage actively to enhance international security, through partnership with relevant countries and other international organizations [ ]

35 Chicago Summit Declaration 2012 We continue to provide the African Union (AU) with operational support, at its request. We have agreed to extend strategic air and maritime lift support for the AU s Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and support the development of the AU s long-term peacekeeping capabilities, including the African Stand-by Force. We stand ready to consider further AU requests for NATO training assistance.

36 Mali 2013 NATO should join up with our African forces. Our African force would lead the way as was done by NATO in Afghanistan The threat of terrorism is in reality something the international community to deal with. -- Thomas Boni Yayi, AU Chairman, 08 Jan NATO can t be the world s policeman, traveling from country to country, solving all the problems. So I think it s a good idea to have a division of labour. And let me remind you that the United Nations Security Council has mandated an African-led stabilization force to take action in Mali. -- Ander Fogh Rasmussen, NATO Secretary General, 18 Jan

37 AU-NATO: Mechanics

38 NATO Operating Principles On Request Case-by-Case Basis Minimal Footprint Capacity Building vs. Common Funding Military-Technical Operational Focus Bottom Up

39 NATO in Addis Ababa SMLO Deputy SMLO Assistant to SMLO BUD/PROC/ Finance Planner Strategic Planner LOG/HRB Planner Movement Team on Call for Airlift (3) (For additional Troop Deployment, on AU request )

40 Challenges Ahead

41 Challenges Misperception of NATO as a solely military organization Lack of political dialogue AU marginalization/subordination

42 Way Ahead New consultative structures Strategic framework agreement Joint discussions on R2P implementation Continued AU capacity building

43 Questions