Civil War Fortifications Tour Museum of the Confederacy, April 5, 2003
|
|
- Gerald Lane
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Civil War Fortifications Tour Museum of the Confederacy, April 5, 2003 The great destruction of life, in open assaults, by columns exposed within so long a range, must give additional value to entrenched fields of battle; and we may again see fieldworks play the part they did in the defense of Sebastopol; and positions so chosen and fortified that not only will the assailant be forced to entrench himself to assail the enemy, but will find the varying phases of his attack met by corresponding changes in the defensive dispositions. --Dennis Hart Mahan, West Point, 1863 Definition A military earthwork is defined as any primarily earthen structure erected for a military purpose. During the Civil War, earthworks were called intrenchments, trenches, rifle or shelter trenches, rifle pits, parallels, earthen defenses, or breastworks, or just works often interchangeably. Military earthworks were an integral part of military operations from the beginning and throughout the war. The veteran soldiers ability to rapidly construct shelter for themselves learned during 1863 and developed to a fine art in 1864 constituted a principal tactical innovation of the Civil War. Types of Construction The parapet is the protective mound of earth. The ditch is the excavation from which the dirt is removed. A fill of logs, fence rails, or stones is piled up along the intended line before digging begins. The revetment is a retaining wall of logs, planks, sandbags, or stones added to hold the earth vertical. The illustration below left shows front (exterior) ditch construction, favored by engineers for both artillery and infantry works when time permitted. The advantage is that the ditch (like a dry moat) provided an additional layer of defense; the ditch can be deeper and the parapet fatter. The example below right shows a typical rifle trench constructed rapidly in the field. The ditch was usually dug deep enough so that a standing soldier could steady his weapon atop the parapet. The advantage of rear (interior) ditch construction was speed every scoop of earth simultaneously lowered the ditch and raised the parapet. Sometimes, the soldiers would dig a rear-ditch work and later make the parapet fatter by excavating a second front ditch (often when taking incoming artillery rounds!) A captured line of earthworks could be turned, dug by the captors to face in the opposite direction. Digging In A unit deployed in formation along a line selected by the officers, typically along the military crest of a local terrain feature, and began digging with bayonets and other makeshift tools, throwing the earth toward the enemy. Working parties gathered fence rails, downed trees, or stones, and pile these materials along the line, adding bulk to the growing parapet. When available, entrenching tools shovels, picks, and axes were passed from unit to unit to deepen and improve the position. One pick loosened enough earth to keep two shovels hard at work. In the woods, axe-men cut down trees and brush in front of the line to open a clear field of fire. Within two or three hours, depending on soil type and vegetation, an entire line could be entrenched to a relief of four feet, so that the parapet would cover the chest of a soldier standing in the ditch. Page 1 of 6 MOC Earthworks Tour 1
2 Military Earthworks Logic The modern military uses an acronym KOCOA for analyzing the combat value of terrain and for positioning troops on the battlefield. These letters stand for Key Terrain; Observation and Field of Fire; Cover and Concealment; Obstacles; Avenues of Approach and Withdrawal. These principles applied as much in 1864 to the siting of field fortifications as today. In 1864, General Henry Hunt distilled four rules for siting artillery: 1) The efficacy of fire of the battery (observation and field of fire); 2) Cover for the pieces from the enemy's fire (cover and concealment); 3) The position of the rest of the troops (key terrain and mutual support); and 4) Facility of movement (avenues of approach and withdrawal). Official Records, Serial 88, pp Entrenchments enhanced the combat value of the terrain by seizing the military crest to eliminate defilade (dead ground), which provided an extended field of fire and simultaneously cover and concealment. KOCOA Classification is based on scale, time in preparation, and function. The large prepared-in-advance fortification at far left (Class 1 or 2) dwarfs the rapid exterior-ditched infantry work center and the rearditched rifle trench at right (Class 4). Obstacles such a felled-trees, palisades, or entanglements were typically placed yards in front of the earthwork to delay and break up an attack. Federal Soldiers in their Rifle Trenches along North Anna River (detail of impromptu sun shades) Page 2 of 6 MOC Earthworks Tour 2
3 Earthworks Classification (Adopted by the Civil War Fortifications Study Group at Nashville, 1999) Class One: PREPARED ARTILLERY ENTRENCHMENTS Includes forts, redoubts, bastions, lunettes, redans, batteries, blockhouses Builders: laid out or renovated by engineers Type of construction: "classic" prototypes, front-ditched, revetted Materials: gabions (wicker baskets filled with soil), sandbags, fascines (long, bound bundles of saplings), log, plank, sod, stone revetments Dimensions: feet relief, feet width of parapet Features: artillery platforms, embrasures, firing-steps, additional interior works Situation: semi-permanent defense of towns, depots, transportation routes, river crossings, sieges; may be improved from rapid entrenchments during prolonged battle situation. Class Two: PREPARED INFANTRY ENTRENCHMENTS Includes siegeworks, main lines or breastworks, parallels, connecting curtains, blockhouses Builders: laid out or renovated by engineers Type of construction: typically front-ditched, revetted Materials: log, plank, sod, stone revetments Dimensions: 6-15 feet relief, feet width of parapet Features: firing-steps, traverses, individual shelter pits Situation: semi-permanent defense of towns, depots, transportation routes, river crossings, sieges; may be improved from rapid entrenchments during prolonged battle situation. Class Three: RAPID ARTILLERY ENTRENCHMENTS Includes breastworks, minor artillery "lunettes" or demi-lunes Builders: typically laid by field officers for their units, thrown up quickly, often under fire Type of construction: front-ditched, rear-ditched, ditch-both sides, revetted or not Materials: materials at hand - piled stone, fence rail, or log fill - log, sapling, fence rail, wicker, stone revetment Dimensions: 3-6 feet relief, feet width of parapet Features: artillery platforms, traverses, holes for ammo chests Situation: battlefield, bivouac, defense of roads, railroads, river crossings Page 3 of 6 MOC Earthworks Tour 3
4 Class Four: RAPID INFANTRY ENTRENCHMENTS Includes breastworks, rifle trenches Builders: typically laid out by field officers for their units, thrown up quickly, often under fire Type of construction: front-ditched, rear-ditched, ditch-both sides, revetted or not Materials: materials at hand - piled stone, fence rail, or log fill - log, sapling, fence rail, wicker, stone revetment Dimensions: 2-5 feet relief, 8-15 feet width of parapet Features: bays, balks, traverses, "command" holes Situation: battlefield, bivouac, defense of roads, railroads, river crossings Class Five: COMMUNICATION AND SUPPLY Includes communication trenches, covered ways, entrenched military roads, zigzag trenches Builders: laid out by engineers or field officers Type of construction: front-ditched, rear-ditched, ditch-both sides, parapet both sides, revetted or not Materials: earth, log, stone or wicker revetment Dimensions: ditch 3-15 feet wide Features: associated holes and bunkers for storage Situation: semi-permanent fortifications, siegeworks, or prolonged battle when front line troops need resupply Class Six: INTERNAL WORKS Includes magazines, bombproofs, bunkers, traverses associated with enclosed or semienclosed artillery fortifications Builders: laid out by engineers to strengthen prepared positions Type of construction: square or rectangular hole with surrounding berm, sometimes roofed; internal parapet designed to provide defilade Materials: earth, plank or log sides, flooring, sometimes roofed, sandbags, gabions Dimensions: feet per side; traverses of varying length, relief Features: Access door or trench Situation: Associated with prepared artillery positions, siegeworks Class Seven: PERSONAL FIELD SHELTER Includes: discrete fox holes, picket or skirmish holes, command holes, slit trenches, "rifle pits" Builders: typically sited by individuals in action Type of construction: hole with earth thrown to front or shallow trench, rear-ditched Materials: earth, sometimes wood or stone fill, typically not revetted Dimensions: 2-5 feet relief, 2-8 feet width of parapet Features: discontinuous, arrayed in pattern of unit, shelters 1-3 persons, slit trenches shelter 4-10 persons Situation: picket or skirmish lines, holes associated with rapid entrenchments Page 4 of 6 MOC Earthworks Tour 4
5 Class Eight: DEFENSES OF CONVENIENCE Includes: stone walls, piled stone breastworks, sunken roads, railroad cuts/fills, often enhanced by digging Builders: pre-existing features adapted to combat or constructed ad hoc by soldiers Type of construction: various Materials: stone, wood, earth Dimensions: various Features: walls, barricades Situation: meeting battles, stony ground, shallow topsoil Further Reading Christopher Duffy, Fire and Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare London: David and Charles, Paddy Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Civil War. New Haven: Yale University Press, Edward Hagerman, The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, O. E. Hunt, "Entrenchments and Fortifications," in Francis Trevelyan Miller, ed., The Photographic History of the Civil War, vol 5, W. C, Johnson and E.S. Hartshorn. "The Development of Field Fortifications in the Civil War" in Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, 7, September-October 1915, Robert K. Krick, "Fire and Stone." In Touched by Fire: A Photographic Portrait of the Civil War. Edited by William C. Davis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986, Volume 2, David W. Lowe, Field Fortifications in the Civil War in North and South Magazine 4, no. 6 (Summer 2001). Dennis Hart Mahan, A Summary of the Course of Permanent Fortification and the Attack and Defense of Permanent Works. Richmond: West and Johnston, Dennis Hart Mahan, Treatise on Field Fortification, Containing Instructions on the methods of laying out, constructing, defending, and attacking Intrenchments, with the General Outlines also of the Arrangement, the Attack, and the Defense of Permanent Fortifications. New York: John Wiley, James St. Clair Morton, Memoir of American Fortification. Washington: Noah Andre Trudeau, "The Walls of 1864: Field Entrenchments Saved Robert E. Lee's Army--and Grant's as Well." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, 6, Winter 1994, Arthur L. Wagner, Hasty Entrenchments in the War of Secession in Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States, 22, February 1898, Page 5 of 6 MOC Earthworks Tour 5
6 Detail showing fortifications at Cold Harbor in the vicinity of the National Park Cold Harbor Unit. From Michler map series (8 = 1 mile), NARA Record Group 77 G through G The topographical engineers depicted principal features but were unable to portray the complexity found on the ground. Page 6 of 6 MOC Earthworks Tour 6
Infantry Battalion Operations
.3 Section II Infantry Battalion Operations MCWP 3-35 2201. Overview. This section addresses some of the operations that a task-organized and/or reinforced infantry battalion could conduct in MOUT. These
More informationThe American Civil War
The American Civil War 1861-1865 Karen H. Reeves Wilbur McLean: The war started in his front yard and ended in his parlor. Shortcut to 01 Drums of War.lnk Essential Question: How did the two sides differ
More informationNATURE OF THE ASSAULT
Chapter 5 Assault Breach The assault breach allows a force to penetrate an enemy s protective obstacles and destroy the defender in detail. It provides a force with the mobility it needs to gain a foothold
More informationLabel Fort Sumter on your map
FORT SUMTER The Election of Lincoln as president in 1860 was a turning point in relations between the North and the South. The South felt they no longer had a voice in national events or policies; they
More informationOCOKA Military Terrain Analysis
OCOKA Military Terrain Analysis Vicksburg was, then, rather an entrenched camp than a fortified place, owing much of its strength to the difficult ground, obstructed by fallen trees in its front, which
More informationBattle of Falling Waters 1863 Custer, Pettigrew and the End of the Gettysburg Campaign
George F. Franks, III battleoffallingwaters1863foundation.wordpress.com fallingwatersmd1863@gmail.com Which Falling Waters? July 4 12: Retreat and Pursuit July 13: Eve of Battle July 14: The Battle of
More informationLESSON 2 INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD OVERVIEW
LESSON DESCRIPTION: LESSON 2 INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD OVERVIEW In this lesson you will learn the requirements and procedures surrounding intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB).
More informationChapter II SECESSION AND WAR
Chapter II SECESSION AND WAR 1860-1861 A. Starting the Secession: South Carolina - December 20, 1860 South Carolina votes to secede - Major Robert Anderson US Army Commander at Charleston, South Carolina
More informationCaptain Johann Ewald Hessian Soldier
Friends of Red Bank Battlefield Presents www.friendsofredbank.weebly.com A Recollections of the Battle of Red Bank from the diary of October 21, 1777 and October 22, 1777 Experience the Real War for Independence
More informationVimy Ridge and Passchendaele. Birth of a Nation
Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele Birth of a Nation First... http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/trenchwarfare.shtml The Battle of Vimy Ridge, April 9-12th 1917 Many historians and writers consider
More informationHowlin Mobs Simple Rules for the American Civil War
Howlin Mobs Simple Rules for the American Civil War These rules are a blatant copy of a set that appeared in an article by Brian DeWitt in Wargames Illustrated. I have expanded some areas in line with
More informationby Don Nardo Content Adviser: Robert Bruce, Ph.D., Department of History, Sam Houston State University
by Don Nardo by Don Nardo Content Adviser: Robert Bruce, Ph.D., Department of History, Sam Houston State University Reading Adviser: Rosemary G. Palmer, Ph.D., Department of Literacy, College of Education,
More informationTactical Employment of Mortars
MCWP 3-15.2 FM 7-90 Tactical Employment of Mortars U.S. Marine Corps PCN 143 000092 00 *FM 7-90 Field Manual NO. 7-90 FM 7-90 MCWP 3-15.2 TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF MORTARS HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE
More informationMECHANIZED INFANTRY PLATOON AND SQUAD (BRADLEY)
(FM 7-7J) MECHANIZED INFANTRY PLATOON AND SQUAD (BRADLEY) AUGUST 2002 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *FM 3-21.71(FM
More informationTHE STRYKER BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM INFANTRY BATTALION RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON
FM 3-21.94 THE STRYKER BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM INFANTRY BATTALION RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
More informationPreparing to Occupy. Brigade Support Area. and Defend the. By Capt. Shayne D. Heap and Lt. Col. Brent Coryell
Preparing to Occupy and Defend the Brigade Support Area By Capt. Shayne D. Heap and Lt. Col. Brent Coryell A Soldier from 123rd Brigade Support Battalion, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division,
More informationReport of Brig. General Darrell N. Markijohn, commanding Federal Forces October 19-20, The BATTLE OF 2 nd WINCHESTER AND CEDAR CREEK
Report of Brig. General Darrell N. Markijohn, commanding Federal Forces October 19-20, 2013 --The BATTLE OF 2 nd WINCHESTER AND CEDAR CREEK HDQRS. VIII Corps, Near Middletown, VA, 1863 The 2013 Campaign
More informationSection III. Delay Against Mechanized Forces
Section III. Delay Against Mechanized Forces A delaying operation is an operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting maximum damage
More informationThe Russian Way of War: Force Structure, Tactics, and Modernization of the Russian Ground Forces. Chapter 4 The Offense
The Russian Way of War: Force Structure, Tactics, and Modernization of the Russian Ground Forces Chapter 4 The Offense 102 The Offense Offensive Theory The attack is a rapid and non-stop movement of armored
More informationAdvantages for both sides. List advantages both sides had going into the War.
Name Date Period (AH1) Unit 6: The Civil War The Civil War Begins (pages 338-345) Fort Sumter How did Lincoln react to the threats against Fort Sumter? Who officially declared war? Which side would Virginia
More informationTACTICAL ROAD MARCHES AND ASSEMBLY AREAS
APPENDIX Q TACTICAL ROAD MARCHES AND ASSEMBLY AREAS Section I. TACTICAL ROAD MARCHES Q-1. GENERAL The ground movement of troops can be accomplished by administrative marches, tactical movements, and tactical
More informationChapter FM 3-19
Chapter 5 N B C R e c o n i n t h e C o m b a t A r e a During combat operations, NBC recon units operate throughout the framework of the battlefield. In the forward combat area, NBC recon elements are
More informationText Level Draft Text/ Content Notes /Comments/Questions
PANEL 1 Text Level Draft Text/ Content Notes /Comments/Questions Title Header Main text Quote Graphic caption: Map of the Defenses of Washington Welcome to Fort Ethan Allen Much remains of Fort Ethan Allen,
More informationIDENTIFY THE TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE
Lesson 1 IDENTIFY THE TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE Lesson Description: OVERVIEW In this lesson you will learn to identify the troop leading procedure (TLP) and its relationship with the estimate of the situation.
More informationPREPARE AN OPERATION OVERLAY
CONDITIONS: Given a complete copy of the operation order (OPORD) that your unit is to execute, a commander's or a battalion operations officer's (S3) guidance (to include time available for preparation),
More informationPlace & Memory. Commemorating the Battle of the Somme and its Clandeboye connections
Place & Memory Commemorating the Battle of the Somme and its Clandeboye connections 1916-2016 Royal Engineers Plan of WWI training camp at Clandeboye, showing the Camp layout and building in 1915 IE/MA/MPD/AD119286-010
More informationLONG-RANGE SURVEILLANCE RECONNAISSANCE
APPENDIX B LONG-RANGE SURVEILLANCE RECONNAISSANCE Surveillance is the primary mission of long-range surveillance teams. However they can conduct limited reconnaissance rnissions primarily within the human
More informationThe Battle of SHILOH PITTSBURG LANDING ATTACKED! FREE SCENARIO SAMPLE from ALTAR of FREEDOM Scenario
The Battle of SHILOH An ALTAR of FREEDOM Scenario VOL. II--No.3 SUNDAY, APRIL 6, 1862 PRICE ONE DOLLAR PITTSBURG LANDING ATTACKED! "Tonight we will water our horses in the Tennessee River!" --General Albert
More informationFigure Company Attack of a Block
Section III Rifle Company Operations 2301. Overview. This section addresses some of the operations the infantry battalion could assign to the rifle company in MOUT. For our focus, the rifle company is
More informationSmall Wars: Their Principles and Practice
Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice Colonel C. E. Callwell Written at the beginning of the 20 th Century Based on the experiences of the European Imperial Age wars of the 19 th Century» Small wars:
More informationThe 11 th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
The 11 th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry The Boston Volunteers The 11th Massachusetts was among the first three-year regiments formed in the Bay State. The core companies were originally known as the
More informationFirst Day In Hell - Kursk 5 July 1943
First Day In Hell - Kursk 5 July 1943 In early July 1943, Hitler launched his Operation Zitadelle to pinch off the Kursk salient in 1944. This salient had been created in the fluid situation of early 1943
More information17897 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (IPBC) RANGE DESIGN GUIDE
17897 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (IPBC) RANGE DESIGN GUIDE RANGE AND TRAINING LAND PROGRAM MANDATORY CENTER OF EXPERTISE U.S. ARMY ENGINEERING AND SUPPORT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 256-895-1534
More informationName Class Date. The Vicksburg Campaign Use the information from pages to complete the following.
GUIDED READING A Place Called Mississippi Chapter 6: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860-1876 Section 2 Directions: The Vicksburg Campaign Use the information from pages 160-169 to complete the following.
More information17895 Infantry Squad Battle Course (ISBC) RANGE DESIGN GUIDE
17895 Infantry Squad Battle Course (ISBC) RANGE DESIGN GUIDE RANGE AND TRAINING LAND PROGRAM MANDATORY CENTER OF EXPERTISE U.S. ARMY ENGINEERING AND SUPPORT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 256-895-1534
More information.CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL
MHI Copy 3 FM 2-15 WAR DEPARTMENT.CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY April 8, 1941 CAVALRY FIELD MANUAL EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY FM 2-15 c 2 CHANGES WAR DEPARTMENT, No. 2 WASHINGTON, August 18, 1942.
More information2014 Events May 9 Petersburg Before the Siege May 10 From Slavery to Freedom May 15 Lecture: Soldier s Life Demonstration
Please mark your calendars and plan to visit The Best PART of Virginia during 2014 for major Civil War Sesquicentennial events listed below. Continue to check PART s website for updates: www.petersburgarea.org.
More informationCHAPTER COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS DEFINITIONS BREACHING OPERATIONS. Mine/Countermine Operations FM 20-32
Mine/Countermine Operations FM 20-32 CHAPTER 8 COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS Countermine operations are taken to breach or clear a minefield. All tasks fall under breaching or clearing operations. These tasks
More informationRECRUIT SUSTAINMENT PROGRAM SOLDIER TRAINING READINESS MODULES Conduct Squad Attack 17 June 2011
RECRUIT SUSTAINMENT PROGRAM SOLDIER TRAINING READINESS MODULES Conduct Squad Attack 17 June 2011 SECTION I. Lesson Plan Series Task(s) Taught Academic Hours References Student Study Assignments Instructor
More informationDefiance and Independence: July 21-22, 2018 Visitor Schedule. Saturday July 21 st. 9:30 AM Fort Ticonderoga opens to visitors
Defiance and Independence: July 21-22, 2018 Visitor Schedule Saturday July 21 st 9:30 AM Fort Ticonderoga opens to visitors 10:00 AM Inspection of the Armies (Parade Ground and British Camp) Watch as the
More informationBattlespace: Archaeological Applications of a Strategist s Concept by Peter Bleed, Douglas Scott, and Amanda Renner Presented at the Fields of
Battlespace: Archaeological Applications of a Strategist s Concept by Peter Bleed, Douglas Scott, and Amanda Renner Presented at the Fields of Conflict Conference, 2014 At this gathering and in the midst
More informationGallic Wars Improvements
Gallic Wars Improvements Version 1.11 Added LHI now added as Roman option. Added Heavy Chariots to Punic army unit mix. Corrected SHC can not follow-up attack into impassable terrain. Scenario Editor Adjusted
More informationThe Second Battle of Ypres
Ypres and the Somme Trenches - Follow Up On the Western Front it was typically between 100 and 300 yards (90 and 275 m), though only 30 yards (27 m) on Vimy Ridge. For four years there was a deadlock along
More informationDISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:
FM 3-21.31 FEBRUARY 2003 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. FIELD MANUAL NO. 3-21.31 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
More informationSupporting the Front The Battle of Vimy Ridge April 1917
Supporting the Front The Battle of Vimy Ridge April 1917 Prepared by: Wayne Dauphinee Acknowledging the too often forgotten corps and units that were the backbone of the Canadian Corps preparations for
More informationThe American Civil War Campaign September 2014 Version (4.0)
The American Civil War Campaign September 2014 Version (4.0) This campaign scenario has been developed by Greg Novak with revisions by Jeff Glasco Section 1: Goal: The following game is based on Frank
More informationF o rt S u m t e r, S C
F o rt S u m t e r, S C April 12, 1861 Started the Civil War No one was killed The Confederacy attacked the fort before Lincoln s supply ships arrived The Union had to surrender the fort after 34 hours
More informationdust warfare: glossary
In war-time, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies. Winston Churchill This is the Dust Warfare glossary. This collection of terms serves as a quick reference guide
More informationDefiance and Independence: July 21-22, 2018 Visitor Schedule. Saturday July 21 st. 9:30 AM Fort Ticonderoga opens to visitors
Defiance and Independence: July 21-22, 2018 Visitor Schedule Saturday July 21 st 9:30 AM Fort Ticonderoga opens to visitors 10:00 AM Inspection of the Armies (Parade Ground and British Camp) Watch as the
More informationDeepening of new lines and communication trenches in hand. One man wounded by sniper.
War Diary 7th Battalion North Staffordshire Regiment Private Albert Amos Hill 25th January 1917 The war diary for the days leading up to the 25th January reports the preparation work prior to an assault
More informationORGANIZATION AND FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 1 ORGANIZATION AND FUNDAMENTALS The nature of modern warfare demands that we fight as a team... Effectively integrated joint forces expose no weak points or seams to enemy action, while they rapidly
More informationC4I System Solutions.
www.aselsan.com.tr C4I SYSTEM SOLUTIONS Information dominance is the key enabler for the commanders for making accurate and faster decisions. C4I systems support the commander in situational awareness,
More informationEmploying the Stryker Formation in the Defense: An NTC Case Study
Employing the Stryker Formation in the Defense: An NTC Case Study CPT JEFFREY COURCHAINE Since its roll-out in 2002, the Stryker vehicle combat platform has been a major contributor to the war on terrorism.
More informationExploring the Battle of the Somme A toolkit for students and teachers
Exploring the Battle of the Somme A toolkit for students and teachers (c) Image courtesy Bodleian Library This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Attribution:
More informationScenario 3b: First Clashes: 47 Brigade September 1987 (The Recovery)
Scenario 3b: First Clashes: 47 Brigade 13-14 September 1987 (The Recovery) After the abortive daylight assault of Combat Group Bravo on forward positions of FAPLA s 47 Brigade in the old UNITA logistic
More informationCHAPTER 2 Factors Affecting FOOT MARCHES
CHAPTER 2 Factors Affecting FOOT MARCHES Factors that greatly influence the conduct of the march are the location of enemy forces, the nature of the terrain and weather, and the activity of enemy aviation.
More informationDiary of a doughboy. As you read... Diary of Willard Newton, July 24 28, 1918, published in the Charlotte Observer, September 19, 1920.
Diary of a doughboy COMMENTARY AND SIDEBAR NOTES BY L. MAREN WOOD Diary of Willard Newton, July 24 28, 1918, published in the Charlotte Observer, September 19, 1920. As you read... This diary was written
More informationCHAPTER 4 BATTLE DRILLS
CHAPTER 4 BATTLE DRILLS Infantry battle drills describe how platoons and squads apply fire and maneuver to commonly encountered situations. They require leaders to make decisions rapidly and to issue brief
More informationU.S. HISTORY CIVIL WAR - SIMULATION TARGETS:
TARGETS: U.S. HISTORY CIVIL WAR - SIMULATION 1. Identify and describe the political and military decisions made during the war and their consequences. 2. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages for each
More informationBattle of Tarawa November 20-23, 1943
Battle of Tarawa November 20-23, 1943 Bititu Island (Betio), Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands Betio was a small island located on the southwest corner of Tarawa Atoll After the diversionary raid on Makin
More informationCommon to all Engineer Senior Leader Courses
Common to all Engineer Senior Leader Courses Army Physical Fitness Test / Height and Weight Write a paper (APA format) Write a memorandum Physical Readiness Training and Physical Readiness Training Plan
More informationCHAPTER 1. Light Engineer Operations and the Brigade Battlefield
CHAPTER 1 Light Engineer Operations and the Brigade Battlefield US Army light divisions airborne, air assault, and light infantry add a new dimension to strategic mobility. From the continental United
More informationCONSTRUCTION BATTALION BATTLE SKILLS GUIDE
CONSTRUCTION BATTALION BATTLE SKILLS GUIDE BOOK 3 E-7 and Above Individual Skills OCTOBER 2005 CONSTRUCTION BATTALION BATTLE SKILLS GUIDE BOOK 3 E7 and ABOVE INDIVIDUAL SKILLS COMMANDING OFFICER NAVAL
More informationMarine Corps Tank Employment MCWP 3-12 (CD) Appendix C. Breaching
Appendix C Breaching Section 1. Breaching Operations Section 2. Types of Breaching Operations Section 3. Breaching Procedures Section 4. Mobility Assets C - 1 Section 1. Breaching Operations Obstacle breaching
More informationI. Operational Maneuver Chart: The campaign consist of a series of Combat Columns containing 1-5 Engagement Areas. The Engagement Areas are made up
I. Operational Maneuver Chart: The campaign consist of a series of Combat Columns containing 1-5 Engagement Areas. The Engagement Areas are made up of 2-3 Assault maps (any scale map may be used). Players
More informationThe Civil War Begins. The Americans, Chapter 11.1, Pages
The Civil War Begins The Americans, Chapter 11.1, Pages 338-345. Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter The seven southernmost states that had already seceded formed the Confederate States of America on February
More informationTHE INFANTRY PLATOON IN THE ATTACK
In the years before the World War II most of Finland s higher officer cadre had been trained in the military academies of Imperial Russia, Germany and Sweden. However, they soon started to see Finlands
More informationThe Civil War Begins
The Civil War Begins Differences between northern and southern states: industrial economy agricultural economy free states slave states More North/South differences North Wanted to abolish slavery Strong
More informationCHAPTER 3 BASIC SCOUT SKILLS
CHAPTER 3 BASIC SCOUT SKILLS Scouts must be expert in a number of basic skills that individually or collectively are critical during all reconnaissance and security missions. This chapter covers movement
More informationThe. Most Devastating War Battles
The 7 Most Devastating War Battles Prepared By: Kalon Jonasson, Ashley Rechik, April Spring, Trisha Marteinsson, Yasmin Busuttil, Laura Oddleifsson, Alicia Vernaus The Vietnam War took place from 1957
More informationEngineering Operations
MCWP 3-17 Engineering Operations U.S. Marine Corps PCN 143 000044 00 To Our Readers Changes: Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes that will improve it. Recommendations
More informationCreated by Andrea M. Bentley. Major Battles
Created by Andrea M. Bentley Major Battles April 12, 1861 Occurred at Fort Sumter which was close to the entrance of Charleston, South Carolina Union led by Major Robert Anderson Confederates led by General
More informationCOMBINED ARMS OPERATIONS IN URBAN TERRAIN
(FM 90-10-1) COMBINED ARMS OPERATIONS IN URBAN TERRAIN HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1) FIELD
More information[02:00:56.13] CV-2 Caribou lands at Tan Son Nhut, soldiers climbing on
Project Name: Vietnam War Stories Tape/File # WCNAM A26 Operation Cedar Falls Transcription Date: 9/03/09 Transcriber Name: Donna Crane Keywords: Operation Cedar Falls in Jan. 1967, Iron Triangle, hammer
More informationThe colonists prepared for war Colonial early warning system The Minutemen Lexington and Concord
The colonists prepared for war Colonial early warning system The Minutemen Lexington and Concord 1 Print shows satire of American women from Edenton, North Carolina, pledging to boycott English tea in
More informationThe Initial Assaults
The Initial Assaults June 15-18, 1864 The move against Petersburg was the ultimate objective of the crossing of the James. While the Army of the Potomac, with Hancock's II Corps in the lead, marched down
More informationCHAPTER 5 SECURITY OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 5 SECURITY OPERATIONS The reconnaissance platoon conducts security operations to protect the main body from enemy observation and surprise attack. These operations give the main body commander
More informationINTRODUCTION [12:01:21.21] Silhouette of helicopter flying. Silhouette of soldier. Title: "Probe and Pursue".
Project Name: Vietnam War Stories Tape/File # WCNAM A12 Combat Infantry Soldier Transcription Date: 09/11/2009 Transcriber Name: Frank Leung Keywords: Army, helicopter, soldier, villager, Vietcong, Vietnamese,
More informationSSUSH9 C, D, & E The Civil War
SSUSH9 C, D, & E The Civil War John Brown s Raid John Brown s Raid on Harper s Ferry was a turning point for the South. Southerners were angered that a Northerner would promote an armed slave rebellion.
More informationFrench Expulsion from Indo-China. The Siege of Dien Bien Phu. Lt C.J. Ker, 4 AD Regt RCA
French Expulsion from Indo-China The Siege of Dien Bien Phu by Lt C.J. Ker, 4 AD Regt RCA Page lof8 Through the many different periods of history, new technology has played an important role in deciding
More information57TH INDIANA INFANTRY REGIMENT RECORDS,
Collection # M 0037 57TH INDIANA INFANTRY REGIMENT RECORDS, 1862 1865 Collection Information Historical Sketch Scope and Content Note Box and Folder Listing Processed By: Paul Brockman 14 February 1997
More information3/8/2011. Most of the world wasn t surprised when the war broke out, but some countries were better prepared than others.
Most of the world wasn t surprised when the war broke out, but some countries were better prepared than others. Pre-war Canada had a regular army of only 3000 men; we did, however, have 60,000 militia
More informationThe Civil War has Begun!
The Civil War has Begun! Quick Review What is a secession? When part of a country leaves or breaks off from the rest Why did the Fugitive Slave Law upset some people in the North? Many Northerners did
More informationAmerican Civil War Part I
American Civil War Part I Confederate States of America Formed Established February 4, 1861 AKA Confederacy, the gray, Rebels, secesh, rebels, rebs, Johnny Rebs Capital: 1 st was Montgomery Alabama, later
More informationBattlefront:WWII Scenario Jupiter-Les Duanes Scenario Overview By Ken Natt Operation Jupiter
Battlefront:WWII Scenario Jupiter-Les Duanes Scenario Overview By Ken Natt "He who controls Hill 112 controls Normandy" Operation Jupiter Hill 112 was a prominent terrain feature that dominated much of
More informationBathtub D-Day 6 th June, A Flames of War Grand Battle Scenario
Bathtub D-Day 6 th June, 1944 A Flames of War Grand Battle Scenario Operation Overlord, the Anglo-American invasion of Hitler s Fortress Europe, was a pivotal event in the Second World War. This scenario
More informationBEFORE NAPOLEON: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CAMPAIGN
1 BEFORE NAPOLEON: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CAMPAIGN Contents Land Forces... 2 Naval Groups... 2 Leaders... 2 Sequence of Play... 3 Initiative... 3 Land Movement... 3 River & Lake Movement... 4 Sea Zones...
More informationEmancipation Proclamation
Ironclads The first Ironclad was the Merrimack it was a Union ship that had been abandoned in a Virginia Navy yard. The Confederates covered it in iron and renamed it the CSS Virginia. It was very successful
More informationGERMAN DOCTRINE OF THE STABILIZED FRONT
il SERIES, NO. 17 15 AUGUST 1i GERMAN DOCTRINE OF THE STABILIZED FRONT REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED BY AUHQljYrr CFDODM DIR. 5200. 1 R PREPARED BY MILITARY INTELLIGENCE WAR DEPARTMENT DIVISION V.f d! t' lk" t
More informationDeliberate Breach FM Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Deliberate Breach The deliberate breach is a scheme of maneuver specifically designed to cross an obstacle in order to continue the mission. A unit conducts a deliberate breach when the force
More informationThe West Point Line: A Surviving Earthwork. Salient from Dix s Peninsula Campaign of William A. Palmer, Jr.
The West Point Line: A Surviving Earthwork Salient from Dix s Peninsula Campaign of 1863 William A. Palmer, Jr. 2001, Revised 2008 1 2 Introduction Tidewater Virginia was the scene of heavy fighting on
More informationObstacle Planning at Task-Force Level and Below
Chapter 5 Obstacle Planning at Task-Force Level and Below The goal of obstacle planning is to support the commander s intent through optimum obstacle emplacement and integration with fires. The focus at
More informationAssembly Area Operations
Assembly Area Operations DESIGNATION OF ASSEMBLY AREAS ASSEMBLY AREAS E-1. An AA is a location where the squadron and/or troop prepares for future operations, issues orders, accomplishes maintenance, and
More informationCounter-Attack at Villers-Bretonneux
Counter-Attack at Villers-Bretonneux 13 th Australian Infantry Brigade vs 5 th German Guards Division Villers-Bretonneux, France Night of 24 th & 25 th April, 1918 The Battle The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
More informationlahi FM 7-15 Copy 3 WAR DEPARTMENT INFANTRY FIELD MANUAL HEAVY WEAPONS COMPANY, RIFLE REGIMENT May 19, 1942
lahi FM 7-15 Copy 3 WAR DEPARTMENT INFANTRY FIELD MANUAL HEAVY WEAPONS COMPANY, RIFLE REGIMENT May 19, 1942 CHANNON, R. I. FM 7-15 INFANTRY FIELD MANUAL HEAVY WEAPONS COMPANY, RIFLE REGIMENT UNITED STATES
More informationElection of Campaign a four-way split. Republicans defeat the splintered Democrat party, and the Do Nothing party who wanted to compromise
Election of 1860 Campaign a four-way split Republicans defeat the splintered Democrat party, and the Do Nothing party who wanted to compromise Fort Sumter Causes: Sumter still belongs to USA, South looks
More information1863: Shifting Tides
1863: Shifting Tides Shifting Tides Date Battle Name Winner Sept 17, 1862 Antietam a.k.a. Sharpsburg, MD April 12-13, 1861 Attack on Fort Sumter, SC April 30-May 6, 1863 Chancellorsville, VA Feb 6-16,1862
More informationThe Jewel on the Hill. By Rachel Phillips
The Jewel on the Hill By Rachel Phillips Rachel Phillips is a sophomore at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri. She is an English and History major. After graduating from William Jewell with a
More informationTHE CIVIL WAR LESSON TWO THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
THE CIVIL WAR LESSON TWO THE CONFEDERATE ARMY As soon as the first shots of the Civil War were fired, war fever seemed to sweep the country. Neither the Union nor the Confederacy was completely prepared
More informationFort Sumter-Confederate Victory
Fort Sumter-Confederate Victory First Battle of the Civil War There was not one human death (a Confederate horse was killed) from enemy fire. A death occurred after the fighting, from friendly fire. Significance:
More information