Brazilian Army in UN peacekeeping missions

Transcription

1 Brazilian Army in UN peacekeeping missions Karla Pinhel Ribeiro - Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at University Center Curitiba - UNICURITIBA, Ph.D. (in progress) at the University of São Paulo - USP Rogério Wollmann - Law Student at University Center Curitiba - UNICURITIBA, First Sergeant of Communications in the Brazilian Army Abstract: This paper aims to present, briefly, the aspects of participation of troops of the Brazilian Army in Peacekeeping Operations under the UN regime. The Brazilian Army has been employed in various UN peacekeeping missions since 1947 in continents like America, Asia and Africa. We are presenting the Brazilian point of view in relation to constitutional constraints, diplomatic, political and results of this work in terms of national and humanitarian advocacy. Keywords: Peacekeeping Missions - Brazilian Army - United Nations 1. Brazil in the League of Nations and the UN - Brief history In order to place Brazil in the context of peacekeeping operations must return at the end of World War I when, on January 10, 1920, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Versailles, Brazil joined the group of 32 member countries who founded the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at ensuring the maintenance of peace among nations. Due to various constraints that prevented conflict resolution, after World War II, several of the countries members were leaving the organization. This fact demonstrated the impotence of the League of Nations to fulfill the duties that had proposed.

2 The terrible consequences caused to humanity during World War II made the nations to reflect on the need for an organization intended to seek world peace, through the mediation of conflicts. Then in 1945, the United Nations (UN) was created, which received the assets of the defunct League of Nations. Few nations participated in the initial act of creation UN, among them was once again Brazil, reaffirming the conviction of the Brazilian people in the pursuit of peace and diplomatic solutions to international conflicts, to prevent new wars. In order to fulfill its role in order to prevent new wars and seek to preserve peace in the world, the UN uses its two executive bodies, the General Assembly and the Security Council, and the coordination and implementation of peace operations are linked to the Security Council. Soon after its creation in 1947, the UN sent its first mission of international peace to Palestine. This mission was meant to supervise the ceasefire in the region. Since then, UN peacekeeping forces have worked on every continent, with different mandates, in a succession of missions, demonstrating success in their purposes. Through the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations Peace (DPKO) a military force of about 80,000 peacekeepers in different parts of the world, work to resolve peacefully conflicts. 2. The Brazilian Army in UN Peace Missions Reaffirming the principles that have made it one of the UN founding countries, combined with the peaceful character of the nation, Brazil constantly participates in peacekeeping missions, sending the military outside that makes up the number of Armed Forces and the State Military Police. Currently the Navy, the Army and the Air Force participate in nine of the seventeen peacekeeping missions conducted by the United Nations around the world, including the use of peacekeepers and military observers. Some 2,400 Brazilian soldiers contribute to the success of these missions.

3 The Brazilian Army (EB) has considerable experience in these activities, it has over 30 participations in peacekeeping missions under the coordination of the UN, having performed sending approximately 27,000 military abroad since the first participation. This makes the army as the main force in relation to effective available for operations, counting nowadays with approximately 2,000 military personnel serving in peace missions in several countries, mostly in Haiti. Each designated Brazilian military remains for six months constituted troop missions and 12 months in the individual missions, the case of military observers. The Brazilian Armed Forces participated for the first time in a peacekeeping mission in charge of the UN, in 1947, when military observers were sent to the Balkans, the southern portion of Europe. This mission was called the United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) and held until 1951, during the Civil War in Greece, where Brazilian military have integrated an observer delegation together with the US military, France, China, Mexico, the Netherlands and Great Britain, who volunteered to accompany those of the Greek National Army operations on the borders of Greece with Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, countries that were accused of actively supporting the Democratic Army of Greece, which tried to overthrow the elected government and constitutionally instituted in the country. These observers have gone through difficult and risky situations and witnessed episodes of barbarism, typical of a civil war of ideological motivation. The first participation of Brazilian troops formed to peacekeeping military operations was named First United Nation Emergency Force (UNEF I), called by the Brazilian Army "Suez Battalion". With an infantry battalion of about 600 soldiers, and the command of the operation, which were replaced each year, between January 1957 and July 1967 in the Suez Canal region. The Suez Battalion had responsibility for conducting patrols in the area because of the conflict between the Egyptian and Israeli armies. Disagreements were generated through the nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptians, damaging the Franco- British interests and restricting Israeli shipping. The region in conflict is a strategic point for the global economy by making it the shortest sea link between Asia, Africa and Europe, and this position contrary to the claims of various nations that the Egyptians

4 adopted with the support of the Soviet Union. It resulted in retaliation by Israel, which was supported by France, England and the USA. In this dispute by political and economic leadership in full UN the Cold War was forced to act immediately in order to avoid more serious consequences. So the Brazilian Army contingent was part of the effective components of the mission together with Canada, Norway, Finland, India, Colombia, Denmark, Indochina, Sweden and Yugoslavia. Members of the "Suez Battalion" received the Nobel Peace Prize 1988, which demonstrated the importance of this mission on the world stage at that time. In the period from August 18 to September 21, 1962 two Brazilian military, from the Suez Battalion, were tasked to participate in the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority / United Nations Security Force (UNTEA / UNSF) in West New Guinea, integrating effective from UN military observers to supervise the ceasefire between the forces of Indonesia and the Netherlands, which disputed the ownership of the area. In the years 1965 and 1966, again military observers were provided by the Brazilian Armed Forces to participate in the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), which was established by the UN in 1949 to monitor the ceasefire in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. In the same period there was participation in the Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic (DOMREP) through a military observer who should verify the situation of civil war in the Dominican Republic, and inform the Security Council about the violations the ceasefire in the region or any other event that directly affect the maintenance of peace and order in the country. The mission United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), between 1965 and 1966, the Brazilian Army would cooperate with military observers to supervise the ceasefire keeping the area of peace and to conduct humanitarian actions. The participation of the Brazilian army in this mission was resumed in 1995, with the participation of Brazilian officers in the Argentine Army Battalion. It appears that in the 60's and 70's participation in peace operations has been greatly reduced by the Brazilian Armed Forces, having been resumed with great intensity from 1989.

5 This return of the Brazilian Army to the backdrop of UN peacekeeping operations resumed in 1989 in Central America, where the governments of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala, signed an agreement providing for termination of hostilities between states, elections free, end aid to insurgent movements, control of arms trafficking; aid to refugees of conflicts, cooperation for democracy, freedom, peace and development of the region and monitoring agreement by peace mission of international community. After the agreement, these countries asked the UN Security Council to send a peacekeeping mission to the region with the intention to monitor compliance with the agreed items, thus initiating the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA). With a staff of 21 Brazilian soldiers acting as observers was possible to establish the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL), in which Brazil, from July 1991 to April 1995, sent 67 military observers, 15 military police and in 1992 a medical unit, in order to verify the agreements negotiated between the government and the Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation (FMLN). In this context of peacekeeping in Central America, between October 1994 and May 1997, the United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA), to monitor respect for human rights, participated in four Brazilian Army liaison officers and 13 police observers military. In 1995, with the demobilization of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (URNG), the mission was enhanced by military observers who had by assignment accompany this process. Together with MINUGUA the Organization of American States (OAS) organized the Demining Assistance Mission in Central America (MARMINCA). The UN established the peacekeeping mission called United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM I), which was to oversee the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. Between January 1989 and May 1991, eight observers and the Brazilian Army Health team were tasked with providing the support necessary to the other members of the mission. From 1991 to February 1995, UNAVEM II had the addition of nine military police observers and a medical unit. However, from August 1995 until July 1997, after peace agreements between the Angolan Government and UNITA, the peacekeeping mission entered its third stage which was given the task of verifying the ceasefire, demobilization or reintegration of troops the warring parties to the Angolan

6 armed forces and the holding of the second round of general elections in the country. In this part of the mission the Brazilian Army contributed to the effective of an infantry battalion (about 800 men), an engineering company (200 men), two outposts health (40 doctors and assistants), approximately 40 officers of the General Staff, an average of 14 military observers and 11 military police observers. The Brazil became the largest contributor of troops to UNAVEM III, which for nearly two years was the largest UN peacekeeping operation. Since 1997, throughout the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA), the Brazilian Army maintains a presence in Angola through four military observers, 20 military police observers and two officers who worked in the mission of the General Staff, and from March 1999 onwards he began to give a medical unit composed of 15 soldiers from the Army. Another opportunity in which the troops of the Brazilian Army were employed was the United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) which was established in 1992 with the intention of checking the general peace agreements signed between the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) and the government of Mozambique. From January 1993 to December 1994, Brazil accounted for 26 military observers, 67 military police observers, a medical unit and, from June to December 1994, with an infantry company, with about 170 soldiers. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) took place from August 1993 to September In this mission the Brazilian military acted in ethnic and military conflict between the Rwandan government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), with ten military observers in Uganda and Rwanda. It was added from October 1993 to February 1994, a medical team to assist the activities of the UN. The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was established as the first peacekeeping force of the United Nations in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav wars. This mission of peace was initiated in February 1992 and ended in March The Brazilian Army has contributed a contingent of 23 military observers and 10 military police observers in the former Yugoslavia. The objective of the mission was to establish peace and security conditions necessary for the achievement of a comprehensive peace agreement between the warring states. Due to disagreements with the Croatian Government the mission was terminated and the same

7 effective began participation in a new mission which was named United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) which, after establishment of peace agreements in the region, remained counting with the participation of Brazilian military missions, he fell apart through the United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES), from 1996 until 1998, overseeing the demilitarization, was monitoring the return of refugees, was contributing to the maintenance of peace and security, established a temporary police force, performed administration of public services and organize elections. The United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) had the task of monitoring the demilitarization of the Prevlaka peninsula, a strategic area disputed by Croatia and Yugoslavia. This mission took place between February 1996 and December 2002, and the mission was in charge of the Brazilian Air Force, and after went to the responsibility of the Brazilian Army. And the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force Mission (UNPREDEP), which aimed to monitor and report any developments in the border areas that could undermine confidence and stability. The mission was considered a successful example of employment of peacekeepers in conflict prevention and violence against civilians, and owned approximately 17,000 soldiers from different countries. In July 1999 the Brazilian Army had joined successive missions for peace enforcement in East Timor which took place until With 120 effective military, composed of military observers, headquarters of the general members of the Peace Corps, Company Army police and a group of military police officers in operational service, Brazil was one of the largest contributors of these missions. The missions in East Timor were designated United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) who wanted to conduct the referendum for the East Timorese people to decide the territory's future through plebiscite that contemplate two possibilities: a special autonomy integrated into the Republic of Indonesia; and the total separation and independence. After conducting the plebiscite militias for Indonesia triggered operations against the population of East Timor voted for independence, invading the International Red Cross. The International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) was a multinational task force of peacekeeping, organized and directed by Australia, that is not established by the UN,

8 but it was governed according to the standards required for the troops in mission Peace, to address this humanitarian and security crisis occupied territory of East Timor and restored peace and order quoting with a force of 2,000 soldiers, but found the devastated country. So it was established by UN United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) which had the Transitional Administrator and UN Secretary-General's Special Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello and should hold the interim administration and enable the government establishing transition, which was consolidated in 2002 through the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor- Leste, and also prepared and supervised the new local police service. After the elections in 2002 was established the so-called United Nations Mission Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) with the task of continuing assistance to the country until all operational and administrative responsibilities were fully transferred, a fact that occurred in After 2005 was established the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) which provided the support and consolidation of government activities and human rights guarantee ending up in Despite the large number of peacekeeping missions have developed and here cited, the most outstanding for the Brazilian Army is undoubtedly the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) by virtue of being the longest mission, with the increased use of effective military, and because the Brazilian Army lead the coordination and control of military activities among nations that provide troops for the mission. The activities of MINUSTAH began in June 2004 with the objective of stabilizing the country, pacify and disarm guerrillas and rebel groups, promote free and informed elections and enable institutional and economic development of Haiti. The mission is made up of Argentina troops, Benin, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Ecuador, Spain, France, Guatemala, India, Jordan, Morocco, Nepal, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, United States and Uruguay, which It provides an exchange and sharing of experiences to the Brazilian military. Together with other Brazilian effective the nations also includes the largest number of military police employees in Haiti, with a total of nineteen military police. Since 2006 they are incorporated into military troop female, a fact that had never occurred in the Brazilian Armed Forces. Since the beginning of the mission were 38 deaths of members. The most serious incident

9 occurred in 2010, due to an earthquake that caused the death of 18 soldiers of the Brazilian Army, a military police officer and a civilian also members of MINUSTAH, and Brazilian Luiz Carlos da Costa, who held the position of vice -chairman particular the UN Secretary General. Serious problems encountered in the country by MINUSTAH, such as state failure, armed groups practicing violence, poverty and lack of basic hygiene and health, human rights abuses, poor socioeconomic status, social inequalities and the unemployment are factors which greatly affect the activities for the restructuring of the country. In addition, much of the humanitarian aid which was originally scheduled for the effective rebuilding of the country was not consolidated. The experiences that have been described briefly raised the operational capacity of the Brazilian Armed Forces and enabled the spread of knowledge about the troop of employment and making it possible to expand the military leadership in Latin America with regard to peacekeeping missions. In addition to these missions undertaken by the Brazilian Armed Forces, was the outstanding participation in operations under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS), in which the Brazilian army was employed in the Inter-American Peace Force, set up to intervene in the political crisis in the Dominican Republic (1965 to 1966). The Inter-American Force of Brazil (FAIBRAS) was comprised of an effective of a reinforced battalion, with troops of the Navy, the MOMEP, as had already been the subject of comment and the Assistance Mission for Mine Clearance (MARMINCA) that prepared and employed specialized military personnel in demining work, supervising the cleaning of mined areas in Central America like Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The Brazilian Army helped in this mission through military who acted as instructors and as cleaning supervisors minefields. In May 2013 he was appointed commander of the Military Forces of the Stabilization United Nations Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) Brazilian General Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz. The MONUSCO was created in July 2010 to suppress the activities of paramilitary groups branched in the country after the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, as the March 23 Movement (M23). More than 4 million deaths had been recorded in the Congo between 1996 and 2003, according to the UN. The military of the Brazilian Army has the task of leading a Standby Brigade composed of more than 2,000 soldiers.

10 All these missions have contributed in a significant way to improve the operability of the Brazilian troops, and especially for the establishment of peace in friendly nations. 4. Exercise sets and doctrinal exchanges conducted by the Brazilian Army Due to this experience the Brazilian Army has promoted various activities of operational training and joint exercises with the participation of the armed forces of friendly nations and several doctrinal exchanges, including courses, internships and meetings, since it is recognized excellence demonstrated by the troops and observers in these missions. Initially termed as United Forces the first exercise was structured in a Strength framework of Peace, held in a hypothetical situation with the aid of computers, are created various types of simulated incidents involving troops, civilians and other participants. As an introduction to exercise and to subsidize and even the knowledge of participants are conducted seminars on different topics related matters with the UN and Peacekeeping Operations. In 1997, the Brazilian Army has made all the coordination, planning and development of the event, based on the experience lived in Angola, through an exercise conducted at the School of General Staff of the Army Command (ECEME), in Rio de Janeiro. SUR 99 was the name adopted in 1999 to exercise together, which was held in the Bolivian capital, a situation planned by the Southern Command of the US Army. From the year 2000 it was conducted a symposium Peace Forces in Santiago, Chile, in order to replace the exercise United Forces, which has become biannual. The exercise called Operation Cruzeiro do Sul, it was conceived at the initiative of Argentina in 1996 to provide the general staff planning levels Grande Unit - GU (level Brigade) and Unit - U (level Battalion), facilitating integration between the members of a Combined Peace Force (F Peace CBN) and strengthening the bonds of friendship in the MERCOSUR context. The exercise was held in Brazil in 1997, with the presence of troops on the ground and saw the participation of Uruguay. In 1998, the exercise was of frames (senior military), Argentina, with the participation of Paraguay. Returning the

11 operational responsibility of the Brazilian Army in 1999, through seminars aimed to exchange experience regarding the peace maintenance operations and planning in the levels of Great Unity and units. Note easily the difference between the SUR 99 exercise and the Southern Cross operation since the former is in a brigade command and the second is formed through a regional command, simulating the deployment of UN troops in Angola. And in 2000 the year was consisting command post with several simulated incidents. In addition to these exercises, in 1998, by virtue of a bilateral conference staffs between the armies of Argentina and Brazil, it was established that would be held annually in rotation, a combined exercise support humanitarian communities on the occasion of natural disasters. The Iguaçu Operation - 1, occurred in 1999, through an exercise in the city of Posadas, Argentina, which was attended by the military of the 2nd Mechanized Cavalry Regiment and the general staff of the 1st Brigade Mechanized Cavalry, operationalising humanitarian assistance through the simulation of widespread flooding in the common border. In 1997 and 1998, the Army participated in South America and in Britain seminars of subjects related to Peacekeeping Operations. Through an exchange of experts in peacekeeping operations with the Army of the United States in 1999, issues were discussed as demining, relationships with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and doctrinal concepts. The Land Operations Command (COTER) is the military organization responsible for the preparation of Brazilian troops intended to peace keeping missions, as preparation of references to UN Guidelines and the Standard Instruction Program, among other documents. The estimated time is about three months, divided into individual instruction (frames, cables and soldiers) and training to prepare soldiers for the mission. Internationally - The trend points to the occurrence of the concession by the United Nations mandates for regional organizations to conduct peacekeeping operations, with the likely increase of delegated missions to coalitions of member states, as was the

12 case of the mission to the INTERFET; or regional bodies, with the consequent reduction in the control of operations by the United Nations. UN peacekeeping missions involving troop jobs tend to be reduced, due to the high costs and difficulties in providing definitive results. However the individual employment mission as military observers, for now do not show signs of narrowing. Because of its universality, legitimacy and expertise through more than 50 years of similar operations should continue to be conducted, the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. The Division of Peace Mission (Div Mis Peace) was named first as Training Center and Evaluation Brazilian Army Peace Missions (CEPAEB), and is subordinated directly to the Land Operations Command (COTER), integrating the 1st Subchefia State - Increased the Army, which is responsible for the preparation of the Land Force. In 2005, in the city of Rio de Janeiro - RJ, created the Training Center of Peacekeeping Operations (CI Op Paz) and Div Mis Peace gradually passed their missions related to education and the preparation for that new center, fitting the Div Mis Paz, among others, the activities of mobilization of troops, guidelines for the preparation, monitoring and support of peacekeeping missions in progress, planning of new peace missions, doctrinal proposals and demobilization of troops. In 2006, the Mis Div Peace went to the 3rd Subchefia of the General Staff of the Army and later this year the CEPAEB was definitely extinct Framework Planned positions (QCP) of the Land Operations Command. Aiming to provide the Brazilian Army of appropriate structures for effective participation in peacekeeping missions, Div Mis Peace was created as the result of measures and guidelines issued by the Army Command due to the long history of Earth Force in successful participation of these missions. It is currently the organism that focus efforts and the logistical and administrative coordination of quotas and individual missions. When the first contingent of Brazilian troops were being prepared for employment in missions abroad, fell to perform your own preparation. Later, the 5th Subchefia of the General Staff of the Army was in charge of planning this training and trainings.

13 Through Resolution 44/49 of the United Nations General Assembly - ASNU, of December 08, 1989 on the "Comprehensive Review of the Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Its Aspects", Member States were encouraged to organize programs of training for military and civilian personnel to be employed in peacekeeping operations. Given that the Brazilian Army, the most significant tax within the Brazilian armed forces of this kind of mission, created in 2005, the Training Center for Peacekeeping Operations. As a result of the United Nations Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti (MINUSTAH), the CI Op Paz started its activities in order to carry out the preparation of the then Brigade Haiti, 3rd contingent, composed of the Reverse Split Units School - 9th Brigade of Motorized Infantry. After its establishment, the quotas from the third even started to prepare and to be employed in the light of Ch. 7 of the Charter of the United Nations, consistent with the mandate of MINUSTAH, producing significant changes in the behavior of troops on the ground. On June 15, 2010, decree No. 952-MD, of the same date means the Instruction Center of Peacekeeping Operations (CIOpPaz), the Brazilian Army for the preparation of Brazilian military and civilians and friendly nations to be sent in peacekeeping missions and changes its name to Peace Operations Joint Center of Brazil (CCOPAB). The UN Mission for Stabilization of Haiti (MINUSTAH) was established in February 2004 to restore security and institutional normality in the country after repeated episodes of political and violent turmoil, which culminated in the then-departing president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, to exile. With that Brazil received the command of the peacekeeping force in Haiti, which are made up of troops from 15 other countries, keeping the island an approximate effective two thousand peacekeepers. However, only recently that Brazil has assumed coordination tasks and military command of important operations such as in Haiti (2004) and Lebanon (2011), which brought prestige to the country's foreign policy, increasing the Brazilian projection on the world stage. It was established by the United Nations (UN) on 29 May, at the General Assembly by Resolution 57/129 of 24 February 2003, as a way to annually honor all the men and women who have served and continue to serve in Peacekeeping operations, the

14 International Day of Peacekeepers United Nations, for its high level of professionalism, dedication and courage, and to honor those who lost their lives for peace. This date was chosen because on May 29, 1948, by Resolution No. 50/1948, the Security Council authorized the establishment of the first operation of the United Nations Peacekeeping. 5. Constitutional aspects, diplomatic, political and national defense The constitutional basis for the use of Brazilian troops in UN peacekeeping missions was constitutionalized in the Brazilian Federal Constitution, which was enacted in The Brazilian participation in peacekeeping missions of the United Nations, is only authorized when some constraints are met. The main of these charges relates to acceptance by countries or factions involved in a conflict, the presence of military observers or foreign troops within its own territory. Article 4 of the 1988 Federal Constitution considers the following requirements are met in order to allow the authorization by the Brazilian government, sending troops to peacekeeping missions: "Article 4. The Federative Republic of Brazil are governed in its international relations the following principles: I - national independence; II - prevalence of human rights; III - self-determination; IV - non-intervention; V - equality among States; VI - defense of peace; VII - peaceful settlement of conflicts; VIII - repudiation of terrorism and racism; IX - cooperation among peoples for the progress of humanity; X - granting of political asylum. Single paragraph. The Federative Republic of Brazil shall seek economic integration, political, social and cultural development of peoples of Latin America, viewing the formation of a Latin American community of nations. "

15 That certain conduct by law for the performance of Brazilian foreign policy has been adopted long ago. The increase of national prominence on the world stage through the participation in peacekeeping missions has brought growing prestige to foreign policy and the Brazilian Army. This Brazilian Foreign Policy on Peacekeeping Operations activities is based on the national defense policy, according to the guidelines for participation in International Peace Operations, in accordance with the interests of the Brazilian State, and is guided by the following guidelines: The Principles of Peacekeeping Operations to the Brazilian State define that peacekeeping operations are considered useful tools to resolve conflicts and to help promote the political and diplomatic negotiations, but can not and should not want to replace them, since the final solutions always depend on the political will among the parties to the conflict. An Operation Peace, when established, should avoid the discussion of problems and responsibilities, and should be governed by principles of impartiality, the minimum application of force, to negotiate with all parties involved and intermediation in finding solutions. The Brazilian Experiences in Peace Operations by sending unarmed military observers or by inserting lightly armed troops in conflagrated areas contribute to the efforts of international peacekeeping organizations so that the objectives are met to develop the best conditions for full restoration regional peace and to monitor the ceasefire between the parties.

16 REFERENCES: BRAZIL. Federal Constitution. Sao Paulo: RT Complementary Law 97/1999. Brasilia: Staff, President's Office, AGUILAR, Sergio Luiz Cruz. The participation of Brazil in peacekeeping operations: past, present and future. Brasiliana - Journal for Brazilian Studies, [Sl], vol. 3, n. 2, p , sea ISSN 2245 to Available at: < index.php/bras/article/view/20231/18133>. Date accessed: 14 June ZIEL, Eduardo; VARGAS, John Twenty Years Wandering (But Not in the Desert.): Brazil's absence from UN peacekeeping. Brasiliana - Journal for Brazilian Studies, [S. L.], vol. 3, n. 2, p. 6-31, sea ISSN 2245 to Available at: < ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/bras/ article / view / 19887>. Date accessed: 14 June Date accessed: 14 June Date accessed: 14 June Date accessed: 14 June Date accessed: 14 June Date accessed: 14 June 2015.