CIRUS. DHRUVA A Milestone in Indigenous Development of Technology

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2 APSARA It was the first ever reactor built in the whole of Asia, outside the erstwhile Soviet Union, at that time. Designing, building and operating this 1 MWt reactor provided very valuable experience and it instilled immense confidence in Indian scientists and engineers. Page 2 of 8

3 CIRUS DHRUVA A Milestone in Indigenous Development of Technology DHRUVA is a 100 MWt research reactor, with heavy water as coolant, moderator and reflector. It is fuelled with natural uranium in metallic form, which is clad with aluminium. The design, construction, commissioning and operation of DHRUVA was a completely indigenous effort. In addition to the engineers and scientists of DAE, several government institutions and public sector and private industrial organizations in the country participated in the effort. Department of Atomic Energy Directly under the Prime Minister of India Formed : 3 August 1954; 64 years ago Headquarters : Mumbai, Maharashtra, India DAE comprises five research centres, three industrial organisations, five public sector undertakings and three service organisations. Enhancing the share of nuclear power in the Power Sector by deployment of indigenous and other proven technologies Building and operating of research reactors The work on the first nuclear power project was commenced at Tarapur, Maharashtra (TAPS-1 & 2) in 1964 and the reactor type chosen was Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). Page 3 of 8

4 For Tarapur, all the components of the power plant and nuclear fuel were imported and the role of Indian industries was limited to construction, erection and service contracts. The second nuclear power station Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) consisting of two units, RAPS- 1 and RAPS-2, was taken up as a joint Indo-Canadian venture in the late sixties, at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Canada furnished nuclear designs and also supplied all the main equipment for the first unit. India retained responsibility for construction, installation and commissioning activities. For the second unit (RAPS-2), manufacture of components was taken up in India and the import content was reduced considerably. Canada withdrew support for the plant in 1974 due to the Pokhran tests and Indian engineers carried out remainder of the design work, construction and commissioning of the unit. Lalit Mansingh was secretary (west) in the external affairs ministry in May 1998 when India conducted five nuclear tests on May 11 and 13, 1998, at the Pokhran range in Rajasthan. Immediately after the tests, the US suspended foreign secretary-level talks; over the following two years, it put more than 200 Indian entities under the sanctions list. Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) consisting of two units, MAPS-1 and MAPS-2, at Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, India had started carrying out all facets of the work. A notable number of design changes were incorporated at MAPS. NPCIL The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation of India based in Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India (DAE). NPCIL was created in September 1987 Objective : undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act 1962 BHAVINI (Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam) in October India Structure Main Features of India's Nuclear Doctrine a) Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent. b) A "No First Use" posture; nuclear weapons to be used only "in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere". c) Nuclear retaliation to a first strike will be "massive" and designed to inflict "unacceptable damage". d) Nuclear retaliatory attacks to be authorized only by civilian political leadership through the Nuclear Command Authority. e) Non use of nuclear weapons against non nuclear weapon states. Page 4 of 8

5 CTBT The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is the Treaty banning all nuclear explosions - everywhere, by everyone. The Treaty was negotiated at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. The CTBT is the last barrier on the way to develop nuclear weapons. It curbs the development of new nuclear weapons and the improvement of existing nuclear weapon designs. When the Treaty enters into force it provides a legally binding norm against nuclear testing. The Treaty also helps prevent human suffering and environmental damages caused by nuclear testing. India, North Korea and Pakistan have not yet signed the Treaty. Three countries have carried out nuclear explosions after the 1996: India and Pakistan in 1998, and the Democratic People s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in 2006 and NPT The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Safeguards are used to verify compliance with the Treaty through inspections conducted by the IAEA. The Treaty promotes cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear technology and equal access to this technology for all States parties, while safeguards prevent the diversion of fissile material for weapons use. NSG The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of Guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports. The NSG waiver lifts an over three-decade, US-led world embargo on civilian nuclear trade with India that was imposed after the country first exploded a nuclear device in The waiver means India now has the legal right, under the world nuclear regulatory regime, to trade for civilian nuclear fuel and technology. India is desperate to import advanced technology and nuclear fuel. Its 22 existing nuclear power plants are reportedly operating at 40 percent or less capacity and its own uranium reserves are very limited. Page 5 of 8

6 NUCLEAR LIABILITY LAW The Act aims to provide a civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no fault liability to the operator. The Bill defines nuclear incidents and nuclear damage, nuclear fuel, material and nuclear installations, and also operators of nuclear installations.. It lays down who will be liable for nuclear damage, and the financial limit of the liability for a nuclear incident. It creates authorities who will assess claims and distribute compensation in cases of nuclear damage. It also specifies who can claim compensation for nuclear damage, and how compensation can be claimed and distributed. It specifies penalties for not complying with the provisions of the Bill, or any directions issued under i In 2014, India and Australia signed a civil nuclear agreement which allows the export of uranium to India. This was signed in New Delhi during Australian Prime MinisterTony Abbott S meeting with the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 4 September Australia is the third largest producer of uranium in the world. The agreement allows supply of uranium for peaceful generation of power for civil use in India. India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi and UK Prime Minister David Cameron signed Civil Nuclear Agreement on 12 Nov, In November 2016 Japan signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with India. Japanese nuclear plant builderssaw this as potential lifeline given that domestic orders had ended following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and India is proposing to build about 20 new reactors over the next decade. India ratifies Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC). The CSC is a convention that allows for increasing the compensation amount in the event of a nuclear incident through public funds pooled in by contracting parties based on their own installed nuclear capacities. It entered into force on April 15, The move has been among steps that the U.S. government and private nuclear suppliers GE and Westinghouse have been demanding before they conclude any talks on setting up nuclear reactors in India after they raised concerns over two sections of the Indian law. Page 6 of 8

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8 Recent Developments After successful commissioning of Kudankulam units 1 & 2, an agreement was made with Russia in June 2017 for the units 5 & 6 ( MW) with an estimated cost of INR 250 million (3.85 million US$) per MW.[49][50] Earlier, India had also entered in to an agreement with Russia in October 2016 for the units 3 & 4 ( MW) with an estimated cost of INR 200 million (3.08 million US$) per MW.[49] On 3 June, India test-fired its Agni-V missile from a missile base in Hyderabad. Agni-V is a long-range nuclear missile capable of hitting most of Asia, Africa, and Europe. India Japan civil nuclear deal was passed. Areva, GE, Westing house are close to bankruptcy and their Japanese investors like Toshiba, Hitachi and Mitsubishi are also not doing good. Page 8 of 8