LABOR RELATIONS LAW: CASES AND MATERIALS

Transcription

1 LABOR RELATIONS LAW: CASES AND MATERIALS Thirteenth Edition Theodore J. St. Antoine James E. & Sarah A. Degan Professor Emeritus University of Michigan Charles B. Craver Freda H. Alverson Professor of Law The George Washington University Marion G. Crain Wiley B. Rutledge Professor of Law and Vice Provost Washington University in St. Louis

2 Copyright 2016 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved ISBN: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: St. Antoine, Theodore J., author. Craver, Charles B., author. Crain, Marion G., author. Title: Labor relations law : cases and materials / Theodore J. St. Antoine, Charles B. Craver, Marion G. Crain. Description: Thirteenth edition. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, Identifiers: LCCN (print) LCCN (ebook) ISBN (hardbound) ISBN (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Labor laws and legislation United States Cases. Industrial relations United States. Classification: LCC KF3368.L (print) LCC KF3368 (ebook) DDC dc23 LC record available at Carolina Academic Press, LLC 700 Kent Street Durham, NC Telephone (919) Fax (919) Printed in the United States of America (2016 Pub.3075)

3 Preface to the Thirteenth Edition The last several decades have seen an explosive growth in the law governing the workplace. Even the name of the subject has changed at some schools from Labor Relations Law to Labor and Employment Law or Work Law to reflect the expanding governmental regulation of employer-employee relations, as distinct from traditional union-management relations. Although some professors still try to include both labor relations law and employment law within the same course, most law schools have created separate courses covering Employment Discrimination Law, Individual Employment Rights, and Fringe Benefit Law. We agree with this trend, because we believe there is a substantial risk of superficiality and a lack of focus if someone tries to include all of these areas in a single three- or four-hour offering. We also think that those two almost unique American institutions the representative labor union and the collective bargaining process as they have evolved in this country deserve study in a setting in which they occupy the center stage. Like its predecessors, the thirteenth edition of this casebook is designed for an intensive examination of the union-management relationship throughout its major phases. Kind words from many readers, both faculty members and students, have indicated that the structure of recent editions has been conducive to that purpose. We begin with a focus on the right of employees to join together for organizational purposes, regulation of the union organizing process, development of bargaining relationships, the negotiation of collective agreements, including resort to economic weapons, and the enforcement of those agreements. A brief section addressing the law governing internal union affairs follows. We conclude with a section exploring what unions might do to remain relevant in our post-industrial economy, critiquing the existing law, and suggesting possible reforms. As in the past, we have tried to respond generously to the most significant current developments in the field, while simultaneously providing a set of materials that will be truly manageable in the usual three- or four-hour courses. For this revision, we will continue our practice of publishing a biennial softbound supplement to keep the book upto-date. We must finally express our appreciation to Kat Pearlstein and Corey Biller whose capable and conscientious research assistance contributed substantially to this revision, and to Rachel Mance for her expert technical assistance. Theodore J. St. Antoine Ann Arbor, Michigan Charles B. Craver Washington, D.C. Marion G. Crain St. Louis, Missouri iii

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5 Part One INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.. 1 UNION RELEVANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY Charles B. Craver, Why Labor Unions Must (and Can) Survive Marion Crain & Ken Matheny, Labor s Identity Crisis Note Sec. I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND A. THE PRE-CIVIL WAR PERIOD Early Development of Labor Unions The Criminal Conspiracy Doctrine Philadelphia Cordwainers Case [Commonwealth v. Pullis] B. THE POST-CIVIL WAR ERA The Growth of National Unions and Labor Unrest Judicial Reaction and the Labor Injunction Labor Unions from 1900 to C. THE PERIOD SINCE The Initial New Deal Labor Policies The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Union Growth Under the Wagner Act: The CIO and Industrial Unions The Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act), The Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (Landrum-Griffin Act), Organized Labor from the 1970s to the Present Sec. II. INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS A. COVERAGE OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT Scope of the Concept Affecting Commerce NLRB Exercise of Its Jurisdiction NLRB, A GUIDE TO BASIC LAW AND PROCEDURES UNDER THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT Exclusions from Coverage a. Independent Contractors HOUSE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR b. Supervisory and Managerial Employees c. Other Exclusions B. ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD C. NLRB RULE-MAKING AUTHORITY v

6 Part Two ORGANIZATION AND REPRESENTATION OF EMPLOYEES SEMINAR ON FREE SPEECH AND PREELECTION CONDUCT, SOUTHWESTERN LEGAL FOUNDATION, LABOR LAW DEVELOPMENTS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL INSTITUTE ON LABOR LAW BERNARD KARSH, DIARY OF A STRIKE Sec. I. THE RIGHT OF SELF-ORGANIZATION; PROTECTION AGAINST EMPLOYER UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES A. EMPLOYER INTERFERENCE, RESTRAINT, OR COERCION Limiting Organizational Activities on Employer s Premises Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB Notes NLRB v. United Steelworkers [Nutone, Inc.] Note Anti-union Speeches and Publications Notes NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co Notes May Department Stores Co Note Interrogation Blue Flash Express, Inc Notes Economic Coercion and Inducement NLRB v. Exchange Parts Co Notes Violence, Intimidation, Espionage, and Surveillance Employer Responsibility for Anti-Union Conduct of Subordinates and Others B. EMPLOYER DOMINATION OR SUPPORT Note International Ladies Garment Workers Union v. NLRB [Bernhard-Altmann Texas Corp.] Notes C. EMPLOYER DISCRIMINATION General Considerations; Problems of Proof STATUTORY REFERENCES Problems Notes Discrimination to Encourage Union Membership a. Hiring Halls and Other Practices vi

7 International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 357 v. NLRB Notes United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners Local 60 v. NLRB Notes b. Union Security Under Federal Legislation STATUTORY REFERENCES NLRB v. General Motors Corp Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Notes Ellis v. Brotherhood of Railway, Airline & Steamship Clerks Notes c. State Right-to-Work Legislation STATUTORY REFERENCE Retail Clerks, Local 1625 v. Schermerhorn Notes Retail Clerks International Ass n, Local 1625 v. Schermerhorn Protected Concerted Activities and Employer Response a. Concerted Activity on Social Media Note b. Employer Work Rules and Policies Potentially Restricting 7 Activity c. Arbitration Clauses Prohibiting Class Actions d. Constructive Concerted Activity NLRB v. City Disposal Systems Notes e. Weingarten Rights NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc Notes f. Loss of Protection Due to Unlawful Objective or Unlawful Means Elk Lumber Co Notes Mastro Plastics Corp. v. NLRB Notes g. Use of Replacement Workers During Strikes NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co Notes Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Independent Federation of Flight Attendants vii

8 Notes Lockouts, Plant Closings, and Runaway Shops NLRB v. Truck Drivers, Local 449, International Brotherhood of Teamsters [Buffalo Linen Case] NLRB v. Brown Notes American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB Notes NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc Notes Textile Workers Union v. Darlington Mfg. Co Notes Remedial Problems Clear Pine Mouldings, Inc Notes Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB Notes Sec. II. REPRESENTATION QUESTIONS A. ESTABLISHING REPRESENTATIVE STATUS THROUGH NLRB ELECTIONS STATUTORY REFERENCES NLRB, TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT NLRB, FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT Notes Bars to Conducting an Election NLRB, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Notes Defining the Appropriate Unit NLRB, THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Notes a. Multiple Plant Units NLRB, SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Notes b. Multiple Employer Units NLRB, TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. NLRB Notes The Conduct of Representation Elections NLRB, THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT Notes NLRB, THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT viii

9 Notes Court Review of Representation Proceedings Leedom v. Kyne Notes B. ESTABLISHING REPRESENTATIVE STATUS THROUGH UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE PROCEEDINGS NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co Notes Linden Lumber Division, Summer & Co. v. NLRB Note C. DURATION OF THE DUTY TO BARGAIN Brooks v. NLRB Notes Auciello Iron Works, Inc. v. NLRB Notes NLRB v. Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc Notes American Seating Co Note International Ladies Garment Workers Union Local 57 v. NLRB [Garwin Corp.] Part Three UNION COLLECTIVE ACTION SELIG PERLMAN, A THEORY OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT Neil W. Chamberlain, The Philosophy of American Management Toward Labor, in LABOR IN A CHANGING AMERICA LLOYD G. REYNOLDS, STANLEY H. MASTERS & COLLETTA H. MOSER, LABOR ECONOMICS AND LABOR RELATIONS Sec. I. INTRODUCTION A. COLLECTIVE ACTION AT COMMON LAW B. ANTI-INJUNCTION STATUTES Marine Cooks & Stewards v. Panama S.S. Co Notes Sec. II. UNION DISCIPLINE NLRB v. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Notes NLRB v. Boeing Co Note Pattern Makers League of North America v. NLRB Notes Sec. III. ORGANIZATIONAL AND RECOGNITIONAL PICKETING NLRB v. Drivers, Chauffeurs, Helpers, Local 639 [Curtis Bros.] ix

10 Note International Hod Carriers Local 840 [Blinne Construction Co.] Note Smitley, d/b/a Crown Cafeteria v. NLRB Notes Houston Building & Construction Trades Council [Claude Everett Construction Co.] Notes Sec. IV. SECONDARY PRESSURE Notes A. PRIMARY-SECONDARY DISTINCTION NLRB v. International Rice Milling Co Notes B. COMMON SITUS PROBLEMS Sailors Union of the Pacific & Moore Dry Dock Co Notes NLRB v. Denver Building & Construction Trades Council Notes International Union of Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers, Local 761, AFL-CIO v. NLRB [General Electric Co.] Notes Building & Construction Trades Council of New Orleans [Markwell & Hartz, Inc.] Notes C. THE ALLY DOCTRINE NLRB v. Business Machine & Offıce Appliance Mechanics Conference Board, IUE, Local 459 [Royal Typewriter Co.] Notes D. CONSUMER PICKETING NLRB v. Retail Clerks, Local 1001 [Safeco Title Insurance Co.] Note E. THREATS AND COERCION OF SECONDARY EMPLOYERS NLRB v. Servette, Inc Notes Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Florida Gulf Coast Building Trades Council Notes F. HOT CARGO AGREEMENTS United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners, Local 1976 v. NLRB [Sand Door] Notes x

11 Connell Construction Co. v. Plumbers Local Notes Labor and Antitrust Amalgamated Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen Local 189 v. Jewel Tea Co United Mine Workers v. Pennington Note National Woodwork Manufacturers Ass n v. NLRB NLRB v. International Longshoremen s Ass n Notes G. DAMAGES FOR UNLAWFUL SECONDARY ACTIVITY United Mine Workers, District 28 v. Patton Notes Sec. V. JURISDICTIONAL DISPUTES NLRB, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT NLRB v. Radio & Television Broadcast Engineers Local 1212 (CBS). 435 Notes Sec. VI. FEATHERBEDDING American Newspaper Publishers Ass n v. NLRB Sec. VII. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT PREEMPTION San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon Notes Amalgamated Ass n of Street, Electric Railway & Motor Coach Employees of America v. Lockridge Notes International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 24 v. Oliver Lodge 76, Int l Ass n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Brown Notes Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts Note Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. San Diego County Dist. Council of Carpenters Notes Belknap, Inc. v. Hale Notes Part Four COLLECTIVE BARGAINING ALBERT REES, THE ECONOMICS OF TRADE UNIONS FREEMAN & MEDOFF, THE TWO FACES OF UNIONISM, IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST xi

12 Notes Sec. I. THE DUTY TO BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY A. EXCLUSIVE REPRESENTATION AND MAJORITY RULE J. I. Case Co. v. NLRB Notes Emporium Capwell Co. v. Western Addition Community Organization Notes B. THE NATURE OF THE DUTY TO BARGAIN Good Faith LABOR STUDY GROUP, THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN NATIONAL LABOR POLICY General Electric Co Note NLRB v. General Electric Co Notes NLRB v. American National Insurance Co Notes NLRB v. Insurance Agents International Union General Electric Co. v. NLRB Notes Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. NLRB Notes Bargaining Remedies H. K. Porter Co. v. NLRB Notes Ex-Cell-O Corp Notes Unilateral Action NLRB v. Katz Notes Supplying Information NLRB v. Truitt Manufacturing Co NLRB v. Acme Indus. Co Notes C. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING NLRB v. Wooster Division of Borg-Warner Corp Notes Allied Chemical & Alkali Workers Local 1 v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Notes xii

13 Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. NLRB Notes First National Maintenance Corp. v. NLRB Notes Dubuque Packing Co Notes D. THE DUTY TO BARGAIN DURING A CONTRACT S TERM The Jacobs Manufacturing Co Notes NLRB v. Lion Oil Co Notes Sec. II. THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT ARCHIBALD COX, LAW AND THE NATIONAL LABOR POLICY A. THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT Note B. THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT THROUGH THE GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE AND ARBITRATION LABOR STUDY GROUP, THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN NATIONAL LABOR POLICY The Grievance Procedure Voluntary Arbitration a. Interest Arbitration b. Grievance Arbitration Arbitration Under the Railway Labor Act Note C. JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT The Enforcement of Voluntary Arbitration Agreements a. At Common Law b. State Arbitration Statutes c. Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills Notes Retail Clerks International Ass n v. Lion Dry Goods, Inc Note United Steelworkers v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co United Steelworkers v. American Mfg. Co Notes AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America xiii

14 Granite Rock Co. v. Int l Bhd. of Teamsters Notes Nolde Bros. v. Bakery & Confectionery Workers Local Notes United Steelworkers v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp Note Major League Baseball Players Ass n v. Garvey Notes United Paperworkers International Union v. Misco, Inc Notes Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers District Notes The Enforcement of Strike Bans and the Effect of Norris-La Guardia FELIX FRANKFURTER & NATHAN GREENE, THE LABOR INJUNCTION Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers, Local 174 v. Lucas Flour Co Notes Boys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Local Notes Buffalo Forge Co. v. United Steelworkers Notes Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Reis Notes D. CONTRACT RIGHTS AND STATUTORY RIGHTS OVERLAPPING LAW AND FORUMS Within the Federal System a. Unilateral Contract Modification Cases NLRB v. C & C Plywood Corp Notes Milwaukee Spring Division of Illinois Coil Spring Co Notes b. Contract Rejection in Bankruptcy NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco Notes c. Deference to Arbitration Collyer Insulated Wire Notes Carey v. Westinghouse Electric Corp xiv

15 Notes Smith v. Evening News Ass n Notes d. Union Waiver of Individual Statutory Forum Rights Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co Notes Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp Notes Wright v. Universal Maritime Serv. Corp Notes Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett Notes Section 301 Preemption and State Claims Lingle v. Norge Division of Magic Chef, Inc Notes Livadas v. Bradshaw Notes E. SUCCESSOR EMPLOYERS CONTRACTUAL AND BARGAINING OBLIGATIONS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston Notes NLRB v. Burns International Security Services, Inc Howard Johnson Co. v. Detroit Local Joint Executive Board Notes Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB Notes Sec. III. FAIR REPRESENTATION AND INDIVIDUAL CONTRACT RIGHTS Archibald Cox, The Duty of Fair Representation Clyde W. Summers, Individual Rights in Collective Agreements and Arbitration A. JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT OF FAIR REPRESENTATION Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Notes Defining the Duty Vaca v. Sipes Notes Air Line Pilots Ass n, Int l v. O Neill Notes Relationship to Contract Breach Hines v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc Notes xv

16 Clayton v. International Union, United Automobile Workers Notes Glover v. St. Louis-San Francisco R. Co Notes B. UNFAIR REPRESENTATION AS AN UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE Teamsters (Ind.) Local 553 (Miranda Fuel Co., Inc.) Notes C. UNION REPRESENTATION AND ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW An Overview of Title VII The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Areas of Tension Between Labor Law and Antidiscrimination Law. 838 a. Sexual and Racial Harassment by Coworkers b. Individual Requests for Accommodation Under the ADA Part Five INTERNAL UNION AFFAIRS Archibald Cox, Internal Affairs of Labor Unions Under the Labor Reform Act of A. THE BILL OF RIGHTS CLYDE W. SUMMERS, THE IMPACT OF LANDRUM-GRIFFIN IN STATE COURTS, in N.Y.U. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON LABOR Directors Guild of America, Inc. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County B. REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE PROVISIONS HOUSE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR C. TRUSTEESHIPS AND PARENT-LOCAL RELATIONS D. THE REGULATION OF RACKETEERING AND COMMUNIST ACTIVITY Part Six LAW S ROLE IN LABOR S DECLINE Sec. I. THE OSSIFIED LABOR LAW Cynthia L. Estlund, The Ossification of American Labor Law Notes Sec. II. EMPLOYER RESISTANCE TO UNIONIZATION AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING The Failure of Labor Law A Betrayal of American Workers Notes John Logan, Consultants, Lawyers, and the Union Free Movement in the USA Since the 1970s Notes xvi

17 Paul Weiler, Promises to Keep: Securing Workers Rights to Self- Organization Under the NLRA Notes Sec. III. ECONOMIC WEAPONS AND THE BALANCE OF POWER A. THE MACKAY RADIO DOCTRINE Charles B. Craver, The National Labor Relations Act Must Be Revised to Preserve Industrial Democracy Notes B. RESTRICTIONS ON SECONDARY PRESSURE PAUL WEILER, GOVERNING THE WORKPLACE: THE FUTURE OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT LAW Notes Sec. IV. THE REPRESENTATION GAP AND EMPLOYEE VOICE AT WORK A. SECTION 8(A)(2) AND EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT PROGRAMS Bruce E. Kaufman, The Employee Participation/Representation Gap: An Assessment and Proposed Solution Michael C. Harper, The Continuing Relevance of Section 8(a)(2) to the Contemporary Workplace Notes B. THE EXCLUSIVITY AND MAJORITY RULE DOCTRINES AS BARRIERS TO VOICE Molly S. McUsic & Michael Selmi, Postmodern Unions: Identity Politics in the Workplace Marion Crain & Ken Matheny, Labor s Divided Ranks : Privilege and the United Front Ideology Notes Table of Cases TC-1 Index I-1 xvii

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