Chapter 20: The Kennedy and Johnson Years 1960-1968 Section 1: Kennedy and the Cold War (pages 616-622) I. Kennedy Defeats Nixon When Kennedy took office, he faced the spread of abroad and the threat of war. His enthusiasm and commitment to change offered hope the challenges of the Cold War could be met. A. John F. Kennedy won a close presidential election in 1960, defeating Richard M.. II. Kennedy Launches New Cold War Strategies A. Kennedy launched a new Cold War strategy. 1. He built up both conventional and special forces. 2. He created a flexible response policy. 3. He developed the to improve relations with countries. 4. He created the. B. As ambassadors of American goodwill, the Peace Corps sent American volunteers to developing nations to assist with such services as and. III. Confronting Communism in Cuba A. The sudden threat of and Communism in nearby Cuba led to two major confrontations. 1. Bay of Pigs invasion a. In April, 1961 the United States invaded Cuba s Bay of Pigs. b. Conceived by the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro, the invasion involved Cuban who had fled Castro s rule and settled in the United States. The Bay of Pigs mission. c. Kennedy took for the mission s failure. 2. Cuban Missile Crisis a. In 1962, American intelligence agencies photographed Soviet nuclear missile installations in. 1
b. The missiles at these Cuban sites threatened major in the United States. c. To resolve the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy worked 1. In public, in a television address, Kennedy blamed Khrushchev for reckless action that threatened. Kennedy initiated a U.S. naval of Cuba. 2. Behind the scenes, Kennedy told the Soviets that the United States would remove U.S. missiles from if the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba. B. After six tense days, the Soviets backed off. 1. Nikita Khrushchev agreed to honor the blockade and the missiles. 2. The crisis prompted the two leaders to establish a period of. They set up a hot line between Washington, D.C. and Moscow to improve communication. B. In 1963 the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and thirty-six other countries signed the first Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1. This treaty ended nuclear testing. IV. The Berlin Crisis A. Disagreement over Berlin led to the building of the Berlin Wall. 1. Khrushchev insisted the U.S. end its military presence in. 2. Kennedy refused. C. Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall East and West Berlin. D. In response to Khrushchev s actions, Kennedy requested a large in military spending. 1. He also sent 1,500 more U.S. soldiers to West Berlin. E. The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the gulf between the West and the East. Section 2: Kennedy s New Frontier (pages 623-627) I. The Kennedy Style President Kennedy had a special style that made him seem different from other politicians. The new First 2
Family charmed Americans with their. A. Kennedy promised America a. 1. He pledged to create opportunity and expand and. 2. He also wanted to jump-start the program. II. Kennedy s Domestic Program A. Some of President Kennedy s New Frontier proposals succeeded. Kennedy was able to: 1. Increase the wage 2. Extend benefits 3. Improve the system 4. Pass the first for men and women B. However, a Congress prevented Kennedy from enacting all of the programs he proposed. C. Kennedy made several proposals related to the economy. 1. Increased spending 2. Tax credits for business and tax cuts for the 3. to stimulate the economy D. Kennedy s economic led to tremendous economic growth in the late 1960s. E. Civil rights marches and demonstrations took place all across the country. 1. Kennedy introduced a bill in 1963. 2. He also proposed to strengthen civil rights in response to the in the South. F. Kennedy recognized the need for the United States to beat the Soviet Union in the space race. 1. He made it a national goal to place a before 1970. 2. Congress gave generous funding to, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 3
III. The President is Assassinated A. In November, 1963, while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, President Kennedy was assassinated. 1. The senseless murder deeply saddened Americans. 2. To many, it seemed that America s had died with Kennedy. Camelot B. After Kennedy s death, Vice President Johnson was sworn in as the new President. 1. The nation moved to resolve the issues Kennedy had identified. 2. Johnson also appointed the to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy. Section 3: Johnson s Great Society (pages 629-636) I. Johnson s Rise to Leadership President Johnson the goals President Kennedy had advanced. He pushed important through Congress. A. After Vice President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as President, he worked for the same Kennedy had championed. 1. Johnson was a seasoned politician who built consensus in Congress to pass the. B. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 1. outlawed in voting, education, and public accommodations. 2. established the to fight discrimination in hiring 3. prohibited discrimination on the in public accommodations and in hiring C. President Johnson convinced Congress to pass a big for the middle class. 4
D. He also established the to promote job training, education, and healthcare for those in need. E. As part of the War on Poverty, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964: 1. created the to train young people in work skills 2. established to send volunteers into poor American communities 3. formed Project to fund preschool programs F. In the 1964 presidential election, President Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater in a landslide. 1. Johnson used his popularity to call for a that would end poverty and racial injustice and provide opportunity for every child. II. The Great Society A. Johnson s Great Society 1. created 2. provided funds to school districts 3. passed legislation to improve quality 4. passed the of 1965 to lift immigration quotas 5. created the IV. The Supreme Court and Reform A. During Johnson s presidency, the Supreme Court decided many cases involving social, political, and religious issues. 1. Called the after Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court supported civil rights, civil liberties, voting rights, and personal privacy. B. The Warren Court ruled on many significant issues. 1. Voter s rights: 2. Rights of the accused: a. To have a present b. To have a lawyer c. To be told about 3. in school 5