The enemy of my enemy is my friend.

The enemy of my enemy is my friend. 1

I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. Albert Einstein 2

Upon witnessing the first atomic bomb tests, scientists had mixed reactions. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had been upset as if humankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited. Robert Oppenheimer quoted a remembered fragment from the Bhagavad Gita. "I am become Death," he said, "the destroyer of worlds." Ken Bainbridge, the test director, told Oppenheimer, "Now we're all sons of bitches." 4

The Americans and Soviets both worked on developing atomic weapons during World War II. Though the Soviet Union was an ally of the United States, the program was not disclosed to Stalin. Truman made the decision to drop the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945, ending the war with Japan. The Soviets were not far behind the US in developing the atomic bomb and accomplished it in 1949. 5

The first was at Hiroshima. A uranium bomb nicknamed "Little Boy" (despite weighing in at over four and a half tons) was dropped on Hiroshima August 6, 1945. In an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 injured. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki was called Fatman An estimated 39,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at and a further 25,000 were injured 6

The damage came from three main effects: blast, fire, and radiation By 1950 it was estimated that at least 200 000 people had died as a result of these two bombs. 8

The world greatly changed again when USA exploded the H-bomb in 1952. This one bomb was smaller in size than the Hiroshima atomic bomb but 2500 times more powerful. The Russians produced an H-bomb in 1953 and the world became an even more dangerous place. British Intelligence estimated that just one medium sized H-bomb on London would essentially destroy anything living up to 30 miles away. 10

The USA produced a bomber - the B52 - that could fly 6,000 miles and deliver a nuclear bombs anywhere in the world. Such a development required massive financial backing from the government - something which America could afford to do and which Russia could not. Russia concentrated on producing bigger bombs - a far less expensive procedure. 12

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) were designed in the cold war to carry a long range nuclear payload and were developed by the Soviets in 1957. Soviet ICBMs could reach the US in about 25 minutes. As a result, America built the DEW line around the Artic - Defence and Early Warning system. 15

During the 1960 s, the Russians put their money into producing more missiles regardless of quality while America built fewer but better quality missiles - the Atlas could go 5,000 miles at a speed of 16,000 mph. By 1961, there were enough bombs to destroy the world. Dr. Strangelove 17

Despite this, great emphasis was put on new weapon systems - mobile missile launchers were built. Missiles were housed underground in silos and in 1960 the first Polaris submarine was launched carrying 16 nuclear missiles. Each missile carried four warheads which could targeted on different cities; hence one submarine effectively carried 64 nuclear warheads. 18

During the 1960 s the theory of MAD developed - Mutually Assured Destruction. This meant that if Russia attacked the west, the west would make sure that they would suitably retaliate i.e. there would be no winners. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5o8d62bfua& list=pl107d23d3dbfb35d4&index=37 FAIL SAFE 20

By 1981, USA had 8,000 ICBM s and USSR 7,000 ICBM s By 1981, USA had 4,000 planes capable of delivering a nuclear bomb. Russia had 5000. USA defence spending for 1981 = 178 billion dollars. By 1986, it was 367 billion dollars. By 1986, it is estimated that throughout the world there were 40,000 nuclear warheads - the equivalent of one million Hiroshima bombs 21

The Biggest Bomb https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gje7fy-yowk 23

1957: THE SPACE RACE begins Sputnik : the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth is launched by the USSR. USSR successfully tests an ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile): This meant that Soviet missiles could now hit anywhere on the planet. 24

In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/ NASA and the space race is in full gear. The USA and the Soviet Union raced to be the first to conquer space as the rest of the world watched. 25

1960 Score: Soviets - 2 USA 0 APOLLO Space Program The American plan to put a man on the moon by the end of 1969 USA spent the 60s trying to beat the Soviets to the moon. 26

APOLLO 11 July 16-24 1969. The mission of Apollo 11 was from those dates and the actual moon landing and first step onto the moon took place on July 20 1969. 27

Berlin is the testicles of the West. When I want the West to scream, I squeeze on Berlin. Nikita Khrushchev, 1963 28

On August 15, communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin. 29

June - Khrushchev pressured new American President John F Kennedy Demanded withdrawal of Western forces from West Berlin Kennedy refused July 23 Flow of refugees from East to West is more than a 1000 a day July 25 Kennedy repeats support for West Berlin and announced increase in arms spending 30

13-22 August Khrushchev and East German govt. orders barbed wire barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocks All of West Berlin encircled apart from access points This was against the Four Power agreement made in 1949. 31

Important results for Berlin, Germany and the Cold War: Berlin was divided, free access ended between East and West, many families split, many attempted to escape to the Westbetween 1961 and 1989; 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin Wall 32

Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He refused to use US troops to pull down the wall to avoid war. Kennedy looked weak but West turned it into propaganda why if Communism was so attractive was a wall needed? 1963 Kennedy visited West Berlin pledged continued support Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) famous speech Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove the West from Berlin 33

Berlin was split in two. Tension grew as both sides started new nuclear testing. The West became more anti-communist. 34

Berlin Wall Note the Barbed Wire 38

http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallerypreserving-the-berlin-wall-fotostrecke-93853.html http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/prot esters-halt-dismantling-of-berlin-wall-section-forluxury-condos-a-886396.html 41

JFK Famous Speeches Ask not what your country can do for you Man on the Moon JFK was shot in Dallas Video of Shooting 42

1963-79 43

By 1962, the two global superpowers were on the brink of nuclear war. This was a result of the years of suspicion since WW2 but in particular these events U2 incident (1960) The Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961) Berlin Wall (August 1961) US missiles in Turkey (April 1962) Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) 45

By the end of 1962 it was clear that the US and USSR needed to negotiate with each other to avoid the possibility of a nuclear Third World War. This led to the era of Détente, a French word that means a relaxing of tension. 46

During the Détente years the superpowers moved from threatening each other with MASSIVE RETALIATION (using every weapon possible if attacked) to the realization that the use of nuclear weapons would be MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) and that a balance needed to be maintained. 47

Both had reasons to improve relations. US fighting in Vietnam - needed to slow Arms Race to reduce burden on economy. USSR concerned about the growth Communist China on its south eastern border. Both sides wanted to reduce economic spending. 49

From 1946 to 1974, the United States military costs were in excess of $1.3 trillion on national security alone; this compared to $1.6 trillion spent by the federal government for all nonmilitary goods and services since 1789. http://www.cdi.org/issues/milspend.html 50

1963 Presidential Hotline between the leaders of the US and USSR was set up; 1963: Partial Test Ban Treaty signed by 108 nations banned nuclear tests above ground. This was due to the amount of radioactive fallout from atmospheric tests that was being found around the world. 1968: Non-proliferation Treaty which banned spread of nuclear weapons or technology was signed by 115 nations. 1969: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began - reducing mid-range nuclear weapons (SALT) between the US and USSR. 52

1972: President Nixon visits Moscow and SALT* 1 treaty signed. 1973: Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev visits USA 1975: Space - US astronauts and Soviet Cosmonauts docked together in space. *SALT ( Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 53

August 1975. signed by 35 countries (including USSR,US, Canada and all of Europe except Albania and Andorra). There was a Declaration of Human Rights and The current borders of Europe were accepted and it was agreed that no one would try to change these by force. This was a demonstration of commitment to improve relations. 56

1979: SALT 2 treaty proposed to cover long-range nuclear missiles was signed but.. Never ratified by US Congress due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. USSR claimed they had been asked to 'restore order'. US saw it as an invasion and supported Afghan rebels. This was considered the end of Détente and a return to a more dangerous time. 58

Through the Kennedy years, US troops trained S. Vietnamese troops to fight the Reds. After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, under LBJ, US troops started to fight more. From Wikipedia Illustrated History Online 59

January 27, 1973, the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong sign the Paris Peace Treaty, establishing a cease-fire. The United States is allowed to continue providing aid to South Vietnam. South Vietnamese Capital Saigon falls in April 1975. 60

Seeing this on TV led to a loss of support at home 62

1966: US troops in Vietnam rises to 389 000. 1967: International treaty banning nuclear weapons from outer space. China tests a hydrogen bomb. 1968: USSR invades Czechoslovakia. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is signed. 63

American Dissent Hippie Throughout the 60s and 70s! Forrest Gump (Trailer) 64

December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government. U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988. Afghanistan becomes the Soviet Vietnam https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_h81qqamee 65

March 23, Reagan outlined his Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield that would use lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles far above the Earth's surface. Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty. Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the program causing near economic collapse. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcuwok9woue 66

On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform. perestroika Economic reform glasnost means openness, allowed greater free expression and criticism of Soviet policies 67

During the 1970's and early 1980's, the Soviet economy was deteriorating under the cumulative effects of a centralized bureaucratic system, the burdens of an increasingly costly arms race, and a failed war in Afghanistan. A new generation of leadership came to power in 1985 in the person of Gorbachev. He was determined to end the Cold War and to bring economic and political reform to the Soviet Union. He initiated dramatic new agreements with the United States, involving unilateral concessions in the armaments race. 68

He also brought an end to Soviet support of client governments in Eastern Europe and in Cuba. He relaxed the police state repression in the Soviet empire and took steps to introduce a democratic political process. 69

These initiatives rapidly improved relations with the United States and brought an end to the Cold War. What Gorbachev had not anticipated, however, was that, without the domination of the police and a monopoly of power in the hands of the Communist Party, the Soviet empire would collapse into 16 different national parts. Nationalism, always a potent force in the modern world, brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union by 1991. 70

Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its interests in Eastern Europe. On September 10, Hungary opened its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West. After massive public demonstrations in East Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell on November 9. 71

At a September 12 meeting in Moscow, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and the two Germanys agreed to end Allied occupation rights in Germany. On October 3, East and West Germany united as the Federal Republic of Germany. 75

Historians have disagreed over the answer to this question for decades. However, the answers given can generally be placed into 4 groups. 1. The Traditionalists 2. The Revisionists 3. The Post Revisionists 4. The Post-1991 school 76

The Soviets were to blame for the Cold War The Cold War was the direct result of Stalin's aggressive Soviet expansionism. This view is the traditional view of American and British Historians particularly before 1960 77

The US were to blame for the Cold War The Cold War was caused by the US trying to keep countries capitalist for trade purposes The USA deliberately intimidated the Soviets e.g. the dropping of the Atomic bomb 78

The Cold War was neither the USA s nor the USSR s fault The cause was a mutual misunderstanding of each other s motives The Cold War was an inevitable result of the situation at the time i.e. 2 superpowers trying to settle the German Question 79

Inspired by secret documents uncovered after the collapse of communism is Russia The Cold War was the result of the leaders personal faults and fanatical beliefs The Cold War was a Clash of ideologies a clash between Capitalism and Communism 80

For 40 years we were led to think of the Russians as godless, materialistic and an evil empire. When the Cold War ended, we suddenly discovered that Russia was a poor Third World country. They had not been equipped to take over the world. In fact, they were just trying to improve a miserable standard of oppressive living, and couldn t. They had to spend too much on arms build-up. We didn t win the Cold War; we bankrupted the Russians. In effect, it was a big bank exhausting the reserves of a smaller one. Norman Mailer, American writer, 1995 81

It was man who ended the Cold War in case you didn t notice. It wasn t weaponry, or technology, or armies or campaigns. It was just man. Not even Western man either, as it happened, but our sworn enemy in the East, who went into the streets, faced the bullets and the batons and said: we ve had enough. It was their emperor, not ours, who had the nerve to mount the rostrum and declare he had no clothes. And the ideologies trailed after these impossible events like condemned prisoners, as ideologies do when they ve had their day. John le Carre, British novelist, 1990 82

If the Soviet Union were to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American militaryindustrial establishment would have to go on, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy. George Kennan, US diplomat and historian, 1987. 83