Yalta Conference Winston Churchill - GB Franklin Roosevelt - US Joseph Stalin - SU Jan. 1945 FDR sworn in for FOURTH TERM! Meeting held Feb. 45 in Yalta, city in SU what do we do with Germany?
Yalta Conference 2 things important.. 1. Divide Germany into four occupation zones US, GB, SU, FR Did the same thing with Berlin capital of Germany Notice what zone Berlin is in???
As WW2 coming to a close. Which direction was Stalin (S.U.) moving during WW2? Yep! West!! In order to move that way, he had to take over or occupy what? Yep! Countries in Eastern Europe - ex Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria. 2. Stalin agreed to give Poland, other Eastern European countries he took over free elections after war is over
The satellite states of Eastern Europe. Can you see where I am going with this? What is going to happen after WW2? Is Stalin going to give the land back to the original country? NOPE! Stalin keeps them and creates satellite states - the gov. is established by the S.U. - a communist friendly gov. basically run by the S.U.! Was Stalin justified in keeping these territories? What reason might he use to say he should keep the land? Yep! Protect itself from Germany or other invasions! Kinda like a buffer zone!
Ladies and Gentlemen, the United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moments for the American democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future.
Europe 1945.
What does an iron curtain mean? Both U.S. and GB frustrated over Stalin s refusal to give back Eastern European countries March 5, 1946 the iron curtain is born! Winston Churchill travels to Fulton MO, Westminster College - what happens is one of the most historical moments EVER! Churchill delivers a speech - A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organizations intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive tendencies It is my duty to place before you certain facts about the present position of Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.
What s so bad about the Soviets? The Cold War lasts from 1946-1989 1989 about 45 yrs Why the name Cold Cold war? SU and US never directly fought each other but did fight for ideas and beliefs using other countries ie Korea in 1950s ie Vietnam in 1960s-70s ie Afghanistan 1980s So then what is a Hot Hot war? Direct conflict between nations ie World War I, II ie War in Iraq A hatred is born.
Truman s way to contain contain the SU s expansion of communism. Not limited to military action - also provided economic aid to other countries so they would not need to turn to the S.U. for help George F. Kennan, a U.S. diplomat and expert on the Soviets, created the idea of containment Wherever the Soviets tried to expand their power and influence, the U.S. should be there resisting
Truman Doctrine 1947 asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid Greece and Turkey Soviet rebels trying to take over governments of Greece and Turkey stop communism from spreading Promised to help nations that might be in danger of communism I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempts of subjugation (forced control) by armed minorities or by outside pressure. Harry Truman
Marshall Plan WW2 destroyed cities, farms, factories, industry, RR, mines Hunger, poverty increasing Americans felt like WE had to help if not what would happen??? Europe would turn to those evil Soviets! June 1947 George C. Marshall proposed massive aid program 1948-1951 U.S. gave $13 BILLION to Europe Money bought farm equipment, food, rebuilt homes, factories Stalin refused to let Eastern European satellite states take U.S. money
Marshall Plan As a result W. Europe feeding hungry Jobs were provided W. Europe able to purchase American goods (helps our economy!) Political connections with W. Europe grew stronger
Berlin Blockade Remember this is what Germany and Berlin look like! Divided into four parts. W. Ger and Berlin eventually started to prosper While E. Ger/Berlin not doing so hot! US/GB/FR joined their parts of Germany and Berlin making West Germany and West Berlin set up free, democratic gov!
Berlin Blockade GB/US begin massive airlift into W. Berlin within days EVERYDAY 7,000 TONS of supplies flew into W. Berlin planes flew 24 hrs a day, 3 min. apart for 15 months June 26, 1948 Sept. 30, 1949 June 1948 Soviets blocked all roads, RR s, river traffic going into W. Berlin 2.2 million Berliners cut off from food, coal, everything!
Details, details you know I love them! Overall 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies - $224 million 278,228 total flights to Berlin Same distance as going back and forth to the sun 130 times Daily, Berliners needed 4,500 tons of food, coal, essentials 646 tons flour/wheat 180 tons dehydrated potatoes 19 tons powered milk/5 tons fresh 109 tons meat/fish 125 tons cereal 5,000 tons coal/kerosene during winter
Uncle Wiggly Wings While waiting to board a plane USAF 1st Lt. Gail S. Halvorsen talked with some of the children in Berlin - he offered them his last two sticks of Wrigley's Doublemint Gum Said he would drop more candy the next day A child asked how they would know it was his plane - he told them he would tip the wings on approach acting as a signal to the kids thus his name Uncle Wiggly Wings!
Lt. Halvorsen made parachutes out of hankies, ripped shirts and sheets and filled them with chocolate bars, candy and gum which he dropped daily http://www.squidoo.com/berlin-airlift-candy-bombers
NATO W. Europe nervous over increasing Soviet power they know alone they would be no match for the Soviet army North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 1949 12 nations joined together to create military alliance Communist countries were not invited today there are 26 countries involved
EISENHOWER S NEW LOOK MILITARY John F. Dulles - hated containment because allowed communism to exist - wanted to roll back communism Balance the budget, spend LESS $ on military, MORE on nuclear weapons (cheaper, Americans get a tax cut!) More bang for your buck Massive retaliation Use overwhelming force against anyone, regardless of situation It was necessary to go to the brink of war - brinkmanship - to preserve peace in world Americans shocked, unsettled - would we risk nuclear war to force communism to back down?
John Foster Dulles Felt communism was a moral evil to depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our own choosing. Now the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff can shape our military establishment to fit what is our policy, instead of having to try to be ready to meet the enemy s main choices. That permits of a selection of military means instead of a multiplication of means. As a result, it is now possible to get, and share, more basic security at less cost.
I am directing the Secretary of Defense to undertake a reorganization and modernization of the Army's divisional structure, to increase its non- nuclear firepower, to improve its tactical mobility in any environment, to insure its flexibility to meet any direct or indirect threat, to facilitate its coordination with our major allies, and to provide more modern mechanized divisions in Europe and bring their equipment up to date, and [to provide] new airborne brigades in both the Pacific and Europe. e. THE CAMELOT ERA JFK AND FLEXIBLE RESPONSE
JFK AND FLEXIBLE RESPONSE Preferred a flexible strategy over Eisenhower's nuclear threats Kennedy expanded normal military forces, nuclear forces, and began idea of counter-insurgency Counter-insurgency - increase in special forces, advisors in foreign countries trying to undermine communist governments Propaganda Economic aid to improve country Special military forces waging fights JFK felt the threat of nuclear war had become slim, but the possibility of smaller, brush-fire wars increased Wanted options for the military - not every situation warranted a massive nuclear strike