Foreign Policy and National Defense Chapter 22
Historical Perspective 1 st 150 years of U.S. existence Emphasis on Domestic Affairs vs. Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy The strategies and goals that guide a nation s relations with other countries and groups in the world.
Goals of Foreign Policy National Security Protecting vital economic interests World Peace Democratic Governments Concern for Humanity
National Security National Security Protection of a nation s borders and territories against invasion or control by foreign powers
Protecting Vital U.S. Economic Interests Maintaining trade with other nations and preserving natural resources Free and open trade
World Peace Helps nation avoid outside conflicts and aids national security Help other nations settle disputes Provide economic aid to at-risk countries United Nations
United Nations Post-WWII shift to internationalism Formed April-June 1945 in San Francisco Location: New York City Secretary- General: Ban Ki-moon
United Nations Purpose (Charter): Maintain international peace and security Friendly relations among all nations Promotion of justice and cooperation in the solution of international problems Organization http://www.un.org/en/
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Democratic Governments U.S. an example for democracy Aids democratic nations Help formerly Communist nations become democratic (1990s)
Concern for Humanity Aid to other countries that experience natural disasters and starvation Provide food, medical supplies and technical assistance Humanitarian Strategic interests Maintain political stability in the world
Foreign Policy Independence-WWI Isolationism Monroe Doctrine The Roosevelt Corollary aka The Good Neighbor The Open Door in China
WWI-WWII Return to isolationism Internationalism Collective Security Deterrence
Post WWII Cold War (1940s-1980s) Bipolar System of power Truman Doctrine/Containment The Berlin Blockade The Cuban Missile Crisis The Korean War The Vietnam War
End of Cold War 1989: Soviet Union begins to collapse Berlin Wall torn down 2 Germanys reunited Eastern European countries overthrown Communist governments 1991: Soviet Union collapses ending the Cold War
Post-Cold War Era Détente Containment-Peace, building democracy and promoting global trade End of Bipolar system of power between U.S. and Soviet Union Multipolar system of power Persian Gulf War (August 1990)
Post-Cold War Era Other Interventions Panama (1989 Pres Bush) Somalia (1992 Pres Bush) Haiti (1994 Pres Clinton) Balkans Bosnia (1995 Pres Clinton) Kosovo (1999 Pres G W Bush-2000)
Post-Cold War Era U.S. policy shifts September 11, 2001 Global war on terror U.S. attack Afghanistan Oct 7, 2001 al-qaeda Taliban Preemption U.S. invades Iraq March 2003
The War in Iraq Quick U.S. victory = attacks by Insurgents 2006 Civil War 10,000+ U.S. lives lost August 31, 2010 end of combat mission in Iraq December 2011 10,000 troops to leave Afghanistan more by summer 2012
The State Department 1781/1789 Secretary of State John Kerry Advice on formulation and conduct of foreign policy Organization
The State Department Organization
The State Department Components Foreign Service Embassies Ambassadors Consulates Special Diplomats Passports Visa Diplomatic Immunity Persona Non Grata
The Defense Department 1947 Unify armed forces Civilian control of military Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel DoD/The Pentagon
The Defense Department
The Defense Department The Military Departments The Department Of the Army The Department Of the Navy The Marines Department of the Air Force
National Security Advisor Susan Rice Director of National Security Council
Foreign and Defense Agencies CIA Office of Homeland Security NASA The Selective Service System
CIA 1947 under National Security Council Coordinate info-gathering of all foreign affairs/national defense agencies Analyze and evaluate data collected Brief President and National Security Council Worldwide intelligence cloak and dagger Info from espionage operations Secret organization Funds hidden in U.S. budget
Office of Homeland Security 2002 after September 11, 2001 Protect U.S. against terrorism Border and transport security Infrastructure protection Emergency preparation and response Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear Information analysis
NASA-National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1958 Focus on basic research Origin, evolution, structure of universe to exploration of outer space Open scientific fields/new techniques Military importance-cia photos Goal=permanent, occupied space station
The Selective Service System 1940-1973 draft (conscription) 1917=1 st national draft for WWI 1940=1 st peacetime draft WWII 1948=Korea and Vietnam Military obligation on all males, 18-26 yrs., in the U.S. All males must register at 18 yrs. Presidential power to draft expired 1973, must be renewed
Foreign Policy In Action Alliances and Pacts Foreign Aid Programs Economic Sanctions Use of Military Force
Alliances and Pacts Mutual defense alliances U.S. involved in several alliances in different regions of the world = regional security pacts NATO
Alliances and Pacts NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 Promote collective defense of W. Europe after WWII Security extended to E. Europe after collapse of Soviet Union
Alliances and Pacts NATO New agenda: Different relationship between West and Russia Enlargement has added to Europe stability Partnership/security relationship with new democracies in Europe Afghanistan/Iraq http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/index.htm
Alliances and Pacts Latin America Rio Pact Organization of American States (OAS) Australia and New Zealand ANZUS Pact
Alliances and Pacts NATO, Rio Pact, OAS, ANZUS Multilateral treaties Bilateral treaties Collective security
Foreign Aid Economic aid Military aid Part of containment program Different directions of U.S. aid Aid to nations regarded as most critical to realization of U.S. foreign policy objectives
The Middle East NO regional alliances in the Middle East U.S. policy torn between support for Israel and importance of Arab oil
Foreign Aid Programs Military support for purchase of American armaments Economic Aid Establish friendly relations Help emerge as economic partners Agency for International Development (AID)
Economic Sanctions Withdrawal or denial of benefits (loans, arms, economic aid, trade restriction) Used to show opposition to another nation s policies
Use of Military Force Important tool of foreign policy Arguments: Use represents a breakdown of diplomacy Effective way to avoid larger wars, ward off an attack, protect human rights Power divided between President and Congress