Journal of AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES in Education JAAME ISSN 2153-9065 Fall 2013 Volume 4, No. 2
JOURNAL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES IN EDUCATION (JAAME) A Peer-Reviewed Journal JAAME is a peer-reviewed journal devoted to advancing scholarship and practice on African American males in education. JAAME publishes research on African American males throughout the educational pipeline (P-20), in various contexts (e.g., urban, suburban, rural), and in multiple capacities (e.g., students, teachers, faculty, staff, administrators). JAAME features articles that: 1) are grounded in research, theory and experiential knowledge; 2) promote critical examination of issues facing African American males in education; and 3) provide concrete recommendations for policy and practice. ISSN 2153-9065 Fall 2013, Volume 4, No. 2
JOURNAL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES IN EDUCATION Editorial Board J. Luke Wood, PhD Editor San Diego State University Dorinda J. Carter Andrews, EdD Michigan State University Lavar Charleston University of Wisconsin - Madison Nicole Lewis, PhD University of Hawai i at Manoa Donald Mitchell, PhD Grand Valley State University Robert T. Palmer, PhD State University of New York, Binghamton Angela M. Slates University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Editorial Administration Marissa Vasquez Urias Managing Editor San Diego State University
Advisory Board Floyd D. Beachum, EdD Lehigh University Juan E. Gilbert, PhD Clemson University Shaun R. Harper, PhD University of Pennsylvania Marc Lamont Hill, PhD Columbia University Jerlando F. L. Jackson, PhD University of Wisconsin, Madison Walter M. Kimbrough, PhD Dillard University Jawanza Kunjufu, PhD African American Images Marvin Lynn, PhD University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire James L. Moore III, PhD The Ohio State University Jamillah Moore, EdD Los Angeles City College Kelli Peck Parrott, PhD Texas A & M University Terrell L. Strayhorn, PhD The Ohio State University
Copy Editors Autumn Arnett HBCU Digest Eric Ian Farmer Pennsylvania State University Satasha L. Green, PhD University of Alaska, Anchorage Whitney G. Harris, PhD Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System Maryam Hill-Hawkins, EdD Middle Tennessee State University Joshua J. Houston Virginia State University Tara Houston, PhD DeVry University Vita Jones, PhD California State University, Fullerton Mei-Ling Malone, PhD Los Angeles Southwest College Yoruba T. Mutakabbir, PhD Texas Southern University Cynthia Piñeda, PhD University of California, Los Angeles William Quisenberry, DBA Mid-Continent University Tanya Sarin International Editing Consultant Michael J. Self, PhD Fisk University Rodney D. Smith, EdD University of Missouri-Kansas City Melanie Stein Professional Editor Delarious Stewart Jackson State University Dante Tawfeeq, PhD Adelphi University Gregory Whetstone, EdD Community College of Philadelphia Tonya Whitaker North Dallas Gazette
Reviewers Quaylan Allen, PhD Chapman University Stephan Blanford, EdD University of Washington Eric Bridges, PhD Clayton State University Kathleen M. Collins, PhD Pennsylvania State University Marco Columbus, PhD Cameron University Darryl Corey, PhD Kennesaw State University Alonzo Flowers, PhD Old Dominion University Danielle A. Griffin Texas A&M University Henry J. Grubb, PhD University of Dubuque Cedric Hackett, EdD Cal State University Northridge Charlie Haynes, EdD Houston Independent School District Edward L. Hill, EdD Fort Valley State University Kendricks D. Hooker, PhD Baptist College of Health Sciences Wardell Johnson, PhD Eastern Kentucky University Norm Jones, PhD Dickinson College Jeffrey Kaplan, PhD University of Central Florida Tony Laing University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign Raul Leon, PhD Eastern Michigan University Na'im Madyun, PhD University of Minnesota Richard Moss Pulaski Technical College Malik Muhammad, PhD Elite Biobehavioral Denise A. Narcisse, PhD Youngstown State University Ted Ogaldez, PhD Davidson College Michael W. Quigley, PhD University of Pittsburgh Toya Roberts-Conston University of Houston Don C. III Sawyer, PhD Quinnipiac University Patricia A. Smith, EdD Prairie View A&M University Gregory Soden University of Missouri Delarious O. Stewart, EdD University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Kenneth Tyler, PhD University of Kentucky
Montressa Washington Case Western Reserve University Angelo A. Williams, EdD California School Boards Association Jamaal Young, PhD University of North Texas