1 Significance of and Changes in Security Cooperation and Dialogues and Defense Cooperation and Exchanges 312
Fig. III-3-1-1 Security Dialogues and Defense Exchanges Classification Type Significance Outline Bilateral Multilateral Exchange of defense ministers and high-level officials Regular consultation between defense officials Exchange between units Exchange of students Research exchanges Security dialogue Joint exercises and seminars Improving and reinforcing mutual trust and cooperation through frank exchanges of views on regional situations and national defense policies that are important common interests to every country, and that subsequently enhance defense exchanges Paving the way for high-level dialogues and exchanges through continuous and direct exchanges of views between national defense policy-makers, and contributing to the enhancement of mutual trust and cooperation between related countries Contributing to the improvement and enhancement of mutual trust and cooperation between related countries through joint exercises and events for exchanges Other than the original educational purposes, deepening the understanding of other countries defense policies and the situation of their defense units as well as building mutual trust through the promotion of relatively long-term personnel exchanges, and establishing human networks. Deepening mutual understanding between researchers of both countries through frank exchange of options for the maintenance and promotion of defense exchanges Deepening mutual understanding on the recognition of situations and on security perceptions among related countries, and discussing multilateral issues broadly Improving skills and contributing to improvement and enhancement of mutual trust and cooperation through joint exercises and seminars Reference Dialogue and mutual visits between Japan s Defense Minister and defense ministers from other countries Dialogues and mutual visits between Japan s Senior Vice- Minister for Defense; Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Defense; Administrative Vice-Minister of Defense; Chief of Staff, Joint Staff; GSDF, MSDF, ASDF Chiefs; and their counterparts in foreign countries Consultation between Director-General-level officials, Deputy Director-General-level officials, and their counterparts Dialogue between Japan s Joint Staff, GSDF, MSDF, ASDF, and their counterparts in foreign countries Personnel exchanges Mutual visits of training squadrons, aircraft, and joint exercises for search and rescue operations Mutual acceptance of students Dispatch of students to overseas military-related organizations Research exchanges between Japan s National Institute for Defense Studies and military-related research organizations in other countries Dialogues at the ADMM-Plus and ARF Multilateral dialogue sponsored by the Minister of Defense Japan Multilateral dialogue sponsored by governments Multilateral dialogue sponsored by private sector Personnel exchanges Joint exercises, and seminars related to disaster relief, minesweeping, and submarine rescue operations 313
Fig. III-3-1-2 From dialogues and exchanges to cooperation Cold War Era Inception Period (1990s early 2000s) Expanding and Deepening Period (Early 2000s ) Bilateral Trilateral Partial, limited exchanges China, ROK, Western Europe, etc. Beginning of exchange led by policy Promoting mutual understanding and trust Main focus on explaining defense policies and on facilitating mutual understanding Carried over From exchanges to cooperation Promoting mutual understanding and trust Promoting practical security and defense cooperation in the region (Mainly non-traditional security (disaster relief, maritime security, counter-terrorism, etc.), logistics support) Initiatives for complementing bilateral/multilateral efforts (Japan U.S. Australia, Japan U.S. ROK) Multilateral Fig. III-3-1-3 Stage Defense Exchanges Defense Cooperation Strength of Relationship Beginning of multilateral dialogue within the region Development of ARF, etc. 1994 ARF established 1997 Disaster Relief ISM Main focus on fostering trust in the short term with the ultimate goal of resolving conflicts Defense Cooperation and Exchanges 2003 Terrorism/ Transnational Crime ISM Examples of Specific Initiatives From dialogue to cooperation (the construction of an intraregional order) 2006 ADMM established 2009 Maritime Security ISM Non-proliferation and Disarmament ISM VDR conducted 2010 ADMM-Plus Student exchange, educational and research exchange, equipment and technology exchange High level and working-level exchanges between defense authorities Unit exchanges in each service branch, mutual visits of naval vessels and aircraft Goodwill exercises Various types of cooperation in non-traditional security areas (including joint exercises) (Examples: Cobra Gold, ARF DiREx, Cambodia and Timor-Leste PKOs, cooperation with the Australian Army on-site for humanitarian and reconstruction assistance activities in Iraq, cooperation for anti-piracy operations (NATO, EUNAVFOR)) Agreements on the security of information Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements Formulating joint contingency plans, etc. Joint exercises premised on joint responses (Examples: Japan U.S. Bilateral Exercises, Japan U.S. Joint Command Post Exercises, Japan U.S. Joint Anti-Submarine Exercises, Japan U.S. Joint Fighter Exercises) Joint responses in the event of a Japanese contingency 314
2 Efforts under the ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) 1 Other than Japan, Australia, China, India, New Zealand, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. 2 Declaration that clearly lays out the fundamental principles for the peaceful resolution of conflicts in the South China Sea, signed between ASEAN and China in 2002. 3 The countries holding co-chairmanship of the respective Expert Working Groups (EWG) are as follows: Vietnam and China for the Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) EWG, Malaysia and Australia for the Maritime Security EWG, Indonesia and the United States for the Counter-Terrorism EWG, Singapore and Japan for the Military Medicine EWG, and the Philippines and New Zealand for the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) EWG. 315
Fig. III-3-1-4 ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus) Organizational Chart ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus) Held once every three years Ministerial level Participating countries ASEAN + Australia, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Russia, United States ASEAN Defense Senior Officials Meeting Plus (ADSOM-Plus) Held annually Director General level ADSOM-Plus Working Group Held annually Director level Experts Working Group (EWG) 316
VOICE COMMENTARY Q&A Army Colonel Vu Thien Trong, Director, Vietnam Ministry of Defense International Relations Research Institute 317
3 ASEAN Regional Forum 1 The 27 ARF members include the 10 member countries of ASEAN (Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia (from 1995), and Myanmar (from 1996)), as well as Japan, Australia, Canada, China, India (from 1996), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, ROK, Russia, United States, Mongolia (since 1998), North Korea (from 2000), Pakistan (from 2004), Timor-Leste (from 2005), Bangladesh (from 2006), Sri Lanka (from 2007), and the European Union. 318
4 Participation in the Pacific Partnership 1 The four organizations are HuMA, Operacion-uni, Peace Winds Japan, and Civic Force. 319
5 Support for Capacity Building Fig. III-3-1-5 Purpose Field Contents Examples Capacity Building Support It has become imperative for the international community to make concerted efforts in tackling non-traditional security challenges such as humanitarian assistance/disaster relief, anti-piracy, with the recent changes in international situation. The aim of capacity building supports is to stabilize the security environment in the Asia-Pacific region and globally by offering supports for developing countries to improve their capacities for dealing with such challenges. Non-traditional security fields (humanitarian assistance/disaster relief, anti-piracy, disposal of landmines and unexploded shells) Support of capacity building for militaries or related organizations in developing countries in Southeast Asia. Dispatch of specialists, acceptance of trainees etc. Current policies As a part of international peace cooperation activities, the Ministry of Defense of Japan (JMOD) and Self-Defense Forces (SDF) have implemented UN Peacekeeping Operations, International Disaster Relief Operations, Anti-Piracy Operations off the Coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden. These activities are carried out in response to a security issue such as dispute and large-scale disaster which has actually happened. Capacity building support Activities based on a new conception to create stability in the region positively and actively, and improve the international security environment by conducting measures to increase capacities of supported countries through human resources development and technical support etc. in non-traditional security areas regularly on a continuing basis. Strengthen bilateral relations by providing support for capacity building, in a form that serves as a response to requests for support from the respective countries. Improve the international security environment by enhancing capacity in security fields in developing countries. Enhance the sense of trust toward the Ministry of Defense and SDF, and toward the whole of Japan, and thereby giving Japan a stronger voice in the international community, by ensuring an accurate perception among citizens and recipient countries of Japan s active contribution toward the peace and stability of the region. Compared to post-hoc response, the ability to prevent the occurrence of events, or to reduce the damage incurred after an event has occurred, would significantly reduce response costs. 320
6 Multilateral Security Dialogue Hosted by the Ministry of Defense and the SDF 1 Tokyo Defense Forum 2 Japan ASEAN Vice-Defense Ministers Meeting Reference 321
Part III Measures for the Defense of Japan 7 Other Efforts International Conferences Held 1 by Private Organizations 322 2 Asia-Pacific Chief of Defense Conference (CHOD)
3 Pacific Area Senior Officer Logistics Seminar (PASOLS) Reference 4 8 Multilateral Joint Training 1 Asia-Pacific Intelligence Chiefs Conference (APICC) The Significance of Multilateral Joint Training in the Asia-Pacific Region 2 Efforts toward Multilateral Joint Training 323
Fig. III-3-1-6 Participation in Multilateral Joint Training (After 2010) *Underlined countries represent host countries. Date Exercise Venue Participating countries Participating SDF units, etc. February 2010 Cobra Gold 10 Thailand May to July 2010 June 2010 June 2010 June 2010 June to August 2010 August to September 2010 Pacific Partnership 2010 Japan Australia New Zealand Joint Training Japan U.S. Australia Canada France Joint Training Japan U.S. Australia Joint Training RIMPAC 2010 Vietnam and Cambodia Waters off the West Coast of Canada Waters stretching from Canada to Hawaii Waters around Okinawa Waters around Hawaii Indonesia, Japan, ROK, Singapore, Thailand, U.S., etc. Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, Portugal, Singapore, U.K., U.S., etc. Japan, Australia, New Zealand Japan, U.S., Australia, Canada, France Japan, U.S., Australia U.S., Australia, Canada, Chile, Columbia, France, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, ROK, Malaysia, Netherlands, Peru Approximately 100 participants from Joint Staff office, Ground Staff office, Maritime Staff office, Central Readiness Force, Internal Bureau, etc. 1 vessel; approximately 40 crew 1 vessel 2 vessels 7 vessels; several aircraft 3 vessels; 3 aircraft KAKADU 10 Australia Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand 1 vessel; 2 aircraft August 2010 PACIFIC REACH 2010 Waters around Singapore September 2010 Pacific Protector 10 Australia October 2010 Eastern Endeavor 10 Waters around Pusan, etc. February 2011 Cobra Gold 11 Thailand March 2011 AMAN-11 Pakistan March 2011 ARF-DiREx 2011 Indonesia Singapore, U.S., Japan, Australia, ROK Cambodia, Mongolia, Philippines, ROK, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Vanuatu, Argentina, Canada, U.S., Portugal, Russia, etc. U.S., ROK, Japan, Australia, France, Canada, New Zealand, Turkey, Chile, Argentina, etc. Indonesia, Japan, ROK, Singapore, Thailand, U.S., Malaysia, etc. Pakistan, China, France, U.K., U.S., Japan, Australia, etc. Indonesia, Japan, India, Australia, Singapore, China, U.S., etc. 1 vessel Approximately 10 participants from Internal Bureau, Joint Staff office, Air Staff office, Air Defense Command, etc. 2 vessels Approximately 60 participants from Joint Staff office, Ground Staff office, Central Readiness Force, Internal Bureau, etc. 2 aircraft Approximately 10 participants from Joint Staff office, Ground Staff office, Maritime Staff office, Air Staff office, Internal Bureau Fig. III-3-1-7 Invitation of Observers to Multilateral Joint Exercises (since 2010) Date Exercise Overview August 2010 9th Multilateral Cooperation program in the Asia Pacific (MCAP 2010) An event hosted by the GSDF, service members from 23 Asia-Pacific nations and Practitioners from 15 civilian organizations were invited to exchange views on the theme, Multilateral Coordination and Cooperation (Between military-military as well as military-civilian) to Enhance Responsiveness in International Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief. 324
Part III Measures for the Defense of Japan Reference 325