THE CONFLICT TAKES SHAPE 17.1

Transcription

1 THE CIVIL WAR CH 17

2 THE CONFLICT TAKES SHAPE 17.1

3 Union VS What do you notice in the number of stars in each flag? Confederacy

4 A NATION DIVIDED Both sides felt that their cause was just South= War for Southern Independence Maintain traditional way of life North=Saving the Union Didn t want to abolish slavery because of feelings of racism Racism= Belief that one race is superior to another. Border States=Had to decide which side they wanted to join Afterwards, there was still tension, as pro-confederate mobs attacked Union troops in Baltimore, MD. Martial Law= Rule by an army rather than an elected government

5 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Strengths Motivated by defending their way of life. Hunting Best military Officers The South Weaknesses Few factories Few railroads Political problems Small population Strengths Larger source of free citizens Factories Rail lines Strong Navy The North Weaknesses Large Confederate Area Unfamiliar Land Longer supply lines

6 PRESIDENTIAL LEADERS President Jefferson Davis, Confederacy Better leader Military training Served in Mexican War Very Stubborn in military operations President Abraham Lincoln, Union Inexperienced in national politics No military experience Patient and strong leader in the end

7 WARTIME LEADERS Southern officers needed to make a choice Stay in the Union and fight against their home states, or join the Confederacy Robert E. Lee faced this problem when VA seceded. Approached by Lincoln to command the Union army Refused Robert E. Lee=Commander of the Confederate Army Lincoln had difficult time finding generals to match the South

8 A LONG, DIFFICULT STRUGGLE 17.2

9 UNION STRATEGIES FOR VICTORY Union Plans Blockade southern ports Halting trade with Europe Seize Richmond, VA=capital of the Confederacy Take control of the Mississippi River Prevent South from using it as a supply line Separate Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana

10 CONFEDERATE STRATEGIES FOR VICTORY Confederate Plans Fight a defensive war Northerners would get tired of it, and Lincoln would end it because it would become so unpopular. Europe s assistance Needed supplies and money to fight the war Southern Cotton was important to textile mills in England Hoped England would recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation.

11 FORWARD TO RICHMOND Union marches to Richmond, VA on July 21, 1861 Met Confederate Soldiers at a stream called Bull Run Citizens from Washington set up camp and had picnics as they watched the battle. Confederates were expected to turn and run, but stood their ground. Led by Thomas Stonewall Jackson In the end, Union fled in a panic Confederates did not pursue Had they done so, may have captured D.C.

12 MCCLELLAN S PREPARATIONS After the Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln appointed General George McClellan as general of the Army of the Potomac A superb leader who turned inexperienced into an army of trained soldiers prepared for battle. Very cautious in his planning. Would lead to his downfall Lincoln became very annoyed with McClellan s lack of action In 1862, he finally made his move, although incredibly slow Sailed down the Potomac towards Richmond=capital of VA Lee made his own offensive moves and made a counterattack of his own, sending troops to Washington Prevented Lincoln sending the rest of the troops south McClleland would retreat

13 NAVAL BATTLES

14 NAVAL ACTION Early in the war, Union ships blockaded southern ports Early on ships called blockade runner would break the line Blockade runners=small ships that brought supplies to southern ports through blockades In time, the blockades became more effective, as trade dropped by 90% Ironclad ships were developed to help trade Merrimack=Confederate ironclad ship Coated with 4in thick iron plates Monitor=Union Ironclad ship Both ships would meet for battle in Virginia Both would end up withdrawing from battle

15 REAL BATTLE? Monitor Vs. Merrimack

16 ANTIETAM Lee now makes plans to take a victory in the north However, his messengers ended up losing his plans, and they are then recovered by Union soldiers McClelland though, is slow to act On September 17 th, the day long Battle of Antietam resulted in the death of more than 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers The next day, Lee retreated, with no Northern pursuit Union victory Raised Union morale

17 CONFEDERATE VICTORIES Battle of Fredericksburg Lee v. Burnside Took place in Fredericksburg, VA Lee left the city to the Union, and took spots on a treeless hill outside of it Burnside 6 times ordered an attack, and 6 times Confederate guns drove them back Battle of Chancellorsville Lee and Jackson v. Union Defeated Union in 3 days However, suffered a high price Jackson was killed by friendly fire

18 WAR IN THE WEST Union had success in the West Led by Ulysses S. Grant Tasked with taking the Mississippi River Captured two forts that were important tributaries to the South Battle of Shiloh First day was a Confederate victory Grant thought the idea of retreating was crazy, and the next day, dominated Confederate troops One of the bloodiest encounters, resulting in more deaths than the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined Union Navy in 1862, is gaining control of Miss. River Captured both New Orleans and Memphis, both ends of the river Cuts river off to the South

19 A PROMISE OF FREEDOM 17.3

20 LINCOLN S WORRY Civil war began to restore the Union, not to end the institution of slavery Lincoln made this very clear Would do whatever it would take to save the Union Lincoln had good reason for being careful on the issue of slavery 4 slave states remained in the Union Doesn t want to do anything that would cause them to shift their loyalty

21 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION In 1862, Lincoln felt that the only way to save the Union was by broadening the Union s goals He decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved African Americans in the South However, not all slaves would be freed in areas such as: The loyal slave states Nor those in Confederate states that had already been captured by the Union There were reasons for the emancipation plan These slaves played an integral part to the Confederacy Grew food for soldiers Worked in iron and lead mines Served as cooks and nurses in the army

22 Didn t want to anger the owners of slaves still in the Union Also knew that many northerners opposed the slaves freedom He decided to act to free the slaves, now that they were no longer part of the Union Had to wait for a victory though Lincoln did not want to seem desperate Had to wait for a victory to announce the plan On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emmancipation Proclamation

23 IMPACT OF THE PROCLAMATION No slaves actually gained their freedom on Jan 1 st Not under Union control Union soldiers are no longer fighting to save the Union, but to end slavery as well Europe now has sympathy for the Union cause As a result, Britain or any other country is now less likely to aid the South

24 AFRICAN AMERICANS HELP When war began, 1000s of free African American s (AA) volunteered to fight At first, federal law forbade AA s from serving as soldiers In 1862, Congress repealed the law, both free and run away AA enlisted in the Union army Assigned to all black units, that were commanded by white officers At first, only served as laborers, building roads, and guarding supllies Also only received half the pay as their white comrades Protested the discrimination=policy or attitude that denies equal rights and treatment to certain groups of people Gradually conditions improved

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26 By 1863, were fighting in major battles against the Confederates In 1864, US War Department announced equal pay for all soldiers By the end of the war, 200,000 AA s had fought, and 40,000 had died 54 th Massachusetts Regiment was one of the most famous regiments in the Union-Video Two of Frederick Douglass s sons served Led an attack on Fort Wagner, in Charleston, SC First 16 soldiers to receive Medal of Honor medals came from this regiment

27 BEHIND CONFEDERATE LINES AA s still had to work as slaves in the South Slowed down work, or simply refused to do it, as well as punishment Helping to weaken the South s war effort Many freed themselves About 1/4 th of slaves had fled by the end of the war Served as guides and spies, as well as enlisting in the army

28 HARDSHIPS OF WAR 17.4

29 HARD LIFE OF SOLDIERS On both sides, soldiers were typically younger than 21 years old Turned boys into men New weapons added to the terror of war Cone shaped bullets raised accuracy by 2x New cannons sent shells miles Submarines and balloons are introduced Union had an advantage in the weapons department Sick and wounded soldiers faced worse horrors Amputations were commonplace Minor wounds=infections Diseases such as pneumonia and malaria killed more soldiers than guns or cannons

30 VIDEO

31 DISCONTENT IN THE NORTH Some northerners opposed using force to keep the South in the Union Copperheads=Northern supporters of the war Others supported the war, but not the way Lincoln was fighting it Riots occurred in northern cities as a a result of opposition Public support began to dwindle as war went on Not enough men volunteered to serve in the Union army Congress passed a draft law Required all abled-bodied men between the ages of to serve in the military if they were called up Could pay $300 to hire someone else to fight for you

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33 Draft law led to riots in the north In NY in 1863, rioters attacked free African Americans, as well as wealthy New Yorkers who paid to avoid serving in the army. Lincoln had to put a stop to these riots Habeas corpus-right to have charges filed or a hearing before being jailed Lincoln defended his actions, saying he had right to deny people their rights

34 PROBLEMS IN THE SOUTH President Davis struggled creating a strong federal government Many southerners are supporters of states rights Also passed a draft law Those who owned 20 or more slaves were exempt from serving Near war s end, Confederates becoming desperate Lee is urging that enslaved African Americans be allowed to serve as soldiers War ended before any could fight

35 NORTHERN ECONOMY To help pay for the war, Congress established first income taxa tax on people s earnings Issued bonds worth millions of dollars Printed more than $400 million worth of money As money supply increased each dollar was worth less Businesses charged more for their goods Inflation-Rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money War actually helped the economy Machines replaced farmers and increased production Demand for clothing, shoes, and guns helped many industries Profiteers-Manufacturers that charged excessive prices or goods the government desperately needed

36 SOUTHERN ECONOMY War ruined the southern economy Imposed income tax and tax-in-kind Tax-in-kind required farmers to give the gov. 1/10 th of their crops as payment Wild inflation sets in 1 dollar=2 cents Greatly damaged the cotton trade Beginning of the war, Davis stopped shipments of cotton to Britain Britain would side with the Confederacy in order to get their cotton However, Britain then decided to import their cotton from Egypt and India

37 Union blockade worked very successfully Armies would have to wait weeks for food and clothing Guns and ammo were in short supply Brought food shortages to civilians. By 1865, there was widespread famine in the Confederacy

38 WOMEN AT WAR As men left for battlefields, women took their places Industry, teaching, and farms Helped supply troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine Some women disguised themselves as soldiers Loreta Janeta Velazquez fought for the South at the Battles of Bull Run and Shiloh Others worked as spies Rose Greenhow gathered info for the South, and entertained Union leaders. Caught, convicted of treason, and exiled

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40 Many had roles as nurses Dorothea Dix-Superintendent of nurses of the Union Army Clara Barton-Founder of the American Red Cross Sojourner Truth-A.A. who worked in Union hospitals and camps for freed slaves Sally Tompkins-Set up a hospital in the South.

41 THE WAR ENDS 17.5

42 FALL OF VICKSBURG Even though Union controlled the Mississippi River, they could not safely use it. Confederates still hold Vicksburg, Mississippi Sat on a cliff overlooking the river Grant tries multiple times in 1863 to capture the city That same year, he devised a plan to first conquer Jackson, Mississippi, and then attack the city from the rear. For 6 weeks, Grant laid siege to Vicksburg A blockade of an entire town or position in order to force a surrender. Forced civilians and troops to starvation Began eating mules and mice Confederates surrendered on July 5, 1863

43 UNION VICTORY AT GETTYSBURG Lee is now planning to capture Washington D.C. after Battle of Chancellorsville On his way encountered Union forces in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania-Battle of Gettysburg. Union forces set up on Cemetery Ridge Overlooking the city 15,000 Confederate forces on Day 2 charge the hill Have to cross an open field and then run up a steep slope The victories at both Vicksburg and Gettysburg were the turning point in the war

44 THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS More than 40,000 soldiers were left dead or wounded Northerners held a ceremony to commemorate these men Lincoln attended, but was not the main speaker Not very popular at the moment Main speaker spoke for 2 hours When Lincoln went to speak, took 3 minutes Became known as the Gettysburg Address

45 UNION WAGES TOTAL WAR For three years, Lincoln was struggling to find a general to lead the Union Names Ulysses S. Grant as commander of Union forces Some questioned the decision, but Lincoln defended Unconditional Surrender Grant Grant and other Union generals begin to wage total war Destroying food and equipment that would help both soldiers and civilians Philip Sheridan-Burned farmlands, crops, and livestock in Shenandoah Valley, VA. William Tecumseh Sherman-Ordered to destroy everything in Atlanta, GA, and march to the Atlantic

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49 LINCOLN REELECTED In 1864, Lincoln runs for reelection Found it very probable to lose the election Ran against George McClelland Much more willing to compromise with the South It wasn t until news of victories in Atlanta and Shenandoah Valley do people take Lincoln s side

50 THE WAR ENDS Grant s attention is now turned towards Richmond In a single month, Grant lost 60,000 soldiers Lee, put up a resistance In Petersburg, withstood a siege for 9 months before retreating towards Appomattox Courthouse Only a week later, did Union troops trap them On April 9 th, 1865, Lee surrendered his army Grant offered very generous terms to the Confederates

51 EFFECTS OF THE WAR More than 600,000 lives were lost Union=360,000 Confederates=250,000 No war resulted in more American deaths Feelings of resentment ran on both sides, especially for the Confederates South lost their war of independence Way of life had been forcibly changed Union armies destroyed their land Feared North would seek revenge Destroyed states rights Power of federal government grew Millions of A.A.s are now free