GEOGRAPHY GCSE Revision EDEXCEL B

Transcription

1 GEOGRAPHY GCSE Revision EDEXCEL B Unit 2: People and Planet

2 People and Planet Revision Checklists and Exam Questions Units: - Population Dynamics - Consuming Resources - Globalisation - Changing Economy of the UK - Challenges of an Urban World - Development Dilemmas

3 Population Dynamics checklist: Global population trends: how has the world s population changed over the last 200 years? Why? How can we measure population change? LEDC vs. MEDC: what influences birth and death rates in LEDCs and MEDCs? How do fertility rates, mortality rates and HIV/AIDS differ? Population pyramids: what do they show? Population policies: why do countries control their populations? How do they do this? Pro natalist vs. anti natalist (One Child Policy vs. Singapore s policy) Population structure: ageing vs. youthful population- what are they? What problems and opportunities do they cause? Migration policies: why do countries use them? How do different countries control migration? (skills tests, open door, quota policies) What tensions does migration cause? Tick when Demographic Transition Model Migration Policies Exponential Growth Points Based System Pro Natalist Birth Rate Push Factors Laissez Faire Life Expectancy Quota Population Policy Open Door Population Pyramid Natural Increase Anti Natalist Death Rate Skilled Migrants Pull Factors Skills Test Refugees 2 mark Exam Questions: - Explain why a youthful population may be a disadvantage for a country. - Explain one reason why some countries have a high birth rate. - Outline one reason why some governments want to control population size - Describe how skills tests are used to limit the numbers of migrants allowed into a country. - Explain why governments may wish to control the number of migrants entering - their country 4 mark Exam Questions: - Explain why migration policies vary from country to country. - Explain why the future growth rate of the world s population is hard to predict - Describe the methods governments can use to control population size. - Explain why global population growth rates are slowing down. - Describe the tensions that can arise from different migration policies.

4 Consuming Resources checklist: Classifying Resources: what are resources? How can we classify them? What does renewable, non- renewable and sustainable mean? Benefits and Problems: what are the benefits and problems of obtaining renewable, non renewable and sustainable resources? Inequalities: how and why do we consume a resource differently in different places? (e.g.: oil) Pressures on Resources: what puts pressure on supply and consumption of resources? How might this change in the future? Theories of resource consumption: Boserup and Malthus- what are their theories? How can they be criticised? Future resource consumption: how can we reduce resource use in the future? How effective would switching to alternative or renewable resources be? How can technology fix the resource problem? Tick when Famine Exponentially Malthus Food security Green Revolution Finite Resources Agricultural Intensification Non Renewable Resource Consumption Riots Oil Energy Use Metals Renewable Resource Arithmetically Inequalities Technological Innovation Hydrogen Powered Car Sustainable Resources Natural Checks Boserup Recycle Sustainability Reuse 2 mark Exam Questions: - Describe Malthus s theory about population growth and resources. - Describe one way in which the use of an alternative or renewable resource helps sustainability. - Explain one possible benefit of a rapidly growing population. - Outline why the demand for one named resource is increasing. - Explain one reason why population growth might be good for a country. - Explain why using renewable resources is more sustainable than using nonrenewable resources. 4 mark Exam Questions: - Explain why Boserup suggests that population growth might be a good thing - Outline why the demand for one named resource is increasing. - For a named resource, describe the inequalities in its consumption. - Explain two ways in which technology might fix problems of declining resources.

5 Globalisation checklist: How does the economy of the globalised world function in different places? E.g. China vs. UK. How have employment structures changed? (Clarke Fisher Model) How do employment structure vary depending on levels of development? What role to global organisations play in development (WTO, IMF, TNCs) How has international trade changed in recent years and what is the reason for this (improvements in technology and investments) How does globalisation impact different groups of people. Examples of TNCs in the secondary and tertiary sector how to they operate, what is the impact, how has their trade increased, where do they outsource etc. Tick when Automation Deindustrialisation Flows Foreign direct investment Global economy Global shift Globalisation Industrialisation Informal sector Networks Outsourcing Players Primary sector Production chain Quaternary sector Secondary sector Sweatshop Teleworking Tertiary sector TNCs 4 mark Exam Questions - Outline the role of global institutions in creating a more globalised world - Explain the potential impact of globalisation on one group of people - Explain why factories choose to locate in China 6 Mark Exam Questions: - Who has benefited the most from the growth of the global economy? - Evaluate the impact of globalisation on different groups of people. - Using a named example, explain why a secondary TNC has relocated its manufacturing. - Using a named example, explain the benefits of relocating your manufacturing to a less developed country.

6 The changing economy of the UK: Classifying employment: what are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs? How does employment change as a country becomes more developed? (Clark Fisher model) How and why has the structure of work forces changed part time, footloose, teleworking What has caused the changes in employment changes in governments and globalisation? Impact of de industrialisation on NE of UK Employment structure comparisons between NE and SE Pros and cons of development brownfield and greenfield sites Environmental impacts of brownfield development : Tick when Big bang Brownfield site Component Deindustrialisation manufacturers Derelict land Digital economy Enterprise zone Flexible working Globalisation Greenfield site Green sector Homeworking Industrial structure Over fishing Primary industry Quaternary industry Quotas Secondary industry Teleworking Tertiary industry 2 mark Exam Questions: - Describe the negative impacts of deindustrialisation on the environment. 4 mark Exam Questions: - For a named brownfield site, describe its plans for regeneration. - Explain one difference between the employment structures of an industrialising and a deindustrialising country. - Explain the factors that have led to industrial decline in some regions of the UK. - Outline the advantages of redeveloping brownfield sites. 6 mark questions : - Using examples, explain why global shifts in production may bring disadvantages to some people. - using examples, explain why brownfield sites might change in the future.

7 Challenges of an urban world: What are the global urbanisation trends and the reasons for growth in urban areas? How do the economic activities, spatial growth and population of megacities in the developed and developing world compare? What are the challenges of rapid urban growth in the developed world such as food, energy, transport, waste disposal and resource consumption? What are the challenges of rapid urban growth in the developing world such as slums, housing, the informal economy, urban pollution and low qualities of life. Why do ecological footprints vary from location to location and what is the potential to make more sustainable transport in cities (the congestion charge) What are the challenges of creating a more sustainable world in cities and make cities less polluted? Tick when Carbon footprint Consumption Counter Eco footprint urbanisation Fertility rate Informal economy Landfill Megacities Natural increase Pollution Quality of life Re urbanisation Self-help schemes Waste Squatter settlements World cities Sustainable transport Urbanisation 2 mark exam questions: - Define the term eco footprint - Describe how planners may reduce traffic congestion in cities 6 mark exam questions - Explain the differences between the eco footprints of people living in the developed world and people living in the developing world. - For a named city, explain how it can reduce its energy consumption. - Explain why the eco-footprints of the cities in the developed world are so large. 8 mark exam question - For a named urban area, examine the positive and negative environmental impacts of deindustrialisation.

8 Development Dilemmas checklist: Development in different regions: how does development differ between core and periphery? How do levels of development differ within Brazil? What effects does this have on people? Top Down Development: what are the differences between top down and bottom up development? What are the impacts of top down development? Evaluate how successful the Narmada Water Scheme has been? Bottom Up Development: what makes a bottom up development? Evaluate the cow dung solution and biogas project in India- how sustainable is this? Sustainable Development: what makes development sustainable? How far are top down and bottom up schemes more appropriate to LEDCs for the future? Tick when GDP Quality of Life Life Expectancy Gene Revolution Irrigation Development Outsourcing Top Down Indicator Biogas Core-Periphery Green Revolution Cattle Sustainability Social Welfare Bottom Up Healthcare 2 mark questions Describe the impact of top-down development projects on two different groups of people. Other than income, outline one way of measuring differences in economic development. Suggest reasons why clean water is important for rural development. 6 mark questions Using examples, compare the success of bottom-up and top-down development projects. For a named developing country, explain the differences between the urban cores and the rural periphery. For a named developing country, explain why bottom-up development projects have both advantages and disadvantages Using examples, explain why sustainable rural development is hard to achieve.