TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

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1 vii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii xiii xv xvii 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Problem Statement Aim and objective of the Study Scope of the Study Methodology Expected Findings 8 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Accident in Construction Accident Causation Model Domino Theory The Loss Causation Model 12

2 viii Multiple Causation Model Human Error Theories Summary Causes of Accident Direct Causes Indirect Causes Basic Causes Safety Policy in Indonesia Introduction Legal Requirement Occupational Safety and Health 32 Management System OSH committees Employees social security scheme 33 (JAMSOSTEK) Enforcement Directorate General of OSH Standards in 36 DEPNAKER Occupational Health Centre of the 37 Department of Health Review on Safety Regulation Type of Construction Accident Risk Assessment Types of Risk Assessment The Risk Assessment Process Hazard Identification Person at Risk Evaluation of Risk Level Risk Control Measures Record of Risk Assessment 45 Findings Monitoring and Review Construction Hazard and Control 46

3 ix Movement of People and Vehicle Hazard and Control Falls of Persons Being Struck by Moving, Falling 48 or Flying Objects Striking Against Fixed or 49 Stationary Objects Management of Vehicles Movements Work Equipment Hazards and Control Hand Tools Power Tools Electrical Hazards and Control Fire Hazards and Control Psychological Health Hazards and Control Personal Protective Equipment Head Protection Equipment Face and Eye protection 56 Equipment Body Protection Equipment Ear Protection Equipment Respiratory Protection Equipment Education and Training Induction Training Job Specific Training Supervisory and Management 60 Training Specialist Training Summary Health and Safety Management System Key Element of Occupational Health and Safety 63

4 x Policy Organizing Planning and Implementing Measuring Performance Reviewing Performance Auditing Key Characteristic of Occupational Health and Safety Health and Safety Culture The Involvement of 67 Stakeholders Effective audit Continual Improvement 68 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction Conceptualization Literature Review Data Collection Document Studies Interviews Questionnaires Survey Data Analysis Likert Scaling Method Conclusion and Recommendation 75 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Analytical Results of General Information about 77 Construction Project 4.2 Analytical Results on Severity of Accidents Analytical Results on Frequency of Accidents Analytical Results on Implementation of Safety Program 98

5 xi Analysis on Equipment Requirement Analysis on Management and Health 100 Program Worksite Analysis Analysis on Hazard Prevention and 106 Control Analysis on Safety and Health Training Analysis on Record Keeping CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion based on objective Conclusion based on objective Conclusion based on objective Recommendation 117 REFERENCES 118 APPENDIX 120

6 xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Construction Accidents in Jakarta Direct Causes of Accidents Indirect Causes of Accidents Basic Causes of Accidents Safety Regulation in Indonesia Type of Construction Accident Assessment of the Severity Rating Scale Indicators of Likert Scaling Method Index Scale of Severity, Frequency and Degree of 75 Implementation. 4.1 Responds to General Information of Construction Projects 77 in Jakarta, Indonesia 4.2 The Severity of Accidents in Construction site, Categorized 82 by the Type of Accidents 4.3 Severe and Very Severe Accidents in Construction Site Frequency of Accidents in Construction site, Categorized 90 by the Type of Accidents 4.5 Frequent Accidents Occur in Jakarta Construction Site Implementation of Safety Program on Equipment 99 Requirement 4.7 Implementation of Safety Program on Management and 101 Health Program 4.8 Implementation of the Safety Program on Worksite Analysis 104

7 xiv 4.9 Implementation of Safety Program on Hazard Prevention 106 and Control 4.10 Implementation of Safety Program on Safety and Health 109 Training 4.11 Implementation of Safety Program on Record Keeping 111

8 xv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Flow Chart of Research Methodology Hierarchy of Occupational Health and Safety Risk Controls Key Elements of HSG Stages in Research Methodology Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 78 categorized by Type of the Project. 4.2 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 78 categorized by Designation. 4.3 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 79 categorized by Background of Knowledge. 4.4 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 80 categorized by Experienced. 4.5 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 80 categorized by Critical Safety Problem. 4.6 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 81 categorized by Seriousness of the accidents. 4.7 Severity of Fall Accidents Severity of Struck by Accidents Severity of Stepping on/ Striking/ Struck Accidents Severity of Caught in Between Accidents Severity of Overexertion Accidents Severity of Exposure to/ contact with Accidents 89

9 xvi 4.13 Frequency of Fall Accidents Frequency of Struck by Accidents Frequency of steeping on/ striking/ struck Accidents Frequency Caught in Between Accidents Frequency of Overexertion Accidents Frequency of Exposure to/ Contact with Accidents Implementation of Safety Program on Equipment 99 Requirement Implementation of Safety Program on Management and Health 103 Program 4.21 Implementation of the Safety Program on Worksite Analysis Implementation of Safety Program on Hazard Prevention and 107 Control 4.23 Implementation of Safety Program on Safety and Health 110 Training 4.24 Implementation of Safety Program on Record Keeping 112

10 xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN ASEAN OSHNET BPS dba DEPNAKER GDP HSE HSG ILO JAMSOSTEK OHSAS OSH OSHA OSH-MS PNKK PPE PVC UNDP Association South East Asian Nation Asian Pacific Occupational Safety and Health Organization Department of Statistic (Badan Pusat Statistic) Decibel (A-weighted) Department of Manpower and Transmigration (Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi) Gross Domestic Product Health Safety Executive Health and Safety Guidance International Labor Organization Employees Social Security Program (Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja) Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Association Occupational Safety and Health Management System Superintendent Safety and Health (Direktorat Pengawasan Norma Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja) Personal Protective Equipment Polyvinyl Chloride United Nation Development Programme