Réformes dans l organisation des soins de santé mentale : étude d évaluation des projets thérapeutiques - 1er rapport intermédiaire.

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1 Réformes dans l organisation des soins de santé mentale : étude d évaluation des projets thérapeutiques - 1er rapport intermédiaire KCE reports 103B Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé 2009

2 Le Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé Présentation : Le Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé est un parastatal, créé le 24 décembre 2002 par la loi-programme (articles 262 à 266), sous tutelle du Ministre de la Santé publique et des Affaires sociales, qui est chargé de réaliser des études éclairant la décision politique dans le domaine des soins de santé et de l assurance maladie. Conseil d administration Membres effectifs : Membres suppléants : Gillet Pierre (Président), Cuypers Dirk (Vice-Président), Avontroodt Yolande, De Cock Jo (Vice-Président), De Meyere Frank, De Ridder Henri, Gillet Jean- Bernard, Godin Jean-Noël, Goyens Floris, Maes Jef, Mertens Pascal, Mertens Raf, Moens Marc, Perl François, Van Massenhove Frank, Vandermeeren Philippe, Verertbruggen Patrick, Vermeyen Karel. Annemans Lieven, Bertels Jan, Collin Benoît, Cuypers Rita, Decoster Christiaan, Dercq Jean-Paul, Désir Daniel, Laasman Jean-Marc, Lemye Roland, Morel Amanda, Palsterman Paul, Ponce Annick, Remacle Anne, Schrooten Renaat, Vanderstappen Anne.. Commissaire du gouvernement : Roger Yves Direction Directeur général a.i. : Directeur général adjoint a.i. : Jean-Pierre Closon Gert Peeters Contact Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé (KCE). Centre Administrative Doorbuilding Avenue Jardin Botanique 55 B-1000 Bruxelles Belgium Tel: +32 [0] Fax: +32 [0] info@kce.fgov.be Web :

3 Réformes dans l organisation des soins de santé mentale : étude d évaluation des projets thérapeutiques - 1er rapport intermédiaire KCE reports 103B SOPHIE CES, VEERLE DE JAEGERE, PETER FEYS, MARK LEYS Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de gezondheidszorg Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé 2009

4 KCE reports 103B Titre : Auteurs : Acknowledgements : Validateurs : Conflict of interest : Disclaimer : Réformes dans l organisation des soins de santé mentale : étude d évaluation des projets thérapeutiques - 1er rapport intermédiaire Sophie Ces, Veerle De Jaegere, Peter Feys, Mark Leys Micheline Gobert a collaboré dans la phase préparatoire des interviews et dans la phase de collecte de données des interviews. Rachel Jenkins (Kings College London), Reinhold Kilian (Universität Ulm), Geert Dom (Psychiatrische Kliniek Boechout) aucun conflit déclaré Les experts externes ont collaboré au rapport scientifique qui a ensuite été soumis aux validateurs. La validation du rapport résulte d un consensus ou d un vote majoritaire entre les validateurs. Le KCE reste seul responsable des erreurs ou omissions qui pourraient subsister de même que des recommandations faites aux autorités publiques. Mise en Page : Ine Verhulst Bruxelles, 4 février 2009 Etude n Domaine : Health Services Research MeSH : Mental Health Services ; Long-Term Care ; Needs Assessment ; Models, Organizational ; Evaluation Studies NLM classification : WM 30 Langage : français, anglais Format : Adobe PDF (A4) Dépôt légal : D/2009/10.273/05 La reproduction partielle de ce document est autorisée à condition que la source soit mentionnée. Ce document est disponible en téléchargement sur le site Web du Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé. Comment citer ce rapport? Ces S, De Jaegere V, Feys P, Leys M. Réformes dans l organisation des soins de santé mentale : étude d évaluation des projets thérapeutiques - 1er rapport intermédiaire. Health Services Research (HSR). Bruxelles: Centre fédéral d'expertise des soins de santé (KCE); KCE reports 103B (D/2009/10.273/05)

5 KCE Reports 103B Projets thérapeutiques i PRÉFACE Voici un projet inhabituel pour le KCE. Non pas tellement par son thème que par la manière dont il a été initié et dont il est financé. Il s agit en outre d une recherche qui s étend sur plusieurs années, ce qui constitue une grande première pour le KCE. S il y a bien un domaine dans lequel les évidences sont relativement pauvres, c est celui de la psychiatrie et de la santé mentale. Surtout lorsqu il ne s agit pas de définir des lignes de conduite générales mais bien d implanter concrètement des structures efficientes dans le contexte particulier de la Belgique. D où l idée de laisser libre cours dans un premier temps à des initiatives montant de la base, de les observer attentivement et puis d en tirer les enseignements utiles pour affiner une politique de santé mentale. Le KCE s est prêté au jeu de cette évaluation de longue haleine qui sort ses experts de leurs bureaux et de leurs techniques d investigations habituelles mais qui respecte néanmoins le caractère scientifique et l objectivité des procédures de travail du KCE. Ce premier rapport d évaluation est un rapport intermédiaire duquel on ne peut encore tirer aucune conclusion définitive. Il paraissait néanmoins important de le publier pour témoigner du travail accompli non seulement par nos experts mais aussi et surtout par tous ceux qui sur le terrain, font vivre ces projets et les développent en vue de trouver les solutions les plus efficaces pour leurs patients. Nous souhaitons remercier ici tous les travailleurs de ces projets pour leur collaboration ainsi que les sponsors de l opération à l INAMI et au SPF Santé publique pour leur soutien et leur intérêt vis-à-vis du travail du KCE. Gert Peeters Jean-Pierre Closon Directeur général adjoint a.i. Directeur général a.i.

6 ii Projets thérapeutiques KCE Reports 103B Résumé CONTEXTE ET LIMITATIONS DE CE RAPPORT Le présent document n est pas un rapport typique du KCE. Il ne contient ni conclusions finales ni recommandations. Il s agit d un premier rapport intermédiaire sur l évaluation scientifique des processus des Projets Thérapeutiques (PT) dans le secteur de la santé mentale. L étude complète s étend sur trois ans. Une part importante de la collecte des données et de analyse de celles-ci est encore à réaliser au cours des étapes ultérieures de l étude. Dès lors, les conclusions définitives et les recommandations ne pourront être formulées qu à la fin du cycle complet. En 2006, un programme «Projets thérapeutiques» a été mis en place dans le secteur des soins de santé mentale. Les Projets Thérapeutiques ciblent les patients souffrant de pathologies psychiatriques complexes et chroniques. Ceux-ci sont répartis selon des clusters d âge ( enfants et les adolescents, adultes et personnes âgées ), et de problématiques psychiatriques ( assuétudes et psychiatrie médico-légale ). L objectif de ce programme est l expérimentation de nouveaux modèles organisationnels en santé mentale. Dans le cadre des Projets Thérapeutiques, le secteur est invité à formuler des propositions «bottom-up» de modèles organisationnels et à les expérimenter dans le secteur des soins de santé mentale en Belgique. Le programme des pouvoirs publics donne un cadre général mais ne définit pas de critères précis permettant d évaluer la réussite d un Projet Thérapeutique. Ces PT visent à développer des modèles intégrés de dispensation de soins pour des zones géographiques particulières. Ces modèles doivent permettre de prodiguer des soins sur mesure. En outre, ils ont pour but de promouvoir la réinsertion sociale des patients tout en s efforçant de garantir la continuité des soins. Un groupe de travail de l INAMI a sélectionné 82 Projets Thérapeutiques. OBJECTIF DE L ETUDE Le ministre des Affaires sociales et de la Santé publique a mandaté le KCE pour effectuer une évaluation scientifique des Projets Thérapeutiques retenus. Cette analyse scientifique doit permettre d apporter des éclairages sur les décisions à prendre en matière d organisation des soins de santé mentale. Le ministre demande de vérifier dans quelle mesure les modèles d organisation proposés par le secteur contribuent à offrir des «soins sur mesure» et à la «continuité des soins». La question ne porte pas sur la prise en charge clinique réalisée dans le cadre des Projets Thérapeutiques. Cette analyse constitue dès lors un exemple typique de «health services research» dans lequel l étude des modèles organisationnels occupe le premier plan. Cette recherche se focalise sur les modèles de collaboration entre organisations de soins et entre professionnels. La recherche vise d abord une évaluation des processus et se focalise sur les barrières et les facteurs facilitant le développement des modèles de collaboration. En outre elle s intéresse à la mesure dans laquelle ces nouveaux modèles peuvent avoir une influence sur les patients L étude d évaluation s inscrit dans une approche à long terme, de trois ans au minimum, correspondant à la durée des contrats relatifs aux Projets Thérapeutiques. Pour procéder à cette évaluation, plusieurs sources d information ont été exploitées : documents, interviews, recueil de données longitudinales sur les patients. Une recherche axée sur le point de vue des patients et de leur famille ainsi que sur leur participation a été confiée à un autre groupe de recherche et se déroule en parallèle. Ces questions sortent donc du champ d application de la mission confiée au KCE.

7 KCE Reports 103B Projets thérapeutiques iii OBJECTIF DU PRESENT RAPPORT RESULTATS Ce rapport se limite à décrire les tout premiers constats. Il relate les premières constatations générales obtenues sur la base d une analyse qualitative des 44 premiers PT (sur les 82 retenus initialement) pour lesquels un entretien a déjà été mené (14 PT du cluster enfants et adolescents, 26 PT du cluster adultes et 4 PT du cluster personnes âgées). Le rapport se concentre sur les intentions initiales de chaque projet (objectifs pour les patients et pour les partenaires participants au PT), la description et la classification des formes de coordination et de collaboration dans le cadre du PT, la collaboration entre les différents partenaires et avec le patient, de même que sur les facteurs facilitants et freinants de la collaboration dans le cadre du PT. REACTIONS AU SUJET DU PROGRAMME PROJETS THERAPEUTIQUES En règle générale, les projets émettent un avis positif quant à un programme public qui encourage les réformes organisationnelles. Certains PT constatent que le cadre du projet leur offre la possibilité de mettre des modèles organisationnels ou de collaboration professionnelle au banc d essai. Selon d autres PT, le cadre fournit essentiellement un financement pour une collaboration déjà préexistante entre les partenaires. Mais par ailleurs, les projets formulent aussi des remarques à propos des conditions administratives préalables imposées par le programme des pouvoirs publics. Certains projets font remarquer que ces conditions pourraient handicaper le développement des «soins sur mesure» (en particulier le nombre des réunions imposé autour des patients) OBJECTIFS ET MOTIVATIONS DES PT Certains groupes mettent au point un projet qui tient compte du contexte local et de la disponibilité de dispositifs locaux de prise en charge. Parmi les autres motivations, citons l échange d informations sur les services offerts par les différents dispensateurs de soins, tant ceux du secteur des soins de santé mentale que ceux d autres secteurs. Des raisons stratégiques (participer à une mouvance de réforme plus vaste), sont également avancées par les projets pour participer au programme public. On évoque fréquemment la continuité des soins comme motivation à l élaboration d un PT. De nombreux projets travaillent sur la transition vers les soins résidentiels et ambulatoires après la sortie de l hôpital. Une part de l argumentaire sur la continuité des soins renvoie à la garantie de la poursuite de soins de qualité et cohérents pour le patient, d un dispositif à l autre. Un nombre important des projets déjà interrogés ont élaboré un projet thérapeutique dans le prolongement d une collaboration préexistante entre un certain nombre de partenaires. Seul un nombre limité de ceux-ci est constitué par des initiatives dans le cadre desquelles un tout premier lien de collaboration est créé entre des partenaires. Ces liens de collaboration existants peuvent être formels ou informels et se situer tant au niveau de l institution que des professionnels des soins de santé. Pour certaines régions, la préparation du projet a été coachée, voire pilotée par une plateforme de concertation pour la santé mentale. Dans de nombreux cas, les plans et objectifs initiaux ont été élaborés de manière assez générale et - ce qui est compréhensible - de manière à respecter les exigences administratives contenues dans l appel à candidatures, Les plans ne sont néanmoins pas utilisés comme outil de travail pratique pour développer le projet.

8 iv Projets thérapeutiques KCE Reports 103B Très souvent, les partenaires interrogés s expriment de manière plutôt générale sur les objectifs de leur PT. Par exemple, les projets éprouvent souvent des difficultés à compléter de manière concrète la description d une «pathologie complexe et chronique». Si une description en est fournie, la complexité est fréquemment décrite comme une combinaison de besoins en termes de soins dans différents domaines de la vie (ce qui implique une satisfaction de ces besoins par différents dispositifs) plutôt que de dépeindre la gravité du trouble psychiatrique. Ce qui ne signifie pas pour autant que les projets soient en mesure de définir des critères précis dans ce domaine. Nous avons trouvé certains éléments qui indiquent que le groupe cible a un impact sur l importance que l on accorde à la participation du patient et de sa famille dans le cadre de la collaboration (par exemple, dans les projets des clusters enfants et adolescents d une part, et personnes âgées d autre part). DIFFERENTS MODELES DE COLLABORATION Constat important : les différents Projets Thérapeutiques ont mis au point des modèles de collaboration diversifiés. L approche «bottom up» conduit à un assortiment varié de modèles organisationnels sous-jacents. La coordination en termes de gestion va d une approche très formelle, tant au niveau des procédures que des strates dans la structure de gestion, à des formes d organisation et de réseaux organisées à plus petite échelle et de manière plus informelle. La division du travail est organisée différemment entre les projets au niveau des rôles des coordinateurs. De même, la fréquence, la durée, les participants, les moyens et le contenu des activités de coordinations varient d un projet à l autre. Il n est pas encore possible, à ce stade de la recherche, de détecter des modèles ou des différences et similarités au niveau des clusters. Par ailleurs, les différences au niveau du modèle organisationnel ne peuvent pas s expliquer uniquement à partir les conditions préalables ou de la composition du réseau. La vision sous-jacente des individus et des acteurs impliqués joue également un rôle essentiel. Les premiers constats indiquent que le modèle de collaboration doit s organiser autour de deux axes distincts : d une part, la gestion des partenaires impliqués, d autre part, la collaboration autour de chaque patient. Les entretiens indiquent que la perception et l approche suivant deux axes ne sont pas développées de la même manière dans tous les projets et que leur mise en œuvre en fonction des deux axes n est pas davantage identique. Beaucoup de projets cherchent à mettre en place des modèles de travail autour des soins des patients, plutôt qu en fonction de l organisation des partenaires. UN PROCESSUS D APPRENTISSAGE Les expériences des projets interrogés à ce jour montrent que l élaboration d un PT représente un processus d apprentissage pour tous les intéressés et exige du temps. L introduction de nouvelles formes de collaboration demande aussi bien un changement dans les mentalités de tous les intéressés qu une adaptation des structures et des modèles de fonctionnement existants. La mise en place d un réseau ou d une structure organisationnelle n est pas seulement une question de «structure», mais aussi de «culture», autrement dit de définition de valeurs et de normes partagées, avec des attentes et une compréhension (mutuelles). Par ailleurs, il convient de tenir compte des intérêts stratégiques de chacun des partenaires impliqués. Pour certains PT, un fossé existe entre les savoirs des auteurs du PT en tant que concept et ceux qui doivent mettre concrètement le projet en oeuvre. Il arrive que la vision du projet dans le chef des uns et des autres ne corresponde pas. Une partie de l expérience d apprentissage concerne la définition de modalités de collaboration qui soient à la fois réalisables et utilisables par tous les acteurs intéressés. Les projets ont adapté leurs formes de fonctionnement dans le but de pouvoir concrétiser un niveau réalisable et utilisable pour tous les acteurs (y compris les professionnels). Les projets constatent que pour maintenir la poursuite des activités, il faut déployer des efforts importants au niveau de l information et de l implication/du positionnement de tous les acteurs dans le cadre d un projet.

9 KCE Reports 103B Projets thérapeutiques v Une partie de l apprentissage est indubitablement liée à la création d une relation de confiance entre les différents professionnels et organisations impliqués dans le projet. Ces partenaires proviennent (souvent) de contextes très différents avec leurs propres valeurs professionnelles, normes, expériences professionnelles et avis sur la pratique de leur profession. Certains projets et partenaires de projets ont mis un terme à leur participation à un PT en raison des difficultés rencontrées pour respecter les exigences imposées par les pouvoirs publics. Par ailleurs, certains projets (souvent plus expérimentés en termes de collaboration) ont également éprouvé des difficultés par rapport à la multitude de projets et initiatives de nature «expérimentale» menés en parallèle (dans les différents secteurs participants des soins de santé), au niveau provincial, régional ou fédéral, alors qu il n existe aucune harmonisation entre ces initiatives. De nombreux partenaires à un PT participent également à l organisation d autres initiatives, en dehors des PT, et se trouvent alors confrontés à l absence d une vision politique faîtière qui intègre ces diverses initiatives. L AVENIR DE LA RECHERCHE Ce rapport se borne à décrire les premiers résultats pour une partie des PT. De multiples limitations méthodologiques jouent un rôle, notamment le fait que nous soyons toujours en pleine phase de collecte de données et que nous n ayons procédé qu à une première analyse générale des entretiens. La première étape à franchir pour la suite de cette étude consistera à finaliser le premier cycle d entretiens relatifs aux plans et aux objectifs des projets. Ensuite, nous procéderons à une analyse plus détaillée des données émanant des entretiens, y compris un examen des différents clusters. Les analyses qui sont actuellement réalisées de manière purement inductive seront, dans une phase ultérieure, complétées et contrôlées sur base des enseignements qui peuvent être tirés de la littérature relative au changement dans les organisation et les réseaux d une part et des études sur les réformes en soins de santé mentale dans d autres pays d autre part. Cette littérature scientifique peut permettre, durant les étapes ultérieures de l étude, de formuler des conclusions plus évaluatives sur les modèles organisationnels utilisés, de même que sur les entraves et les facteurs stimulants dans la collaboration. Le deuxième rapport intérimaire aura pour vocation de regrouper tous ces aspects, à savoir les informations sur les modèles théoriques et une analyse complète du premier cycle d entretiens avec tous les projets. Ce rapport ne se limitera pas à une simple description, mais intègrera toutes les données et informations théoriques recueillies dans des conclusions mieux étayées. La dernière phase de l enquête, qui comprendra un second cycle d entretiens avec les projets et une analyse du monitoring des patients sera utilisée pour formuler des conclusions finales et des recommandations à l adresse des pouvoirs publics. Par ailleurs, nous espérons que l enquête menée en parallèle sur la participation des patients pourra apporter des éléments complémentaires pour les réformes futures du secteur des soins de santé mentale.

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11 KCE Reports 103 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report 1 Scientific summary Table of contents ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH LIMITATIONS OF THIS REPORT CONTEXT AND AIMS OF THE TP A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF POLICY INITIATIVES ON ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE Initiatives to stimulate organisational innovations Therapeutic projects (TP) and transversal consultations METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION AIMS OF THE EVALUATION RESEARCH LIMITATIONS OF OUR APPROACH RESEARCH METHODS PLAN EVALUATION OF TPS Data-sources PATIENT LEVEL: PATIENT MONITORING INTRODUCTION TO RESULTS HISTORY OF TP PREVIOUS COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN PARTNERS Informal collaboration between partners Formal collaborations between partners THE PREPARATION OF THE TP PLAN Mental health care consultation platforms The elaboration of the proposal The selection of the partners OBJECTIVES OF THE TPS INTRODUCTION COLLABORATION OBJECTIVES Patient level Partners level SERVICE DELIVERY OBJECTIVES The transition between organisations Simultaneous health care services delivery Accessibility of care A better use of care Family support OUTCOME OBJECTIVES Patient level Professional level MOTIVATIONS TO COLLABORATE Experimental network collaboration The formalisation of collaboration between professionals The local context The improvement of service delivery The consistency of the provided services Other motives SELECTION OF THE TARGET POPULATION MOTIVATION FOR SELECTION OF PATIENT GROUP Difficulties in service delivery for a specific patient group...37

12 2 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report KCE Reports Availability of expertise for a specific patient group INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria CHRONIC AND COMPLEX Comments SELECTION OF THE PARTNERS FORMAL PARTNERS Type and number of the formal partners The choice of the formal partners The role of the formal partners INFORMAL PARTNERS Type and number of informal partners Role of informal partners The choice of the informal partners FAMILY AND PATIENT ORGANISATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF ACTIVITY SIZE OF THE CATCHMENT AREA MOTIVATION COORDINATION OF TP INTRODUCTION COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES AT PROJECT LEVEL: MEETINGS Steering committee Other meetings with partners of TP Informal bilateral communication Promotion of the TP COORDINATION OF PATIENT RELATED ACTIVITIES The process of inclusion TOOLS Tools used to coordinate the management of partners Tools used to coordinate patient related activities Tools used to coordinate the follow-up of the patient THE COORDINATOR INTRODUCTION OVERALL COORDINATOR PROJECT COORDINATOR Coordinating the partnership Coordinating patient related activities Time allocation Profile of the project coordinator SUPPORT FOR THE PROJECT COORDINATOR REGARDING PATIENT RELATED ACTIVITIES Patient representative Consultation and Home Care Coordinator Support in organisation, chairing and report writing of meetings ADMINISTRATIVE COORDINATOR CURRENT EXPERIENCES INTRODUCTION PERCEIVED ADDED VALUE Added value of the government his TP-programme Participation of the patient The rhythm of the meetings Obligatory involvement of different types of partners Added value of meetings...73

13 KCE Reports 103 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report Added value for patients THE INCLUSION PROCESS OF NEW PATIENTS Selecting patients for the TP Informed consent Partners proposing new patients for inclusion Inclusion meetings EXPERIENCES WITH PATIENT MEETINGS Participants Content Duration of the meeting Number of patient meetings Location of meetings EXPERIENCES WITH THE STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING PATIENT PARTICIPATION EXPERIENCES WITH FAMILY PARTICIPATION AND PATIENT AND FAMILY ORGANISATIONS CHANGES IN THE PLAN OF TP Coordination issues Inclusion issues Number of partners THE PROJECT COORDINATOR Human resources issues The role of the coordinator Individual patient coordinator role Financing of the coordinator Workload of the coordinator Support for the coordinator PROFESSIONAL SECRECY THE FORMAL PARTNERSHIP Maintaining the formal partnership Actively involving partners Lack of knowledge about the TP within partner organisations DIFFERENT VALUES AND APPROACHES OF PARTNERS Different perspectives, language and cultures Conflict of interest between ambulatory care and hospitals EXTERNAL CONDITIONS The contract requirements Critiques and suggestions Communication from FPS, NIHDI and KCE Patient monitoring Other formal collaboration initiatives CRITICAL FACTORS Time and previous collaboration Promoting the project Critical factors for patient meetings Critical factors for partner participation RESIGNING PROJECTS INTRODUCTION REASONS FOR RESIGNING Number of inclusions History of collaboration between the partners Role and employment location of the project coordinator Objectives Preparation versus implementation of the project Coordination model Patient monitoring...102

14 4 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report KCE Reports GENERAL DISCUSSION THE OVERALL RESEARCH AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS VARIATIONS ON A THEME: DIFFERENT TP-MODELS THE ELABORATION OF A COLLABORATION PLAN COLLABORATION, COORDINATION, PARTNERSHIP, NETWORK WHAT IS IN A NAME? A LEARNING EXPERIENCE STRUCTURE AND CULTURE MANAGING PARTNERS AND MANAGING PATIENT PATHWAYS PATIENT RELATED ISSUES FUTURE RESEARCH STEPS REFERENCES...114

15 KCE Reports 103 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report 5 ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION ENGLISH FRENCH DUTCH EA Employment FORmation - EMploi Vlaamse Dienst voor Agency FOREM Beroepsopleiding en CMHS FPS Community Mental Health Service Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment Centre de Soins de Santé Mental CSSM Service Public Fédéral - Santé Publique, Sécurité de la Chaîne alimentaire et Environnement SPF - SSAE Médecin généraliste GP General practitioner HS Home Services Services et Soins à Domicile SSD ISH Initiatives Initiative Habitation Sheltered Housing Protégé IHP ISHC Integrated Soins Intégrés des Services Home Services à Domicile Care SISD KCE MHCCP NACH NIHDI PHC PMSSD PYS Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre Mental Health Care Consultation Platform National Advisory Council for Hospital Services National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance Psychiatric Home Care Public Municipal Social Service Department Protective Youth Services Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé Plateforme psychiatrique de soins de Santé Mental PFSM Conseil National des Etablissements hospitaliers CNEH Institut National Assurance Maladie et Invalidité INAMI Soins Psychiatrie à domicile SPAD Centre Public d Aide Sociale CPAS Service d Aide à la Jeunesse SAJ Service de protection de la jeunesse SPJ Arbeidsbemiddeling VDAB Centrum voor de Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg CGG Federale OverheidsDienst Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu FOD - VVVL Huisarts Thuiszorgdiensten Initiatief Beschut wonen IBW Geïntegreerde Diensten Thuisverzorging GDT Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg Overlegplatform van de Geestelijke GezondheidsZorg OGGZ Nationale Raad voor Ziekenhuisvoorzieningen NRZV Rijksdienst Instituut Ziekte en Invaliditeitsverzekering RIZIV Psychiatrische Zorg in de Thuissituatie PZT Openbaar Centrum voor Maatschappelijk Welzijn OCMW Comité voor Bijzondere Jeugdzorg / gerechtelijke jeugdbijstand SF Sickness Funds Mutualités Ziekenfonds of Mutualiteit TP Therapeutic Projet Thérapeutique Therapeutisch Project Project

16 6 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report KCE Reports INTRODUCTION This is the first intermediate report on the evaluation research of the Therapeutic Projects (TP). The TP were initiated through the National Advisory Council for Hospital Services (NACH) and coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI) and the Federal Public Services (FPS) for Public Health (mental health unit). The aim of these initiatives is to collect experiences in order to draw lessons on how to (re)organise the (mental) health care provision for selected groups (see infra). 1.1 SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH After the formal government programme was conceived and launched and the projects were selected by the NIHDI, the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE) was asked by the Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health to perform a scientific evaluation study of these TPs. The scientific analysis has to contribute insights supporting (further) reforms of mental health care. The formal demand of the Minister was to assess to what extent the organisation models as proposed by the sector through the TP, do actually contribute to the development of needs-based care and reach the aim of continuity of care in a less residential-oriented approach of treatment and support for persons with complex and chronic psychiatric problems. The demand of the Minister excluded a focus on the clinical content of the TP. The research is a typical Health Services Approach, as it mainly focuses on organisational issues. It is a policy support project rooted in scientific health programme evaluation research methodologies. The KCE was asked: To develop a methodology for the development of a patient monitoring tool To design a methodology to assess organisation processes when establishing collaborative models of provision of care. To conduct a process evaluation of the TP. To assess the particularities of the organisation of care for mental health care target groups as defined by the working group psychiatry of the NACH. The evaluation process of the TPs is embedded in a long term programme of at least 3 years of TP activities. The projects started their activities in april A separate research trajectory, performed and coordinated by another research consortium, is in particular focussing on the issue of patient participation within the TP. The issue of patient participation as perceived by patients, families and family organisations is falling outside the scope of the KCE assignment. Both research trajectories should at the end offer complementary knowledge to support the development of a mental health care policy framework. The financial resources for the scientific evaluation process are provided by FPS within the framework of the programme for mental health care reforms (except for the KCE supervision).

17 KCE Reports 103 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report LIMITATIONS OF THIS REPORT This first report offers a first description of issues on the development of the project plan proposals and organisational models as reported by representatives of the TP. At this stage data-collection is still ongoing: We interviewed 44 of initially 82 accepted TP. We also analysed only one data-source: data-triangalution with other data-sources is needed in the further research process. Because of methodological reasons, and the stage of the ongoing process of the TP government programme, this is a non-conclusive intermediate report on a first stage in the ongoing evaluation process of the TP. It is descriptive and not evaluative. It reports preliminary results. It holds no final conclusions or recommendations on the value of TP models. After the formal government programme was conceived and launched and the projects were selected by the NIHDI, the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE) was asked by the Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health to perform a scientific evaluation study of the TPs. The evaluation process of the therapeutic project is embedded in a long term approach of at least 3 years of TP activities. This is a non-conclusive intermediate report presenting descriptive results on a first stage in the ongoing evaluation process of the TP.

18 8 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report KCE Reports CONTEXT AND AIMS OF THE TP 2.1 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF POLICY INITIATIVES ON ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE Mental health care in Belgium is still strongly oriented towards a residential, one could even say a hospital-centred model of provision of care especially for people with moderate and severe mental health problems. However, in the second half of the 20th century, several federal policy initiatives announced a slow adaptation of the hospitalcentred organisation of mental health care towards a more deinstitutionalised policy framework a. In the 1970 s, federal policy measures were taken to stop the increase of psychiatric beds. Policy measures also differentiated the types of beds (e.g. units for children were created and a differentiation was made between long-term and acute beds) and centres for ambulatory care were installed. Since the 1990 s, a lot of federal policy documents and statements were developed, all fitting into the discourse of deinstitutionalisation of mental health care. Measures were launched on the reconversion of psychiatric hospital beds in the form of initiatives of sheltered housing and psychiatric nursing homes. Mental Health Care Consultation Platforms (MHCCP) were installed aiming at consultations between mental health care providers and stakeholders. The NACH was closely involved in the debate on the reforms in mental health care and the introduction of the Therapeutic Projects in particular. By the end of the 1990 s ( 99), an advice of the NACH recommended the development of models of care guaranteeing continuity of care, and mental health care services adapted to the needs of patients. Moreover, an explicit recommendation of the NACH urged for more flexibility in the legal frameworks in order to adapt the model of mental health care provision. In 2000, the NACH advised to further develop models of sheltered housing and psychiatric nursing homes Initiatives to stimulate organisational innovations In 1998, pilot projects on discharge management from hospitals were launched in the psychiatric sector. Also in 1998, a recommendation was formulated on the development of initiatives for Psychiatric Home Care (PHC), a model and services missing in the Belgian health care context. A Federal policy initiative was launched in 2001, the so called pilot projects home care : an overall, publicly available, assessment of these pilots was never performed. The projects have all been prolonged as pilots, but a structural policy model has not yet been developed. Other pilot projects for the target groups children and adolescents, adults, and addiction aiming at introducing new approaches of care: models of home care, outreach, day-care, psychiatric liaison, care pathways (including residential and sheltered living facilities), case management and continuity of care, psychiatric crisis services, etc. are funded since the beginning of the 21 st century by the FPS. a In this report we will not elaborate on the complex organisation of health care policy competencies in Belgium. It is worth noticing that 7 ministers have discretionary decision-making power on issues related to mental health care. The federal government has mainly competencies on residential cure and care aspects (FPS) and reimbursement within the public health insurance (NIHDI). Regional and community governments have political competencies on the non-cure aspects of mental health care (prevention & social care), and can thus develop their proper policies on other aspects of (mental) health care. Moreover, provincial authorities can take policy initiatives too on issues of mental health care organisation.

19 KCE Reports 103 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report 9 It is quite interesting to observe, although formally distinct, that a close link exists with the therapeutic projects, (a) on the level of policy intentions of the initiatives, (b) because therapeutic projects are stimulated to integrate pilot projects home care and (c) because several partners of the TPs have had experiences with different policy initiatives on organisational reforms in mental health care (see infra) Therapeutic projects (TP) and transversal consultations In 2003, the Public Health Interministerial Conference issued a declaration on the need for a new concept in mental health care 1, 2. The major objective of the reforms was to offer mental health services adapted to the individual patient s needs, preferably in his own living environment. A number of core principles were emphasized: The delineation of target groups based on age categories, The collaboration between caregivers, The freedom of choice by the patient, The continuity and effectiveness of care, The need for coordinated policies between authorities within their respective competencies. The Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health issued in 2005 a document on mental health following the principles of this Interministerial Conference b. The document proposes the development of experimental therapeutic projects, seeking for alternative organisation models in mental health care, more particularly labelled as care circuits and networks. The target population of these new models of organisation are patients with chronic and complex mental disorders. The government programme for experimental therapeutic projects materialised in A three year experiential programme was implemented by means of a royal decree of October on article 56 2 of the nomenclature c, stipulating the conditions for the creation and development of TPs. Therapeutic projects are intended to implement an integrated health services model in clearly defined catchment areas, providing services adapted to the needs of the patient and promoting his rehabilitation in society and guaranteeing continuity of care. The primary aim of TP should be the organisation and/or coordination of consultations for selected patients. The individual projects are intended to develop experiences in the organisational approach offering effective support for different mental illness target groups. The TP should aim at complex and chronic patients with psychiatric disorders, within a clearly identified age group (namely children and adolescents, adults, elderly), and/or a specific pathology (addiction or forensic psychiatry). The TP should consist of a minimum number and type of partners, operate in an explicitly motivated catchment area, and aim at giving needs-based care and guaranteeing continuity of care, through a developed model of collaboration. b c (last consulted December 2008) (last consulted December 2008)

20 10 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report KCE Reports The organisation of the initiatives Therapeutic projects are financed by the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI) and the FPS of Public Health. NIHDI is responsible for the reimbursement of clinical-related activities under the form of a convention (article 56), an agreement specifying the conditions for the reimbursement of activities. The TPs are funded for inclusion meetings of patients and the three-monthly follow- up meetings of patients within the projects. A yearly lump-sum of is paid for coordination activities. A variable sum, limited to a max of a yearly is reimbursed, depending on the number of patients taking part in the project. At least every trimester, a patient meeting should take place in which at least three formal partners should participate. If the above mentioned conditions are met, a sum of 125 per meeting is paid by NIHDI. The first year, a maximum of four meetings is reimbursed; from the second year onwards, a maximum of three meetings. All formal partners should participate in the initial meeting to include a patient. Each project should include as participants at least : (a) a psychiatric hospital or a psychiatric unit (b) a CMHS or one of the pilot projects (home care or outreach), funded through FPS and (c) a primary care partner (an association of general practitioners, Integrated Services Home Care (ISHC), Home Services (HS)). FPS finances for the activities related to the transversal consultations and the data-collection support for the evaluation research. For projects related to forensic psychiatry, the FPS coordinates all funding activities Each therapeutic project is obliged to participate in the so-called transversal consultations to share and discuss the experiences related to the organisation practices of therapeutic projects. The transversal consultations are organised for therapeutic projects addressing the same target group. For linguistic reasons, each group of transversal consultation is organised separately for the two language groups. This transversal consultation is intended as a learning experience, based on the comparison of day-to-day experiences within the TP. It is conceived as a support platform for the individual TP. The transversal consultations are coordinated by the MHCCP. One MHCCP coordinates all activities for Flanders. In the French-speaking part, three MHCCP coordinate the transversal consultations. At the end of the governments programme, the different platforms will develop a common report relative to the experiences of the TPs. The transversal consultations (and the resulting reports) will be used as input in formulating policy recommendations on the organisation of mental health services in the future. Eventually, the therapeutic projects and transversal consultations policy programme should give support to the development of a future policy programme for organisation of mental health care for target groups including aspects of adequate care circuits and care programmes, tailored to specific groups of patients.

21 KCE Reports 103 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report The selection of the TP The NIHDI coordinated the call for bottom-up proposals for TPs and the selection of the TPs. Different partners could jointly tender for a TP, taking into account the prerequisites put forward by NIHDI d. On top of the conditions mentioned in the previous section, the projects were also assessed on: The expectation of a better process of taking charge of a patient, and the extent to which a needs-based care approach was developed. The expectation that the TP enables the avoidance of redundancies in care on the one hand and fills in gaps in the care pathway on the other hand. The testing of innovative forms of caretaking through collaboration between partners and complementarities of partners. A working group of NIHDI selected eighty-two TPs e that answered to the predefined selection criteria (see Royal decree 22 october 2006). The working group assessed to what extent the bottom-up proposals met the foreseen criteria, but also considered geographic and mental health domain distributional issues f. The FPS organized a particular small programme of forensic projects. These projects were selected from the NIHDI-call but funded separately through FPS financial means. These projects are also included in the evaluation research. By the end of the 1990 s, an advice of the NACH recommended the development of models of care guaranteeing continuity of care, and mental health care services adapted to the needs of patients. In 2002, the Public Health Interministerial Conference issued a declaration on the need for a new concept in mental health care. The Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health issued in 2005 a document on mental health, following the principles of this Interministerial Conference. The document proposes the development of therapeutic projects, seeking for alternative organisation models in mental health care. Therapeutic projects aim to implement an integrated health services model in clearly defined catchment areas, providing services adapted to the needs of the patient, promoting his rehabilitation in the society and guaranteeing the continuity of care. Each therapeutic project is obliged to participate in transversal consultations to share and discuss the experiences related to the organisation practices. The transversal consultations are coordinated by the MHCCP. The TPs were proposed through a bottom-up approach. A working group of NIHDI selected eighty-two TPs that answered to predefined selection criteria. d e (last consulted december 2008) f (last consulted december 2008)

22 12 Therapeutic projects: first intermediate report KCE Reports METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION This research project is a health services research project. It aims to identify effective and efficient ways to organise, and deliver high-quality care adapted to the care needs of (particular) patients (groups) and to understand the processes facilitating or impeding the functioning of the services. Evaluation research implies a systematic application of scientific research procedures for assessing the conceptualization, the design, the implementation and the utility of a (health) intervention programme 3, 4. The evaluation methodology used, is in essence a programme evaluation in Dutch speaking literature also referred to as a plan, process and outcome evaluation 5. Programme evaluation is a formalised approach to study the goals, processes, and impacts of projects, policies and programmes. Rossi et al. 3 divide these dimensions into 5 main categories: needs assessment, programme theory, process analysis, impact analysis, and cost-benefit & cost-effectiveness analysis. The needs assessment examines the nature of the problem that the programme is meant to address. This includes evaluating who is affected by the problem, how wide-spread the problem is, and what effects stem from the problem. The programme theory is the formal description of the programme's concept and design. Methodological guidelines on programme evaluation have argued that each social programme (such as organisational reforms in mental health care) embodies an action theory that reflects assumptions about the nature of the social problem it addresses and the way it expects to bring about a change in that problem. Evaluators should bring that theory to the surface and, if necessary, draw on other sources of information to further differentiate it. The programme theory breaks down the components of the programme and shows anticipated short- and long-term effects. An analysis of the programme theory examines how the programme is organised, leads to desired outcomes and reveals unintended or unforeseen consequences. The programme theory generates the hypotheses to be tested in an impact evaluation. The process analysis evaluates how the programme is being implemented. This evaluation determines whether target populations are being reached, whether people are receiving the intended services, whether staff are adequately qualified, etc. The impact evaluation describes and tries to assess effects and aims at determining causal effects of the programme. The cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis assesses the efficiency of a programme. In this initial phase of reporting, the research does not address cost-effectiveness issues, because we do not have a clear view on the organisational configurations of the TPs. However, cost-effectiveness is an issue that will be discussed in forth-coming reports. The proposed approach is also related to what has been described as real world evaluation research in mental health care 6-8. In this approach, a lot of attention is paid to the context in which organisational models are being developed. This is in contrast to RCT methods aiming at controlling the noise variables as much as possible. The approach recognises arguments to develop and use more broad evaluation approaches in mental health care 9, 10 11, 12. Interventions in mental health care are different from a typical biomedical approach in such that they have to be adapted to characteristics of persons, organisation of health care, financing regimes etc...

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