Population 30,647,000. Territorial Extension 1,285,220 km 2 GDP 2014 (US$) 216,674,000,000. Armed Forces Personnel 78,296

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1 A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America and Caribbean / 214 Edition 248 The Legal Framework eru BASC NFMATN Comparative ncrease (percentage variation ) Expenditure in ersonnel 13% Defence 86% Government 76% opulation 3,647, Territorial Extension 1,285,22 km 2 Defence Breakdown GD 214 (US$) 216,674,, Armed Forces ersonnel 78,296 Defence (US$) 2,819,591,821 : Salaries and other benefits : etirement and pensions funds : nvestment : ther expenses GD 72% National Legislation Systems and Concepts Act that establishes ules for Exceptional Conditions in which the Armed Forces take over the Control of nternal rder (Nº /6/7. Last amendment: DL Nº /11/8). (1) Legislative Decree acknowledging self-defence committees as organizations of the population to develop community self-defence activities (DL N /12/11). Legislative Decree which establishes ules which the Armed Forces have to be subjected to when operating in Zones not declared in State of Emergency (DL Nº /3/1. Last amendment: Act Nº /5/17). Law on the requirements necessary to the authorization and consent for the entry of foreign troops to the national territory (N /3/22. Last amendment: N /4/11) National Mobilization Act (N /11/13). System and National Defence Act (Nº /3/23). National ntelligence System Act (Nº /1/4). rganic Law of the Executive Branch Act (N /12/2) Act which establishes the ules for the Use of Force by Members of the military in the National Territory (Decree-Law Nº /9/1).(2) Law on the organization and operation of the Ministry of Defence (N /22/1). Delegation of authority to legislate within the interior sector and national defence (N /9/11). Legislative Decree that regulates the National Defence System (DL Nº /12/7). Legislative Decree that created the Secretariat of Security and National Defence (DL N /12/7). Military rganization rganic Act for the Joint of the Armed Forces (DL N /9/27). Military Status Act for of the Armed Forces (Nº /13/24). Last Amendment: Law No /15/1). Act which creates the Fund for the Armed Forces and the National olice (Nº /12/31). Act on the romotion of in the Armed Forces (Nº /1/3. Last amendment: Act Nº /9/1). Act on the Disciplinary egime of the Armed Forces (Nº /11/9. Last amendment: DS DE- 29/5/23). Military and olice Justice Law rganization and rocedures Act (Nº /1/11. Last amendment: Decree-Law Nº /9/1). Military Service Act (N /6/28). Military olice enal Code (Decree-Law Nº /9/1) (2) of eru Act (DL Nº /12/1). of eru Act (DL Nº /12/13). of eru Act (DL Nº /12/13). (1) The Constitutional Court declared as unconstitutional paragraphs c), d) and e) of article 5 amended by Legislative Decree Nº 749, and article 11; and it amended certain texts of articles 4, 5, 8 and 1 (sentence Nº A/TC 24/8/14). (2) By the closing of this edition, the unconstitutionality claim for both decrees was pending resolution at the Constitutional Tribunal National Security Council Joint of the Armed Forces of the The Defence System resident Ministry of Defence of the The resident convenes the National Security and Defence Council, the governing body of the national defence and security system, composed of the resident of the Council of Ministers, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, nterior, Defence, Economy and Finance and Justice and Human ights, the Chairman of the Joint of the Armed Forces, the Director of the National olice, the National ntelligence Director, and the resident of the National ntelligence Council. The Ministry of Defence is the main executive body of the system and receives the advice of the Superior Defence Council, composed of the main leaders in the Ministry, the Chairman of the Joint and the ers of the Armed Forces. The Consultative Council is a direct advisory body for the Minister. The Joint is the body in charge of joint military planning and employment. Congress holds the powers granted by the Constitution and permanently monitors defence-related issues through the defence committee. Source: Compilation based on Ley de organización y funcionamiento del Ministerio de Defensa (Nº /1/22) and Ley del sistema de seguridad y defensa nacional (Nº /3/23). Secretariat of National Defence and Security National ntelligence of the Advisory and assistance functional relationship reporting line Joint planning and management relationship Source: Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe, 213, CEAL (population, projection 214), MF, World Economic utlook Database, (GD projection 214), CEAL website (territory), Ley de presupuesto del sector público para el año fiscal (defence budget) and information provided by the Ministry of Defence (personnel).

2 C h a p ter 25: eru 249 Year Defence (US$) Government (US$) GD (US$) 28 1,515,727,13 24,332,118, ,828,, 29 1,595,942,737 23,645,587, ,368,, 21 2,61,617,832 28,822,985, ,28,, 211 2,97,553,421 31,38,814,5 168,459,, 212 2,19,684,87 33,56,967, ,962,, 213 2,528,561,934 4,155,151,689 26,542,, 214 2,819,591,821 42,936,553, ,674,, 8.% 7.% 6.% Defence (%) % 4.% 3.% 2.% 1.% % n relation to GD n relation to the government budget Defence 214 (in Local Currency) Ministry of Defence 4,42,231,353 1,895,456,946 15,814,9 888,754,4 6,842,256,429 Military olice Jurisdiction 5,828, 7,692,412 62,588 13,583, Extra-budgetary nstitutions Subtotal 4,48,59,353 1,93,149,358 15,876, ,754,4 6,855,839,429 Armed Forces and National olice Fund 954,429,916 TTAL 7,81,269,345 * ncludes social security obligations. ** ncludes debt services. ersonnel and social obligations* Goods and services ther current expenditure Capital expenditure** TTAL Source: Compilation based on the Ley de presupuesto del sector público para el año fiscal from 26 to 214. The Government passed by Congress by means of the above-mentioned Act is considered herein. The concept of investment is that expressed in Adquisition of non-financial assets and inputs into the Armed Forces Fund. Extra-budgetary funds: Ley que crea el Fondo para las Fuerzas Armadas y olicía Nacional (Nº /12/21) and Estadística etrolera 26, 27, 28, 29, 21, 211 and 212 and eporte de egalías Cobradas 213, erupetro. GD: rojection of the World Economic utlook Database, MF, for each year considered. This source has been taken for comparative purposes. Each country prepares the budget based on its own GD estimation. The value of the dollar considered corresponds to the exchange rate determined by the World Economic utlook Database, MF, for each year under consideration. As of June, the 214 average was 2.8 Soles on the basis of data provided by the Central Bank of eru. For further calculations, figures are provided in local currency. Expressions in Bold Type (Table) refer to the different items regarding defence that can be found in a sectorial or institutional classification of the Act.

3 A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America and Caribbean / 214 Edition 25 Date of Foundation 1987 Current Minister (July 214) edro Cateriano Bellido Can military members be Ministers of Defence? Yes Number of military members who were Ministers of Defence 12 Number of civilians who were Ministers of Defence 1 Have there been any women in charge of the Ministry of Defence? No Average stay in the Minister of Defence position 1 year and 3 months [The date of foundation is related to the moment in which the term Defence became part of the nstitution s name] Legal supervisory and defence bodies ffice of Document Management The Ministry of Defence Body of nstitutional Control nspection Secretary Assists and provides advise on administrative issues ffice of Legal Advice rganizational Chart ffice of Security and rotection ffice of the ublic Attorney ublic nformation Access Unit ffice of Telecommunications, nformation and Statistics Line Agencies Vice Ministerial ffice on olicies for the Defence Formulates and sets forth policies, strategies and plans to be applied within the defence, national security, international affairs, and education, among others olicy and strategy t of olicy and Strategy on National Security and Defence Support to Civil-Military elation Development and romotion Defence lanning ffice of ress, ublic elations and rotocol nternational elations bilateral issues and Defence attaché offices Multilateral Affairs and nternational Agreements Education and Doctrine Academic Coordination Area Education f Doctrine Ministerial ffice lanning and lanning and nvestment rograms Administration Logistics Accounting Treasury of Asset Management Consultative Commission Vice Ministerial ffice on esources for the Defence Formulates, sets forth and keeps record of material and human resources. t also decides on budgetary and administrative issues. Armed Forces Social Security Administrative Liaison of Social Assistance ationalization ensions mplementation Bodies Human esources CM of Military ersonnel of Civilian ersonnel Health Services Material esources of Special Acquisitions Acquisitions nvestigation Joint of the Armed Forces (CCFFAA) of War Source: Ley de organización y funcionamiento del Ministerio de Defensa (Nº /1/22) and website of the Ministry of Defence. Bilateral agreements entered into between nter Agency Agreement for Maritime Cooperation, with anama (214). Binational Civil Action Border Cooperation rogram between the s, with Ecuador (212) Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Defence ndustry and Technology, with Ecuador (213). Memorandum of Understanding against illegal mining and drug trafficking, with Colombia (214). Bilateral cooperation agreement between shipping companies, which will allow for the development of joint projects in the naval field, with Ecuador (212). Cooperation mechanisms to combat illegal activities that may arise in the border area, Binational Border Commission Working lan (CMBFN), with Bolivia (213). Creation of the binational working group to consider future defence procurement, technology transfer, and surveillance in the Amazon, with Brazil (212). Joint Declaration to strengthen cooperation in the fields of security and defence, with Spain (213). Framework agreement on scientific-technological cooperation, with Argentina (213). Bilateral agreements on cooperation in defence and in the field of military heritage and traditions, with France (213). Memorandum of Understanding that will strengthen cooperation in defence, with Canada (213). Memorandum of understanding and cooperation that will facilitate transactions in services or resources for the defence sector of eru, with the Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC), an agency of the Government of Canada (213). Agreement to enhance cooperation in the field of defence and security, with the United Kingdom (213). Signing of the government-to-government contract for the co-production of training aircraft and technology transfer through the training of eruvian engineers, with South Korea (212). Memorandum of understanding on military-technical cooperation in defence, with srael (213). Source: Compilation based on the websites of the Ministry of Foreign elations of eru and anama, and of the Ministries of Defence of eru, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Annual eport, Bolivia.

4 C h a p ter 25: eru 251 The Armed Forces Mission The Armed Forces have as their fundamental mission to guarantee the independence, sovereignty and integrity of the epublic. n state of emergency, the Armed Forces take control of the internal order if the resident of the epublic so requires. articipate in the economic and social development and in civil defence actions in accordance with the law. (olitical Constitution, Sec. 137, sub. 1, 165 and 171) Joint of the Armed Forces t implements the planning, coordination, preparation and management of military operations of the highest level in the external and internal fronts and the counselling to the Ministry of Defence in the military field, regarding national defence-related matters. Specific Missions The primary mission of the is to guarantee the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the epublic, within its scope. t intervenes in states of exception in accordance with the olitical Constitution of the State and participates in the social and economic development of the country and in civil defence actions in accordance with the law. - articipate in the strategic planning of the national defence. - rganize, equip, prepare and maintain naval forces in its maximum combat potential to ensure the defence of the Nation. - Defend the maritime, fluvial and lacustrian assets, protecting the activities carried out there. - perate naval forces. - ropose and execute the navy budget. - Contribute to the social and economic development of the country and the civil defence in areas of competence. - articipate in the internal defence of the territory in accordance with Section 231 of the olitical Constitution of the State. The is the air branch of the Armed Forces whose primary mission is to guarantee the independence, sovereignty and integrity of the epublic s territory, in its scope of competence, for which it prepares and develops it strength; intervenes in states of exception in accordance with the olitical Constitution; and participates in the social and economic development of the country and civil defence. Armed Forces ersonnel 213: 78,296 3, 27,443 25, 2, 15, 13,39 15,999 1, 5, 6,273 1,955 3,711 1,628 5,996 1,91 Troops Troops Troops Women 7% Women 9% Women 12% Men 93% Men 91% Men 88% Men 93% Women 7% Women 9% Men 92% Women 8% Men 91 % Source: Ley de la Fuerza Aérea del erú (DL Nº /12/1), Ley del Ejército del erú (DL Nº /12/13, Ley de la Marina de Guerra del erú (DL Nº /12/13) and Ley orgánica del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas (DL Nº /9/27). Anuario Estadístico del Sector Defensa (213).

5 A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America and Caribbean / 214 Edition 252 Armed Forces ersonnel 84,983 78,296 Candidates entering fficer Schools Women in the Armed Forces Maximum rank achieved by women in the Corps (214) Second Captain Major Colonel Colonel Brigadier Mayor e Ejército Note: These ranks correspond to the, as an example. The equivalent rank to in the is and in the it is Second. The corps includes officers who have been educated at military academies from the beginning of their careers, different to those who develop a career in the civilian sphere and are then incorporated to the military. Source: nformation provided by the Ministry of Defence and the websites of the and. f the total number of officers and in the Armed Forces, 5% (3,858) are women. Territorial Deployment of the Armed Forces Territorial Air egion or Air Wing 1 Tumbes, iura, Lambayeque, Amazonas, La Libertad Territorial Air egion or Air Wing 2 Lima, Ancash Territorial Air egion or Air Wing 3 Arequipa, uno, Moquegua, Tacna Territorial Air egion V or Air Wing 4 Apurimac, Madre De Dios y rovincia urús (Ucayali) Territorial Air egion V or Air Wing 5 Loreto Naval Zone Tumbes, iura, Lambayeque, La Libertad Naval Zone Lima province and capital, Ancash, Callao, ca Naval Zone Arequipa, uno, Moquegua, Madre de Dios V Naval Zone Ucayali V Naval zone quitos North Military egion Tumbes, iura, Ancash, Lambayeque, Amazonas, La Libertad, Cajamarca Centre Military egion Lima, ca, San Martín, Huanuco, Ucayali yy La rovincia Constitucional Del Callao South Military egion Arequipa, Tacna, Moquegua, Arequipa, uno, Apurimac and Madre De Dios East Military egion Loreto quitos VAE* Military egion asco, Junín, Huancavelica, Ayacucho and Cusco * By means of Supreme Decree No , the Mantaro Valley is incorporated, thus generating the new denomination (VAEM), as national priority zone for economic, social and pacification development. A multisectoral commission is created to work in these areas. Military Service t is voluntary for both sexes and has a duration of up to two years. The entry requirements are the following: - Be single. -Have completed primary education. -Have no criminal record. -ass the physical and psychological examination. There are agreements with the Ministry of Defence with the object of giving the youngster who do military service access to basic, technical and productive education as well as superior education in diverse specializations. The following programs are intended for young people that have finished the voluntary military service: 18 Special Mode Scholarship : ntended for youngsters aged between 18 and 25 who may have access and finalize their academic, technical and/or professional education in renowned universities and institutes. Within the requirements thereof, the following should be noted: having taken and completed the secondary school in a public educational institution, living in poverty situation or extreme poverty situation, besides the commitment to take up a 3-year technical career or a 5-year professional career. During 213, there were more than 1,68 applicants; of which 87% came from the provinces and only 13% from Lima and Callao. Scholarships provided: (91 % men and 9% women). Technological training program: t provides free training to youngsters in technical careers where there is high demand in the labour market. Training is under the responsibility of the National Service for ndustrial Work Training (SENAT) and the National Service of Training for the Construction ndustry (SENCC). Quantity of scholarships in 213: SENAT: 684. SENCC: 85. The specializations offered are: structural welding, auto mechanics, auto electronics, maintenance mechanics, industrial electrician, clothing, gas and electrical installations, infrastructure maintenance, among others. The professions in most demand by recipients are: auto mechanics (18 persons), maintenance mechanics (135 persons) and industrial electrician (131 persons). Certain requirements must be met, such as having completed the third or fifth year of secondary school, depending on the specialization chosen. Source: Compilation based on the Ley de Servicio Militar (Nº /6/28), website of the Ministry of Defence and the Memoria rograma Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo (213).

6 C h a p ter 25: eru 253 Education and the Military Career Career ath for in Bodies 1 GENEAL F THE AMY ADMAL GENEAL F THE A Compulsory etirement Age 6 years 54/59 6 Major Vice Admiral 51/56 58 Brigadier ear Admiral Major 47/52 56 Colonel Maritime olicy and National Security rogram Captain Colonel 42/47 52 Colonel High of Naval War rogram er er and Staff College 37/42 59 Major er Major 32/37 45 Captain Basic rogram of the First Captain 28/33 4 Basic ntelligence rogram Second 24/ years Second Chorillos Military School Second rofessional Specialty rogram 5 years Ensign Naval School Second AMY NAVY A FCE 5 years fficer School 2/25 Minimum age for promotion to the next higher rank Maximum age for promotion (compulsory retirement age) Candidates (Aged 15-2) 2 Graduates from fficer Schools 1 The command corps includes officers who have been educated at military academies from the beginning of their professional careers. The graph makes a theoretical reconstruction of officers promotion through the completion of mandatory courses. Further requirements for promotion have not been considered. 2 The age of 15-2 has been considered for comparative purposes. Entry age varies depending on the services. The minimum age for promotion will depend on the age of graduation from the appropriate military education institution Source: Compilation based on the Ley orgánica del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas (DL N /9/27) and Ley de situación militar de los oficiales de las Fuerzas Armadas (Nº /1/13. Last amendment: Act Nº /9/15).

7 A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 214 Edition 254 Activities in which defence is related to: Security Environmental rotection Education Health Foreign Affairs As of 214, two programs have been elaborated, the last of which (VAEM rogram ) declares as a general objective: achieve an environment of security, legality and social peace to improve the quality of life and social inclusion among the population of the VAEM region by increasing the profitability of legal productive activities in the area. 1.mpede financing, support and inputs 2. ecuperate and guarantee the adhesion of the local population 3. Dismantle terrorist and drug trafficking organizations 4. Conditions for security and sustainable development 5. mprove operational capacity Area of nfluence of the VAEM egion 23 intervention districts: 57% of which (13) are forest. An extensive area of over 35, km 2. The scarcity of agricultural land (just 13%) has led to development activities to substitute illegal cultivation. nin According to official data, it has the highest levels of production of coca leaf, cocaine in basic paste and clorohydrate form. Huancavelica Ayacucho Defence and National and nternational Community Support to Security A riority Zone: VAEM n 212, Supreme Decree 74 declared economic and social development and the pacification of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro ivers VAEM to be a national priority, designating a Multi-sectorial Commission to design a special program for the zone based in the actions of a variety of sectors, including defence. Terrorism t has four pillars of intervention: overty The Ministry of Defence participates in the following strategies: nterdiction of drugs and inputs. Capture of criminal groups The Government evaluates that there is a relationship of cooperation and dependency between drug trafficking and terrorist organizations. Ucayali Cusco nequality The mplementation Unit of the Ministry of Defence, which has the objective of educing (eliminate) the activities of narco-terrorists, is the Joint of the Armed Forces; the specific objectives are: mpede the sources of financing, logistical support and chemical inputs. ecuperate and guarantee the adhesion of the population, firstly in the zones of influence and then in the zones where the terrorist groups operate. Disarticulate the terrorist structure and organizations engaged in the trafficking of drugs or other illegal goods, that permits the neutralization and capture of the heads of these organizations. btain the sustainable development and security conditions necessary to transfer responsibility for internal security in the VAEM region from the Armed Forces to the National olice. ncrease operational capacity Ministry of Defence, objective-based budget for the VAEM program (in Local Currency) ,626,291 4,123, ,247,56 56,714, ,28,959 46,, 582,398, ,839,129 3,215,88 573,,982 46,, 228,798, ,495,223 3,215,88 415,967,173 46,, 195,, Drug Trafficking and rganized Criminal Groups Control of territory and capture of principal suppliers, using Self-Defence Committees formed by the local population Distribution of VAEM resources according to pillar of intervention, 213 Terrorism 32% Drug Trafficking and Criminal Groups 1% overty 22% nequality 45% Sector-based budget for the VAEM program, 213 (% according to Ministry) ,, 6,, 5,, 4,, 3,, 2,, 1,, Transport Defence Social nclusion Housing Education Health Agriculture nterior ther Ministries Dedalo peration Developed between September 27th and ctober 1st with the aim of disarticulating the support networks of narcoterrorist organizations, the principal sources of financing drug trafficking, supply of weapons, ammunition, explosives, medicines and transport, that operate in different localities in the VAEM region, as well as their principal sources of information. t was organized together with the National olice and also involved the participation of the ffice of the ublic rosecutor. 23 arrests of those suspected to collaborate with terrorist groups were made as part of the operation. Source: Compilation based on the of Supreme Decrees Nº CM ( ) and CM ( ); the rogramas de ntervención Multisectorial para el ámbito de los valles de los ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro (VAEM) 212, and ; websites of the residency of the Council of Ministers,,, and Joint of the Armed Forces, and the Government of eru, evista del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas del erú (August-December Edition N 55) mpede financing, support and inputs 2. ecuperate and guarantee the adhesion of the local population 3. Dismantle terrorist and drug trafficking organizations 4. Conditions for security and sustainable development 5. mprove operational capacity During 213, two modern counterterrorism units were inaugurated in the localities of ucyura and Quillabamba, in the Cusco province of Convencion, with the objective of achieving improved territorial control. For 214, another 8 counter-terrorism bases are planned in the localities of ncahuasi, Yuveni, Kepashiato, Llochegua, Mazangaro and Union Mantaro.

8 Chap ter 25: er u 255 Support Tasks in esponse to Natural Disasters Support Actions 212 according to CLMBA Community Support Activities substantially. The most recent additional and consolidated data is up to 213, but the increasing tendency is still observed. ECUAD Aerial Defence Northern Tendency in community support activities (number of persons benefitted) 3, TUMBES LET 25, UA LAMBAYEQUE Maritime AMAZNAS Emergency assistance, benefitting 11,75 persons. SAN MATN ANCASH Emergency assistance due to the Chumbao iver bursting its banks, benefitting 1,12 persons. HUANUC LMA ehabilitation of access roads, benefitting 13,5 persons. Southern Central HUANCAVELCA CA JUNN AYACUCH UCAYAL CUSC AUMAC AEQUA Emergency assistance due to the Uchsuma iver bursting its banks, benefitting 35 persons Amazon MADE DE DS MQUEGUA TACNA BAZL Aerial UN BLVA CHLE Emergency assistance due to flooding, benefitting 5, persons Since 26, the nstitute of National Civil Defence, with the support of Southern, has headed the construction of egional Emergency peration Centres CE in distinct departments across the country. 2, 15, 1, 5, Type of Support Actions, 21 to 213 1% (4) 5% (141) 55% (175) Social Health Transport and Maintenance 49% (137) 34% (16) 11% (36) 52% (383) 6% (43) 42% (316) During 213 the ninth Civic Action organized by the Joint of the Armed Forces was carried out in the io Negro locality. 4, persons received pediatric, gynecological and other medical assistance. The maintains the Mobile Assistance System for iver Emergencies (SAMU FLUVAL), a mobile medical infrastructure which is used to attend to populations living in distant parts of the Amazonian region. SAMU FLUVAL has six speed boats called ambulanchas. The system provides medical services and attends to pre-hospital emergencies through trained personnel, medical instruments, and a communications system. Source: Compilation based on the websites of the residency of the Council of Ministers,,,, the Joint of the Armed Forces and the Government of eru, Anuario Estadístico del Sector Defensa (21, 211 and 212). articipation in eace perations Military Component Current Missions MEM MC Men Women Men Women MNUS (Western Sahara) MNUSTAH (Haiti) MNUSC (Dem. ep. of Congo) UNAMD (Darfur) UNSFA (Abyei) UNML (Liberia) UNMSS (South Sudan) UNC (vory Coast) MEM: Military experts on mission, including military observers, judge advocates and military liaison officers, among others. - MC: Military Contingent eru actively participates in peace operations and has sent troops to MNUSTAH since its foundation. t has a Joint Center of eace perations Training (CECAZ), in Lima, whose aim it is to train military personnel and provide technical advice to the Joint of the Armed Forces in issues related to peace operations. The center provides courses for military contingents, military observers, and general command, instructors, and seminars on peace operations, correspondents, and the XX predeployment Haiti course. eru contributes 46 military personnel to United Nations peacekeeping missions, representing 6.65% of the total Latin American contribution. Source: Statistics on the contribution of military and police personnel to United Nations peacekeeping operations, United Nations Department of eacekeeping perations, May 214; websites of the Joint Center of eace perations Training (CECAZ) and of the Ministry of Defence.