THE NAVAL SERVICE. Every danger of a military character to which the United States is exposed can be met best outside her own territory-at sea.

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1 CHAPTER TWELVE THE NAVAL SERVICE Ninety percent of the world's commerce travels by sea; the vast majority of the world's population lives within a few hundred miles of the oceans; nearly three quarters of the planet is covered by water. Seapower protects the American way of life. -A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower Every danger of a military character to which the United States is exposed can be met best outside her own territory-at sea. -Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan I n 2007 the U.S. Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and Navy issued A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, representing the first time the three services jointly crafted a maritime strategy. The document stresses the naval services' mutual commitment to protecting the homeland and winning and preventing wars. Proliferation of weapons and information technology to transnational threats and rogue states poses an increasing range of threats to U.S. security interests. In addition to threats from kinetic weapons, hybrid warfare threats (e.g., financial, cyber) pose new challenges for the sea services, demanding a coordinated strategy and response. To better understand how responsibility for security in the maritime domain is shared among the sea services, this chapter describes organization, mission, and capabilities of each. 157

2 158 Naval Officer's Guide The Department of the Navy The Department of the Navy (DON) is to "be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations at sea'' (Navy Regulations art. 0202). The National Security Act of i947, as amended in i949, governs the role of the Navy in national defense. The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of i986 streamlined the operational chain of command and provided detailed descriptions of the roles of the Secretary of the Navy, the CNO, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC). Composition of the Department of the Navy. The composition of DON, as set forth in Title 10, U.S. Code (USC), includes the following: The Office of the Secretary of the Navy The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations The Headquarters, Marine Corps The entire operating forces, including naval aviation, of the Navy and of the Marine Corps, and the reserve components of those operating forces All field activities, headquarters, forces, bases, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the Navy The Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy Composition and Functions of the Navy. As defined in Title 10, USC: (a) The Navy, within the Department of the Navy, includes, in general, naval combat and service forces and such aviation as may be organic therein. The Navy shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations at sea. It is responsible for the preparation of naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned and, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Navy to meet the needs of war. (b) The naval combat forces of the Navy shall include not less than 11 operational aircraft carriers. For purposes of this subsection, an operational aircraft carrier includes an aircraft carrier that is temporarily unavailable for worldwide deployment due to routine or scheduled maintenance or repair. (c) All naval aviation shall be integrated with the naval service as part thereof within the Department of the Navy. Naval aviation consists of combat and service and training forces, and includes land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations, all air weapons and air tech-

3 The Naval Service 159 niques involved in the operations and activities of the Navy, and the entire remainder of the aeronautical organization of the Navy; together with the personnel necessary therefore. (d) The Navy shall develop aircraft, weapons, tactics, techniques, organization, and equipment of naval combat and service elements. Matters of joint concern as to these functions shall be coordinated between the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy. Composition and Functions of the Marine Corps. As defined in Title 10, USC: (a) The Marine Corps, within the Department of the Navy, shall be so organized as to include not less than three combat divisions and three air wings and such other land combat, aviation, and other services as may be organic therein. The Marine Corps shall be organized, trained, and equipped to provide fleet marine forces of combined arms, together with supporting air components, for service with the fleet in the seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign. In addition, the Marine Corps shall provide detachments and organizations for service on armed vessels of the Navy, shall provide security detachments for the protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, and shall perform such other duties as the President may direct. However, these additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily organized. (b) The Marine Corps shall develop, in coordination with the Army and the Air Force, those phases of amphibious operations that pertain to the tactics, techniques, and equipment used by landing forces. (c) The Marine Corps is responsible, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of peacetime components of the Marine Corps to meet the needs of war. History The government of the United States if founded upon a single document, the Constitution. The Constitution contains provisions for governing the armed forces that have not changed since the document was written. The Congress, under the powers granted to it by the Constitution, has passed many laws forming and regulating the Navy. In turn, the Secretary of the Navy has approved regulations and orders giving detail to these regulations.

4 160 Naval Officers Guide In 1798, Navy Regulations provided for the establishment "at the seat of the government an executive known as the Department of the Navy, and a Secretary of the Navy, who shall be the head thereof." A board of naval commissioners, with three members, was created by an act of 7February1815. On 31 August 1842, the "bureau system'' was established by Congress. The congressional acts of n July 1890, 3 March 1891, and 20 June 1940 provided an under secretary and an assistant secretary. On 3 March 1915, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations was provided for by an act of Congress. On 12 July 1921, Congress created the Bureau of Aeronautics, and on 24 June 1926, Congress authorized the Assistant Secretary for Air. By 1942, Navy Regulations read as follows: The business of the Department of the Navy not specifically assigned by law shall be distributed in such manner as the Secretary of the Navy shall judge to be expedient and proper among the following bureaus: First, a Bureau of Yards and Docks Second, a Bureau of Naval Personnel Third, a Bureau of Ordnance Fouth, a Bureau of Ships Fifth, a Bureau of Supplies and Accounts Sixth, a Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Seventh, a Bureau of Aeronautics The National Security Act established the DoD in 1949 as an executive department of the government to include the military departments of the Army; Navy, and Air Force. The Secretary of the Navy was demoted to subcabinet rank. The titles of these positions have changed over the years, and various bureaus have been retitled as commands. Congress and the Department of the Navy Of the three branches of government, the legislative branch has the sole power to appropriate funds. From this and from the constitutional responsibility to "raise armies and navies:' Congress derives the power to determine the nature of the Navy and Marine Corps and the amount of money used to purchase and operate ships and weapons and to pay personnel. Both the Senate and the House have committees on armed forces. These committees hold annual hearings for the purpose of authorizing ships and weapons. The appropriations committees of both

5 The Naval Service 161 houses then appropriate money for ship and weapon construction and additional funds for supplies, pay, and other support. The Navy Department has a Chief of Legislative Affairs and an office in the House and the Senate to provide rapid liaison with the committees and mem - bers. Members of Congress, by the Department of the Navy or by other offices of DoD, may originate proposals for legislation. Wherever proposals originate, they are referred to appropriation committees of the Congress for hearing and further processing. Titles 10 and 37 of the USC, which are widely available on the Internet (see appendix E, Sources), contain most of the laws affecting the Navy. Organization of the Department of the Navy The Department of the Navy is unique within DoD because it includes two separate services, the Navy and the Marine Corps, each with its own distinct, although interrelated, mission and chain of command (see figure 12-1). Secretary of the Navy I Chief of Naval Operations Commandant of the Marine Corps I Shore Establishment I Operating Forces Operating Forces Figure 12-1 Navy Organization Organization of the Secretariat. The Secretary of the Navy (figure 12-2) is overall in charge of construction, manning, armament, equipment, and maintenance of all vessels and aircraft and performs other duties as assigned by the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of the Navy has direct cognizance over all officer and enlisted personnel and public and legislative relations and is assisted by the Under Secretary.

6 Chief of Legislative Affairs Chief of Information Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy DoN Chief Information Officer Judge Advocate General of the Navy Auditor General Navy Inspector General Assistant for Administration Director, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Director, Program Appraisal Asst. Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development, and Acquisition) Asst. Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Asst. Secretary of the Navy (Financial Mgt. and Comptroller) Asst. Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) General Counsel of the Department of the Navy Chief of Naval Research Chief of Naval Operations Commandant of the Marine Corps Figure 12-2 Department of the Navy Secretariat

7 The Naval Service 163 Four assistant secretaries also assist the Secretary of the Navy: The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development, and Acquisition) manages the department's acquisitions, directs research and development efforts, and oversees procurement and contracting. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) determines long-range strategic direction and policy for Navy installations and oversees installations, logistics, environment, and safety programs. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) directs and manages the department's financial activities. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) exercises overall supervision of personnel policies for the department. The Secretary is further assisted by the following individuals: The Assistant for Administration manages the various boards, directors, and chiefs reporting to and performing staff functions for the Secretary and his or her civilian executive assistants, which are collectively referred to as the Executive Office of the Secretary. The Judge Advocate General (JAG) has cognizance over all major phases of military, administrative, and legislative law pertaining to the operation of the department. The JAG reviews the records of court-martial proceedings and other courts and boards, as well as matters of international law. The General Counsel provides legal services and advice throughout the department in the fields of business and commercial law. The Chief of Information ( CHINFO) handles all aspects of public informa - tion and the public affairs program for the department. The Chief of Legislative Affairs assists the senior officials of the Navy in their relations with Congress and handles liaison with individual members of Congress and congressional staff members. The Director, Office of Program Appraisal, provides appraisals of Navy and defense plans, studies, and proposals. The Naval Inspector General inquires and reports on matters affecting military efficiency or discipline; proposes a program of inspections; and makes inspections, investigations, and reports as directed by SECNAV or CNO. Department of the Navy Chieflnformation Officer (CIO) is responsible for the development and use of Information Management (IM)/Information Technology (IT) and for creating a unified IM/IT vision for the department. Additionally, the CIO ensures that the development and acquisition

8 164 Naval Officer's Guide ofit systems are interoperable and consistent with the department's objectives and vision. The Auditor General audits and assesses business risks within the department to provide managers objective feedback on efficiency and effectiveness of DON programs, systems, functions, and funds. The Director, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, oversees procurement opportunities for small businesses and minority-serving educational institutions. The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations The various offices under the CNO are collectively referred to as the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, or OPNAV: The Chief of Naval Operations (OP-oo). The CNO is the senior military officer in the Navy and serves as primary naval adviser to the President and Secretary of Defense and as a member of the JCS. The CNO, with the CMC, is responsible for keeping the SECNA V fully informed on matters considered or acted upon by the JCS. The Vice Chief of Naval Operations (OP-09). The VCNO has authority and duties as delegated by the CNO. Orders issued by the VCNO in performing such duties have the same effect as if issued by the CNO. The VCNO's principal job is to act as executive for the CNO. In addition, the VCNO coordinates the performance of the various boards, staff assistants, deputy chiefs of staff, and directors of major staff offices. The following individuals assist the CNO: Director, Navy Staff (No9B) Deputy CNO, Manpower, Personnel, Education and Training (N1) Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Dominance (N2/N6) Deputy CNO, Information, Plans and Strategy (N3/N5) Director for Material Readiness and Logistics (N4) Deputy CNO, Integration of Capabilities and Resources (NS). OPNAV N-S (originally, Deputy CNO, Resources, Warfare Requirements and Assessments) was established in i992. Prior to that time, a different assistant CNO represented each naval warfare area on the OPNAV staff. The reorganization consolidated all of the warfare areas under a single DCNO, NS, to eliminate the barriers between the warfare communities and to ensure that Navy procurement programs were evaluated in terms of their specific contributions to the joint

9 The Naval Service 165 warfighting effort. Currently, the warfare divisions report to NSF, Director, Warfare Integration. The Shore Establishment The Navy Personnel Command (NPC), led by the Chief of Naval Personnel, is responsible for the procurement, education, training, discipline, promotion, welfare, morale, and distribution of officers and enlisted personnel. The command also has responsibility for all records of medals and awards and for correctional custody units, and it supervises Navy morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) activities. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED ). BUMED, led by the Navy Surgeon General, provides Navy and Marine Corps members with health care services and quality-of-life services, maintains health records, and conducts research and development of health-related issues. Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). NAVSEA develops, acquires, modernizes, and maintains ships, ordnance, and systems for the Navy and Marine Corps. NAVSEA performs acquisition, in-service support, and technical organization functions to meet naval and joint forces warfighting requirements. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). NAVAIR provides life-cycle support of naval aviation aircraft, weapons, and systems, which includes research, design, development, and systems engineering; acquisition; test and evaluation; training facilities and equipment; repair and modification; and in-service engineering and logistics support. Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP). NAVSUP provides supply support to Navy forces worldwide. It supplies parts and equipment to the fleet, performs contracting functions, and operates the Navy Exchange system and other services. Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC). NAVFAC provides facilities life-cycle support, which includes management of installations, environmental programs, base realignment and closure requirements, and engineering planning for contingency operations. NAVFAC also oversees the civil engineer corps, naval construction battalions (SEABEES), Naval Beach Group, and other Naval Special Operating Units. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR). SPAWAR provides the Navy with command, control, communications, computers, intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR), business information technology, and space capabilities. Strategic Systems Programs (SSP). SSP provides the nation's sea-based deterrent missile system. SSP is the Navy's manager for all aspects of development,

10 166 Naval Officer's Guide manufacture, and support of Trident weapons systems, including development and production of the missiles, guidance, fire control, launcher, and navigation subsystems; the training of weapons systems personnel; logistic support; and equipment maintenance and repair. Naval Legal Service Command. The Deputy Judge Advocate General of the Navy is assigned additional duty to the CNO as Commander, Naval Legal Service Command, and oversees Navy-wide legal services to ship and shore commands, active-duty military personnel, dependents, and retirees. Legal services include military justice, comprising trial and defense counsel; command support; legal assistance; civil law, including handling personal property, tort, and military claims; administrative law; and environmental law. Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). ONI supports the operating forces through the collection of maritime intelligence and moves that intelligence rapidly to key strategic, operational, and tactical decision makers. Naval Education and Training Command (NETC). NETC conducts education and training of Navy officers and enlisted members. NETC's responsibilities include recruit training, specialized-skills training, and officer precommissioning training. The United States Naval Academy. USNA educates future officers and prepares them for commissions in the Navy and Marine Corps. NavalNetworkWarfareCommand(NAVNETWARCOM).NAVNETWARCOM is responsible for delivering integrated cyber mission capabilities in information operations, intelligence, network operations, and space. Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC). NSAWC, located at Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada, provides naval aviation training and tactics development. NSAWC supports aircrews, squadrons, and air wings through flight training, academic instructional classes, and direct operational and intelligence support. The United States Naval Observatory. The observatory determines the positions and motions of celestial bodies, motions of the Earth, and precise time; provides astronomical and timing data required by the Navy, other components of DoD, government agencies, and the general public for navigation, precise positioning, command, control, and communications; and conducts relevant research. The Naval Safety Center. The center provides safety assistance and advice to the CNO, CMC, and the Deputy Assistant SECNAV for Safety. The Naval Safety Program provides guidance and direction, safety data services, safety program services, and safety marketing information.

11 The Naval Service 167 Commissioning Programs The Navy trains future officers through a variety of programs. In addition to the programs described below, programs specifically designed to commission Navy enlisted members are discussed in chapter 7. Officer Candidate School (OCS). Navy Officer Candidate School, located in Newport, Rhode Island, is an intensive twelve-week course that provides initial training for college graduates to become Navy officers. The Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) Program. The NROTC program commissions officers into the Navy's unrestricted line and nurse corps as well as the Marine Corps. Two- and four-year NROTC scholarships, offering tuition, fees, a monthly stipend, books, and uniforms, are available at more than 160 colleges and universities. Scholarship midshipmen participate in summer cruises each year. A two- or four-year NROTC nonscholarship college program is also offered; participants in the college program are eligible to compete for scholarships, receive monthly stipends during their junior and senior years, and participate in summer cruises the summer before they are commissioned. The United States Naval Academy (USNA). The USNA, located in Annapolis, Maryland, is a fully subsidized four-year undergraduate educational program. Naval Academy midshipmen receive active-duty pay while pursuing bachelor's degrees in a wide variety of majors and commissions as Navy or Marine Corps officers. USNA midshipmen also participate in cruises each summer. Staff Corps Commissioning Programs. Specialized programs exist to commission officers into the civil engineering corps, nurse corps, medical corps, dental corps, JAG corps, and chaplain corps. Some of these programs provide financial benefits while the candidates complete degree requirements. In addition, established specialists in certain professional and scientific fields may qualify for direct commissions. The U.S. Marine Corps Origin. On 10 November 1775, a resolution of the Continental Congress established the Continental Marines, which was based on an organization in the British Royal Navy. The Marine Corps was established by an act of Congress on 11 July Congress intended the Marine Corps to be a strong, versatile, fast-moving, and hard-hitting force that would be prepared to prevent potential conflicts by prompt and vigorous action, be able to hold a full-scale aggressor at bay while the United States mobilized, and be ready when the nation was least ready. In keeping with this intent, the Marine Corps still provides the nation with an expeditionary military organization capable of responding rapidly to threats to

12 168 Naval Officer's Guide Marines participate in an amphibious landing exercise with the Royal Brunei Landing Force. American interests by projecting power through its forward-deployed units and by reacting to crises with combat-ready units tailored to meet any contingency. Tradition. As they enlist, Marines learn that Marine Corps traditions are as much a part of their equipment as their pack and rifle. These traditions are many: devotion to duty and to discipline, loyalty to the country and the Corps, selfsacrifice, flexibility, and dependability. Marines reinforce this tradition through meticulous maintenance of their distinctive insignia and uniforms and through a continuously fostered readiness to be the first force called upon to respond to a national emergency. Mission of the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps is the Nation's "force in readiness;' prepared for rapid and discriminate employment across the spectrum of conflict on land, sea, and air. This spectrum ranges from general war to mid- or low-intensity conflicts. The Marine Corps provides forces both visible and discreet, on-scene or poised beyond the horizon, forces that possess a conspicuous strike and power projection capability. Title io, USC, assigns the Marine Corps several specific roles and functions. In fulfilling these roles, the Marine Corps performs a wide variety of wartime tasks, including seizure and defense of advanced naval bases; crisis response; forward presence; alliance support and special operations, which can include close-quarter battle, reconnaissance and surveillance, seizure and destruction of offshore facilities such as oil or gas platforms, and hostage rescue. Other Marine Corps functions can include various noncombat operations involved with disaster relief, humanitarian assistance, and counternarcotics efforts.

13 The Naval Service 169 Core Competencies of the Marine Corps. Marine Corps Vision and Strategy 2025 articulated the following core competencies for the Corps: The Corps conducts persistent forward naval engagement and is always prepared to respond as the Nation's force in readiness. The Corps employs integrated combined arms across the range of military operations and can operate as part of a joint or multinational force. The Corps provides forces and specialized detachments for service aboard naval ships, on stations, and for operations ashore. The Corps conducts joint forcible entry operations from the sea and develops amphibious landing force capabilities and doctrine. The Corps conducts complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. The Corps leads joint and multinational operations and enables interagency activities. The Commandant and Headquarters Staff. The CMC is a member of the JCS and is directly responsible to SECNAV under the administrative chain of command for the procurement, discharge, education, training, discipline, and distribution of Marine Corps officers and enlisted personnel. The Commandant is assisted by the Assistant Commandant, Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, and Chief of Staff as well as the following deputies and assistants: Deputy Commandant, Plans, Policies, and Operations Deputy Commandant, Manpower and Reserve Affairs Deputy Commandant, Programs and Resources Deputy Commandant, Aviation Deputy Commandant, Installations and Logistics Deputy Commandant, Combat Development Command Director, Intelligence Director, Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Director, Health Services Director, Public Affairs Inspector General of the Marine Corps Staff Judge Advocate to the Commandant/Director Legislative Assistant to the Commandant Organization of the Marine Corps. Figure i2-3 shows the organization of the Marine Corps.

14 Commandant of the Marine Corps Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps Operating Forces Supporting Establishment Marine Corps Forces Reserve Marine Corps Forces Fleet Marine Forces Security Forces Special Activity Forces Marine Corps Materiel Command Marine Corps Recruiting Command Marine Corps Air Stations Marine Corps Combat Development Command Marine Corps Bases Individual Training Installations Reserve Support Activities Special Supporting Activities Figure 12-3 USMC Organization

15 The Naval Service 171 The Marine Corps is organized into two broad categories: operating forces and the supporting establishment. The major elements of the operating forces are the Marine Corps Forces, Fleet Marine Forces (FMF), Security Forces, and Special Activity Forces. Marine Corps combat, combat support, and combat service support units are part of the assigned Marine Corps Forces. These forces serve under geographic COCOMs to plan and accomplish assigned operational missions. FMF units serve with Navy fleets, to seize or defend advanced naval bases and conduct land operations essential to the prosecution of naval operations. Security Forces deter, detect, and defend against terrorist actions and conduct initial incident response to combat the threat of terrorism worldwide. Special Activity Forces provide security or services or perform duties for agencies other than the Department of the Navy, such as internal security services at Department of State embassies, consulates, and legations. Organization for Combat. The Marine Corps task-organizes for combat by forming integrated, combined-arms Marine Air Ground Task Forces (MAGTF). These task forces are specifically tailored according to the mission and can be rapidly deployed by air or sea. A task force comprises four elements: command, ground combat, aviation combat, and service support. Combining air and ground combat elements with combat service support under a single commander allows close integration of air and ground units into a single force. The size of the task force and its elements are mission-dependent. The smallest MAGTF is called a Marine expeditionary unit (MEU). With a strength of about 2,100 personnel, a MEU is embarked aboard a small group of ships configured as an expeditionary strike group (ESG), commanded by an amphibious squadron (PHIBRON) commander. A MEU normally consists of an infantry battalion reinforced with a composite aviation squadron (normally including attack helicopters, transport helicopters, air refuelers/transport aircraft, light attack fixed-wing aircraft, and command and control assets), a MEU service support group, and a command element. The MEU is commanded by a colonel and deploys in austere environments with fifteen days of supplies. Forward-deployed MEUs provide an immediate sea-based response to meet forward-presence and limited powerprojection requirements. Security Cooperation MAGTF (SC MAGTF) A security cooperation MAGTF is similar to a MEU, but task-organized for security cooperation and civil-military operations. Enhanced with additional engineering, medical, dental, and transportation capabilities, the SC MAGTF may also include enhanced civil affairs, operational law, veterinary services, information operations, and interagency liaison capability. Primarily tasked with supporting and developing partner-nation security efforts in a specific regional area, the SC MAGTF is also available to assist in other operations including terrorist interdiction.

16 172 Naval Officer's Guide Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB). A MEB is larger than a MEU and consists of approximately 16,000 Marines commanded by a brigadier general and organized into a command element, an infantry regiment, an aircraft group, and a brigade service support group. MEBs will normally provide the landing force building blocks for larger contingencies and major operations. When combined, two MEB assault echelons constitute the assault echelon of a Marine expeditionary force (MEF). A MEF is the largest task force. Composed of 50,000 Marines commanded by a lieutenant general, a MEF consists of one or more of the following: an infantry division, comprising three infantry regiments (with a total of nine infantry battalions in the division); an artillery regiment (with four artillery battalions); a tank battalion; a light armored reconnaissance battalion; an amphibious assault battalion; a Marine aircraft wing, which provides both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft; and a force service support group. Special-Purpose MAGTF. A special-purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF) is taskorganized to accomplish specific missions, including humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, or limited security operations under semipermissive conditions. A SPMAGTF is not organized or equipped for operations in a high or mid-intensity nonpermissive (hostile) environment. The enhanced MAGTF operations (EMO) initiative is refining organization, equipment, and select tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) to provide small units with more agility and robust capabilities against hybrid threats. Amphibious Warfare. Amphibious warfare integrates all types of ships, aircraft, weapons, and landing forces in an attack against a hostile shore. Initiated in the absence of friendly forces ashore, and exploiting the element of surprise, amphibious warfare requires the rapid landing and buildup of forces and equipment to prosecute further combat operations. The scale of an amphibious evolution may range from a small incursion to a full-scale assault. When confronting an enemy of significant combat capability, the role of the amphibious force may be to seize initial entry points for introduction of more extensive follow-on forces. The Marine expeditionary unit is the integral part of an amphibious ready group (ARG), designed to bring the MEU to the theater of operations and to land it on a hostile shore. Normally; the commander, amphibious task force (CATF) is the Navy officer who commands the ARG. This officer, and the Marine Corps MEU commander known as the commander, landing force (CLF), share equal footing in the planning stage. From there, the CATF is in charge until the Marines have secured a beachhead and control is shifted to the CLF ashore.

17 The Naval Service 173 The major types of amphibious operations are: Amphibious engagement and crisis response, which contributes to conflict prevention or crisis mitigation, may engage in operations such as security cooperation, foreign humanitarian assistance, civil support, noncombatant evacuations, peace operations, recovery operations, or disaster relie Amphibious raid involves a swift incursion into or a temporary occupation of an objective, followed by a planned withdrawal. Amphibious assault involves the establishment of a landing force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore. Amphibious withdrawal involves the extraction of forces by sea in ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore. Commissioning Programs. USMC officers may be commissioned following graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy or an NROTC program, or from Officer Candidate School in Quantico, Virginia. The U.S. Coast Guard Under Title 10 and Title 14, USC, the Coast Guard is a military service and a branch of the armed forces; it is also a federal law enforcement agency with broad powers to conduct inspections, searches, seizures, and arrests on the high seas and U.S. waters. The Coast Guard may at any time provide forces and perform military functions in support of naval component commanders or COCOMs; and, upon the declaration of war, or when the President so directs, the Coast Guard operates under the Department of the Navy. History of the Coast Guard. Created by an act of Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, the Coast Guard has been variously known as the Revenue Marine, the Revenue Service, and the Revenue Cutter Service. As early as 1799, Congress provided for cooperation between the cutters and the Navy whenever the President directed. An act of Congress in 1915 consolidated the Revenue Cutter Service and the Life-Saving Service into the Coast Guard. In addition to peacetime service to the country, the Coast Guard has given effective service in wartime. It participated with the Navy in the Quasi-War with France in 1798, the War of 1812, the Seminole War, and the Mexican War, and is said to have fired the first maritime shot in the Civil War (the revenue cutter Harriet Lane fired across the bow of the steamer Nashville while Fort Sumter was being bombarded).

18 174 Naval Officer's Guide In World War I, the Coast Guard not only hunted submarines but also performed convoy duty, principally between Gibraltar and the British Isles. Peace after World War I brought the Coast Guard its greatest expansion and most difficult duty, the enforcement of Prohibition. With the repeal of Prohibition, the Coast Guard was drastically cut. In 1939 the Lighthouse Service of the Department of Commerce was transferred to the Department of the Treasury and the Coast Guard. In 1940 the Coast Guard established the Atlantic Weather Observation Service, patrolling weather stations for protection of transatlantic air commerce. The Coast Guard Auxiliary (then called the Reserve) was established in 1939 and the Reserve in By November 1941 the Coast Guard was operating as part of the Navy. In World War II, in addition to guarding the continental coastline, the Coast Guard manned 351 vessels of the Navy. In 2003 the Coast Guard was transferred from the Department of Transportation to the newly created Department of Homeland Security. The Commandant and Headquarters Staff. The Commandant of the Coast Guard reports to the President, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and, when assigned, the Secretary of Defense. The Commandant is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Assistants to the Commandant include: Chief of Staff of the Coast Guard Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard Director of Governmental and Public Affairs Judge Advocate General and Chief Counsel Assistant Commandant for Human Resources Assistant Commandant for Intelligence and Criminal Investigations Assistant Commandant for Engineering and Logistics Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety, Security, and Stewardship Assistant Commandant for Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Information Technology Assistant Commandant for Capability Assistant Commandant for Planning, Resources, and Procurement Assistant Commandant for Acquisition Deputy Commandant for Operations Organization of the Coast Guard. The operating forces are divided between two area commanders: Commander, Coast Guard Area Atlantic (headquartered in Portsmouth, Virginia) and Commander, Coast Guard Area Pacific (headquartered in Alameda, California). Area commands are further divided into geographic districts, each under a district commander. Figure 12-4 illustrates the organization of the Coast Guard.

19 Commandant Vice Commandant Atlantic Area Districts Mission Execution Units Asst Comdt for Intel and Criminal Investigations (CG-2) Asst Comdt for Resources (CG-8) Governmental and Public Affairs (CG-092) Judge Advocate General and Chief Counsel (CG-094) Enterprise, Stategic Mgt and Doctrine (CG-095) Force Readiness Command Training Centers Pacific Area Deployable OPS Group Districts Mission Execution Units Deputy Comdt for Operations Chief of Staff (CG-01) Asst Comdt for Marine Safety, Security, and Stewardship (CG-5) Asst Comdt for Capability (CG-7) Asst Comdt for Human Resources (CG-1) Asst Comdt for Engineering and Logistics (CG-4) Asst Comdt for C41T (CG-6) Asst Comdt for Aquisition (CG-9) Personnel Service Center Aviation Logistics Center C41T Service Center Surface Forces Logistics Center Shore Infra Logistics Center Figure 12-4 USCG Organization

20 176 Naval Officer's Guide A Coast Guard rescue swimmer deploys during a boating safety event demonstration. Missions of the Coast Guard. The Coast Guard exercises primary maritime authority within U.S. waters. It is a relatively small, decentralized organization capable of rapid response in a wide variety of situations and of shifts in emphasis on short notice when the need arises. Although operating within the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime, Title 14, USC, specifies that the Coast Guard is "at all times an armed force of the United States:' The Coast Guard's five primary missions are: Maritime Safety: Eliminate deaths, injuries, and property damage associated with maritime transportation, fishing, and recreational boating. Maritime Security: Protect America's maritime borders from all intrusions by (a) halting the flow of illegal drugs, aliens, and contraband into the United States through maritime routes; (b) preventing illegal fishing; and ( c) suppressing violations of federal law in the maritime arena. Maritime Mobility: Facilitate maritime commerce and eliminate interruptions and impediments to the efficient and economical movement of goods and people, while maximizing recreational access to and enjoyment of the water. National Defense: Defend the nation as one of the five U.S. armed services; enhance regional stability in support of the National Security Strategy, utilizing the Coast Guard's unique and relevant maritime capabilities.

21 The Naval Service 177 Protection of Natural Resources: Eliminate environmental damage and the degradation of natural resources associated with maritime transportation, fishing, and recreational boating. Law Enforcement Operations (LEO). Title 18, USC, sec. 1385, known as the Posse Comitatus Act, proscribes the use of Army and Air Force units for law enforcement except when expressly authorized by the Constitution or Congress. By regulation, this proscription also applies to Navy units. Additional laws specify that DoD activities may provide law enforcement agencies, such as the Coast Guard, with support and technical assistance, such as use of facilities, aircraft, vessels, intelligence, technical expertise, and surveillance. Posse Comitatus prohibits Navy personnel from directly participating in search, seizure, or arrest of suspected criminals. When engaged in LEO, which are primarily targeted at interdiction of suspected drug smugglers, Navy ships are augmented with Coast Guard law enforcement detachments. Embarked Coast Guard personnel perform the actual boardings of interdicted suspect drug-smuggling vessels and, if needed, place the smugglers under arrest. Commissioning Programs. Officers receive commissions in the U.S. Coast Guard following graduation from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, or completion of OCS, also in New London. In addition, direct commissioning programs exist for professionals in specialized fields such as law, avia - tion, environmental management, and engineering.

22 CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OPERATING FORCES OF THE NAVY Not only on the deep sea, the broad bay, and the rapid river, but also up the narrow muddy bayou, and wherever the ground was a little damp, they have made their tracks. -President Abraham Lincoln It was their task to keep the sea lanes open, to maintain the Navy's traditions of "not giving up the ship," and this they did even though they paid with their lives. -Navy Department press release, 19July1942 T he operating forces of the Navy consist of the fleets and their subordinate type commanders, shore-based long-range air forces, strategic submarine forces, the Military Sealift Command (MSC), and shore activities assigned by the President or the Secretary of the Navy. Operational Control vs. Administrative Control As discussed in chapter n, the operating forces have a dual chain of command. They report to the CNO through an administrative chain of command, which is responsible for their training and preparation for employment. This type of command, known as Administrative Control (ADCON) provides seniors with the authority for administration and support, resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other nonoperational matters. Under the administrative chain of command, ships, aircraft squadrons, and other operating units are assigned to type commanders (TYCO Ms). Each TY COM is further subdivided into groups and squadrons. This organization carries out 178