National Security Policymaking 18 Sean Adair/Reuters
Instruments of Foreign Policy 18.1 Military War, threat of war Economic Almost as important as war Sanctions, tariffs, regulations Diplomacy Treaties, summit talks First option
Actors on the World Stage 18.1 International organizations United Nations Regional organizations NATO, EU Multinational corporations Nongovernmental organizations Terrorists Individuals
The Policymakers 18.1 The President Chief diplomat/commander in chief Treaties, executive agreements The Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State Bureaucratic and intransigent The National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of Defense CIA Congress
18.1 Who's the president's main foreign policy adviser? 18.1 a. Secretary of state b. Secretary of defense c. Vice president d. Secretary of war
18.1 Who's the president's main foreign policy adviser? 18.1 a. Secretary of state b. Secretary of defense c. Vice president d. Secretary of war
American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism 18.3 The Spread of Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq
The Spread of Terrorism 18.3 9/11 not first attack Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die Improved security and intelligence Clash with civil liberties
Afghanistan and Iraq 18.3 U.S. declares war on terrorism Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea Nation building Anti-American sentiments
Bush Doctrine United States policy of preemptive action against threats to its national security. Response to terrorist threats around the globe. Axis of Evil
Patriot Act Public concern over the Patriot Act Trade-offs between maintaining a strong presence in the world, providing for the national defense, and maintaining republican liberty are difficult. Ex. National Security Agency
18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war on terror? 18.3 a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world due to U.S. military action in the Middle East d. All of the above
18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war on terror? 18.3 a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world to due to U.S. military action in the Mid East d. All of the above
Defense Spending 18.4 Guns v. butter Military Spending vs. Social Programs Ideological disputes Conservative vs Liberal Peace dividend v. jobs Collapse of Soviet Union
FIGURE 18.2 Trends in defense spending 18.4
Personnel 18.4 Large standing military 1.3 million active duty 821,000 National Guard and reserves 300,000 deployed abroad National Guard maintains national security
FIGURE 18.3 Size of the armed forces 18.4
Weapons 18.4 Nuclear weapons ICBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles Strategic bombers Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber $5.5 trillion Arms reduction treaties
Reforming Defense Policy 18.4 Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible Better intelligence Increased use of Special Forces
18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? 18.4 a. 847,000 b. 562,000 c. 1.3 million d. 1.2 million
18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? 18.4 a. 847,000 b. 562,000 c. 1.3 million d. 1.2 million
Changing Role of Military 18.5 Power Soft power versus hard power Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary Violate sovereignty? Can cost American lives Economic sanctions Influence behaviour without force Cut off aid, trade embargoes Mixed record of success
Nuclear Proliferation 18.5 9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel How to prevent more? Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan
FIGURE 18.4 The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5
The International Economy 18.5 Interdependency International Trade Globalization of financial markets Nontariff barriers to trade Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us $471 billion deficit in 2013
Energy 18.5 OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil Trade embargo Middle East controls world's oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25% Kuwait 10%
Foreign Aid 18.5 Developing world Humanitarian Stabilization Access to raw materials Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness Military assistance Agricultural assistance Medical care Unpopular
18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? 18.5 a. 3% b. 5% c. 1% d. 10%
18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? 18.5 a. 3% b. 5% c. 1% d. 10%
Understanding National Security Policymaking 18.6 National Security Policymaking and Democracy National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government
National Security 18.6 Policymaking and Democracy Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable Decision makers unelected Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war Congress holds purse strings Pluralism is pervasive
National Security 18.6 Policymaking and the Scope of Government Superpower status War on terror World's policeman Globalization Global warming 2 million employed in Dept. of Defense
18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? 18.6 a. Policymakers not elected b. Public not as knowledgeable c. Congress plays smaller role d. All of the above
18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? 18.6 a. Policymakers not elected b. Public not as knowledgeable c. Congress plays smaller role d. All of the above
Discussion Questions 18 How has national security policy evolved since World War II? What effects did the end of the Cold War and the commencement of the war on terrorism have on national security policy?