The Civil War Begins Section 1 The Secession of Southern states cause the North and the South to take up arms.
Northern Response to Southern Secession March 1861 Abraham Lincoln took office as President Believed the Union had to be preserved
Crisis at Fort Sumter Fort Sumter Union outpost in Charleston harbor, SC Major Anderson defended
Crisis at Fort Sumter (Cont.) Lincoln faced tough decision Withdrawing = recognizing the Confederacy Sending supplies = risk war Reinforcing the fort with force would also lead rest of slave states to secede
Crisis at Fort Sumter (Cont.) April 1861 - Lincoln announced that he was sending relief For South, no action would damage image of Confederacy Davis chose to turn peaceful secession into war April 12th
Other States Secede Lincoln called the militia 75,000 for 3 months Angered southern states VA, AR, TN, & NC seceded Creation of West Virginia
Choosing Sides North needed Maryland Washington D.C. War caused many families in the border states to split
Expecting a Short War War came as no surprise Arguing for years Short war
Strengths North More people Natural resources 86% of factories Navy Railroads Lincoln s leadership South Better generals Cotton profit Defensive war Will to fight
Strategy North Anaconda Plan: Blockade ports Mississippi River divide Capture Richmond South Wanted to be indep. Invade North if opportunity arose
First Battle of Bull Run Union army headed to Richmond Met at Bull Run - 25 miles north Thomas J. Jackson earned nickname Stonewall for firm stand in battle Confederates victory Gen. Irvin McDowell
Union Army Improves Lincoln called for 1 million additional soldiers - three years General George McClellan to lead the Union army
Fort Henry and Donelson Feb. 1862 - General Ulysses S. Grant captured Confederate forts Unconditional Surrender Grant - 11 Days
Battle of Shiloh April 1862 - Confederate troops surprised Union soldiers in TN Grant counterattacked the next day Taught that preparation was needed Confederacy = vulnerable in West
New Orleans April 1862 - David G. Farragut commanded fleet that took New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez
A Revolution in Warfare New Ironclad ships splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning March 1862, North s Monitor, South s Merrimack fought to a draw
A Revolution in Warfare (cont.) Rifles more accurate than muskets Minié ball grenades, landmines
The War for the Capitals McClellan waited to attack Richmond trained troops for 5 months Spring 1862 - Lee took command of South s Army Seven Days Battle June 25 - July 1
Second Battle of Bull Run August 29 & 30 1862 Lee won - crossed the Potomac and marched into Maryland
Battle of Antietam - Sept. 17th, 1862 Union found a copy of Lee s battle plans Bloodiest single-day battle of the war Ended in a draw - Confederates retreat - McClellan does not pursue - Lincoln fired McClellan
The Politics of War Section 2 By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.
Britain Remains Neutral Britain didn t need the South had cotton inventory & new sources Britain needed Northern wheat & corn (replaced cotton as the essential import) Britain Chose neutrality
The Trent Affair South made a 2nd attempt to gain English & French support Confederate diplomats traveled abroad a British merchant ship (Trent) James Mason & John Sidell U.S. Navy arrests them (Capt. Charles Wilkes)
The Trent Affair England threatened war against the Union mobilized 8,000 troops to Canada Lincoln freed the prisoners and publicly claimed the Wilkes acted without orders Averted war with Britain (Both sides relieved)
Lincoln s Original and New View Lincoln s didn t believe the Federal government had no power to abolish slavery where it existed Lincoln decided army could emancipate slaves who labored for Confederacy ( Seizing supplies) Emancipation discouraged Britain from supporting the South Abolitionist movement was strong in England
Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation President Lincoln s announcement that he would free the slaves in the rebelling states (military strategy) Proclamation had symbolic value by giving the war a high moral purpose (Slavery)
Emancipation Proclamation Northern Democrats claimed it would antagonize South & prolong war Changed the character of the war (The Old South was to be destroyed) Confederacy became more determined to preserve way of life Compromise was no longer possible
Emancipation Proclamation Didn t free the slaves in the loyal border states Didn t have the power under the constitution Also declared that African Americans could enter the army Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery 54th regiment gained fame attacking Fort Wagner in South Carolina
Both Sides Faced Political Problems Neither side was completely unified Both sides had sympathizers Lincoln suspended habeas corpus: order to bring accused to court & name charges Seized telegraph offices to prevent them from being used for subversion
Both Sides Faced Political Problems Copperheads - Northern Democrats advocating peace were among those arrested Lincoln ignored Supreme court ruling that stated he had overstepped his constitutional boundaries Davis denounced Lincoln, then suspended habeas corpus in South Lincoln expands presidential powers & sets precedent (War time)
Conscription Casualties & desertions led to conscription = draft Both armies allowed draftees to hire substitutes Planters with more than 20 slaves were exempted Rich man s war, poor man s fight
Draft Riots Poor white workers thought it was unfair they should have to fight a war to free slaves White workers feared Southern blacks would move North & compete for jobs 1863 - New York City mobs 100 dead
Life During Wartime Section 3 The Civil War brought out dramatic social and economic changes in American society.
African Americans Fight for Freedom Limited rank Lower pay POWs were killed or returned to slavery Fort Pillow, TN - Confederates massacred over 200 A.A. POWs
Southern Shortages Food Shortages: Manpower in the army Union control Loss of slave labor Blockade created other shortages (salt, sugar, coffee, nails, needles, & medicine)
Northern Economic Growth Industries that supplied army boomed Wages Prices Women replaced men Congress established first income tax on earnings to pay for war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides Lack of sanitation and hygiene = disease in camps North ate beans, bacon and hardtack South ate Cush = stew with beef, crumbled cornbread mixed with bacon grease
U.S. Sanitary Commission Two goals: improve hygiene and train nurses Nurses were to be 30+ and plain looking Union nurse Clara Barton served on front lines Angel of the Battlefield
Prisons Andersonville - worst Confederate prison, in Georgia Had no shelter or sanitation Camp commander Henry Witz was executed for war crimes after war North prisons slightly better
The North Takes Charge Section 4 Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help the Union break down the Confederacy.
Road to Gettysburg May 1863 - South defeated North at Chancellorsville Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops Died 8 days later of pneumonia Lee goes north for supplies
Battle of Gettysburg Three day battle July 1-3rd: Union victory Day 1: Lee takes control of the town Day 2: Union charges down the hill with bayonets Day 3: Pickett s Charge fails Lee retreats back to Virginia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vukreep2p1m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7alyq3sek2g
Siege of Vicksburg, May 1863 Union destroyed rail lines and took Jackson Siege = blockade of Vicksburg July 4, 1863 - Starving Confederates surrendered Port Hudson, LA falls 5 days later
The Gettysburg Address, Nov. 1863 Edward Everett - 1st speaker Lincoln s two-minute Gettysburg Address asserted unity of U.S. honored dead soldiers called for living to dedicate themselves to preserve Union & freedom
The Confederacy Wears Down Defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost the South much of its limited fighting power Beg for an armistice!
Grant Appoints Sherman William Tecumseh Sherman Total war Destroy the will to fight!
Grant and Lee in Virginia May 1864 April 1865 Wilderness Spotsylvania Petersburg North 60,000 South 32,000 Could not replace
Sherman s March Atlanta, Sept. 2nd, 1864 Marched to the coast Destroyed everything Savannah, GA 25,000 slaves joined Head north to fight Lee S.C. and N.C. https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=5c-aonzb92i
Sherman s March We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war
Atlanta Before & After
The Election of 1864 Democrats - George McClellan Radical Republicans - John C. Fremont National Union Party - Lincoln with Andrew Johnson Lincoln won thanks to Union victories!
The Surrender at Appomattox April 2 1865 - Davis s government left Richmond, set it afire April 9, 1865 - Lee and Grant work out the terms of surrender at Appomattox Court House Lee s soldiers paroled on generous terms
The Legacy of the War Section 5 The Civil War settles long-standing disputes over state s rights and slavery.
Political Changes caused by the War War ended threat of secession & increases power of federal government Ended Slavery Changed the way Americans thought about their nation People accepted that the Union was more important than individual states Helped the Federal Government Expand Placed new demands on the Gov. 1861 establish the 1st income tax to pay for the war Funded transcontinental railroad and gave land to settlers 1865 - Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in all states
Economic Changes Caused by the War National Bank Act of 1863 - Established federal system of chartered banks Set requirements for loans & called banks to be inspected Spurred industry Aided the growth of several postwar industries such as petroleum, steel, food and processing Government subsidized the construction of a national railroad system Gap between North and South widened North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold South: industry, farms destroyed The war was a disaster for the South Nation was faced with job of rebuilding the South - took away source of cheap labor
Costs of the War Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded; lives disrupted 620,000 men died in the war Financially, war costs the government estimated $3.3 billion
Civilians Follow New Paths Some soldiers stayed in army others become civilians, many went west Robert E. Lee lost his home at Arlington Became president of Washington College in Virginia His citizenship wasn t restored until 1875 Clara Barton helped found American Red Cross in 1881
The Assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865 - Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford s Theatre 1st president to be assassinated Assassin John Wilkes Booth escaped but was trapped by Union cavalry 12 days later & shot in Virginia 7 million people paid respects to Lincoln s funeral train (almost 1/3 of population)