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The Russian Nuclear Shield from Stalin to Yeltsin Jennifer G. Mathers Lecturer Department of International Politics University of Wales Aberystwyth in association with ST ANTONY S COLLEGE, OXFORD
First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40896-2 ISBN 978-0-230-53576-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230535763 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN S PRESS, LLC, Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mathers, Jennifer G., 1964 The Russian nuclear shield from Stalin to Yeltsin / Jennifer G. Mathers. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nuclear weapons Soviet Union. 2. Nuclear weapons Russia (Federation) 3. Soviet Union Military policy. 4. Russia (Federation) Military policy. 5. Deterrence (Strategy) History 20th century. I. Title. UA770.M3877 2000 355.02'17'0947 dc21 00 031128 Jennifer G. Mathers 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-73742-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
To John and Mathew
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Contents Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations viii ix Introduction 1 1 Massive Retaliation and Soviet Ballistic Missile Defence, 1953 7 3 2 We Can Hit a Fly in Outer Space, 1957 62 17 3 From Cuba to Détente, 1962 68 37 4 Missile Defence and Arms Control Diplomacy, 1968 72 65 5 Missile Defence and the Decline of Détente, 1972 9 88 6 The Second Cold War and the Threat of SDI, 1980 5 107 7 New Political Thinking and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1985 91 125 8 Missile Defences and Yeltsin s Russia 151 Conclusion: The Kremlin s Missile Defence Policy during the Cold War and Beyond 175 Notes and References 181 Bibliography 207 Index 222 vii
Acknowledgements Many people have contributed to this book through their advice, guidance, and support. This project began as an M.Phil. thesis, inspired by a remark made by Lynn Davis, then of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, in a seminar about SDI at All Souls College, Oxford. Professor Robert O Neill encouraged me to tackle Soviet missile defence policy and supervised the M.Phil. thesis. Dr Alex Pravda supervised the D.Phil. thesis and urged me to turn it into a book. Christoph Bluth and Bill Tompson were both generous with their time and advice about source materials. Many thanks are due to the staffs of the Bodleian Library, the British Library, the Library of Congress, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Russian State Library and the Conflict Studies Research Centre at Sandhurst. Dr Harry Shukman kindly introduced me to General Dimitrii Volkogonov who, together with his assistant Gennadi Chernobrovkin, helped me find people in Moscow who were also interested in missile defences. A grant from the Ilchester Fund and study leave from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth enabled me to do research in Russia. With great efficiency and good humour Paul Holtom tracked down some of the material cited in Chapter 8. My D.Phil. examiners, Dr Roy Allison and Dr James Sherr, provided helpful comments on the thesis and suggestions for turning it into a book. Colin McInnes read draft chapters and gave much good advice. I would like to thank Frank Cass and The Journal of Strategic Studies for permission to quote from my article, A Fly in Outer Space : Soviet Ballistic Missile Defence during the Khrushchev Period, vol. 21, no. 2, June 1998, pp. 31 59, much of which is reproduced in Chapters 1, 2 and 3. My thanks go to all those named above, who have helped make this book better than it would otherwise have been. All the errors which no doubt remain are mine alone. J ENNIFER G. MATHERS viii
List of Abbreviations ABM ALCM CDSP CFE CIA CIS DOSAAF GPALS ICBM IMEMO INF IOC KGB LPAR MAD MBFR MEMO MFN MIRV MRV NATO NCA PRO PVO SAC SALT SAM SDI SLBM SRF SShA START TMD US USSR Anti-Ballistic Missile Air-Launched Cruise Missile Current Digest of the Soviet Press Conventional Forces in Europe Central Intelligence Agency Commonwealth of Independent States Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation and the Navy Global Protection Against Limited Strikes Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Institute of World Economy and International Relations Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Initial Operating Capability Committee of State Security Large Phased-Array Radar Mutual Assured Destruction Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnie Otnoshenie Most Favoured Nation Multiple Independently-Targeted Reentry Vehicle Multiple Reentry Vehicle North Atlantic Treaty Organisation National Command Authority Anti-missile Defence Air Defence Forces Strategic Air Command Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Surface-to-Air Missile Strategic Defense Initiative Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile Strategic Rocket Forces SShA: Ekonomika, Politika, Ideologiya Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Theatre Missile Defence United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ix