BRITISH EMPIRE (continued)

BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) CANADA GENERAL Area: Land area. 3,603,910 English sq. miles Water area.... 125,755 Total... 3,729,665» Population (1921)... 8,769,489 Per square mile... 2.5 Total length of railways (June I919): 38,896 miles. I. Army. A. HIGHER ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL I. DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE. - DEFENCE COUNCIL. The Defence Forces of Canada (Naval, Military and Air) are under the control of the Department of National Defence. The Minister of National Defence is assisted and advised by a Defence Council, composed as follows: President: The Minister of National Defence. Vice-President: The Deputy Minister of National Defence. Members: The Chief of Staff. The Adjutant-General. The Quartermaster-General. The Director of the Naval Service. Associate Members: The Director of the Canadian Air Force. A Finance Member.

CANADA 273 2. DIRECTORATE OF THE AIR FORCE. The Directorate of the Canadian Air Force forms a section of the Branch of the Chief of Staff, and is administered by a Director under the immediate supervision of the Chief of Staff. 3. DIRECTORATE OF THE NAVAL SERVICE. The Directorate of the Naval Service forms a separate branch of the Department of National Defence, but the Chief of Staff is responsible to the Minister of National Defence for the co-ordination of the work of the Defence Forces as a whole. 4. THE CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF AND THE DEPUTY MINISTER. The Chief of the General Staff is responsible for co-ordinating the Staff work at Militia Headquarters, and the Deputy Minister for all dealings with private individuals or other Government Departments. B. MILITARY DISTRICT AREAS Canada is divided into eleven Military Districts. The boundaries of these districts are altered from time to time in accordance with administrative requirements, and tend to coincide with Provincial areas, except that the more populous provinces of Ontario and Quebec are divided between five districts. C. CONSTITUTION OF THE MILITARY FORCES i. GENERAL. The Military Forces of Canada are constituted under the Militia Act of 190o6, which, except for minor amendments, is still in force. The forces consist of an Active Militia (permanent and non-permanent) and a Reserve Militia. All male inhabitants of the age of i8 years and upwards, and under 6o, not exempt or disqualified by law, and who are British subjects, are liable for service in the Militia in the event of a levee en masse. The Militia is liable for service in Canada and beyond Canada for the defence of the Dominion. In time of war and when being exercised, its members become subject to the Army Act. 2. THE ACTIVE MILITIA. - PERMANENT AND NON-PERMANENT FORCE. The Active Militia consists of corps raised by voluntary enlistment on a basis of three years' service, subject to an extension of one year in case of emergency. That portion of the Active Militia which is 18

274 BRITISH EMPIRE permanently embodied for the purpose of providing for the care and protection of forts, etc., and to establish schools of military instruction, is designated the Permanent Force. The Governor-in-Council has the power to vary the establishment of corps of the Active Militia as required and to recruit further corps by ballot if the necessity should arise. British war establishments are being adhered to as closely as possible. The peace establishments, while based on these, have necessarily been altered in accordance with local requirements. The Machine Gun Corps organisation has been retained in the Nonpermanent Active Militia only. 3. THE RESERVE MILITIA. The Reserve Militia is intended for the purpose of providing for the organisation of the officers and men who have completed their service in the Active Militia or who have otherwise received a military training. On completion of service in the Active Militia, men are not posted automatically to Reserve Units. These units are recruited by specific enlistment. The Reserve to the Active Militia consists of: (a) The Reserve of Officers (general list); (b) A Corps Reserve of Officers for each Active Militia unit. Officers on a Corps Reserve would, on mobilisation, either be absorbed into the establishment of their Active or Reserve Unit or be posted to the Depot. During peace they may, if necessary, be placed temporarily on the Active List for Annual Training to fill vacancies required to bring a unit up to its authorised training strength. (c) On mobilisation, Reserve Units would be allotted as required as follows: To complete the Division Organisations. Remain as Depot Units. On Garrison Duty. As Lines of Communication Defence Troops. 4. RIFLE ASSOCIATIONS. Rifle Associations exist for the purpose of increasing the efficiency in rifle shooting, and are of two kinds - Military Rifle Associations, which are composed of enrolled Militiamen, and Civilian Rifle Associations. There are 154 Military Rifle Associations, with a total membership of 25,382, and 112 Civilian Rifle Associations, with a total membership of 6,898. As regards Military Rifle Associations formed in connection with units of the Canadian Militia, all ranks on joining such units automatically become members of the Rifle Association.

CANADA 275 Civilian Rifle Associations are composed of members between the ages of i6 and 6o, must maintain a strength of 30, and must annually report their activities. Under Sections 62 and 63 of the Canadian Militia Act, members of Civilian Rifle Associations in case of emergency become members of the Militia. Members of Military Rifle Associations use the rifles on charge to the unit. Civilian Rifle Associations are issued with rifles in the proportion of one for every four members. Ammunition is issued free annually as under: Military Rifle Associations: 200 rounds for each member. Civilian Rifle Associations: I5o rounds for each member. 5. CADETS. Cadet Corps comprise junior cadets (12 to 14 years of age) and senior cadets (14 to i8 years of age). During the school year 1923-1924, 110o,120o cadets were trained at local headquarters, of whom 9,287 received additional instruction in camps. In addition, the Provincial Governments of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario avail themselves of the power vested in them to include compulsory drill and rifle shooting in the curriculum for colleges and schools under their control. D. HIGHER UNITS No higher organisation than the Brigade at present exists. The proportion of the various arms, however, is based on the requirements of a Field Army, and it is the intention ultimately to group them in divisions. The Units of the Canadian Expeditionary Force have been incorporated into the Canadian Militia with a view to preserving their traditions and " esprit de corps " E. HEADQUARTERS AND UNITS I. PERMANENT FORCE. The Permanent Force consists of the following units: Headquarters, District and Brigade of Staffs. Cavalry : 2 Regiments. Artillery : 3 Batteries of Horse Artillery. 4 Batteries of Coast Artillery. i Battery of Mobile Artillery. i Battery of Medium Artillery.

276 BRITISH EMPIRE Infantry : 3 Regiments. Engineers : 13 Detachments. Army Service Corps Medical Corps Ordnance Corps 12 Detachments each. Pay Corps Military Clerks Veterinary Corps: 8 Detachments. The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals. AVIATION. Under the provisions of the National Defence Act, 1922, the powers, duties and functions given the Air Board under the Air Board Act of 1919 are vested in the Minister of National Defence. The executive duties previously carried out by the Air Board are now performed by the Royal Canadian Air Force. The Air Force includes a directorate in the Chief of Staff's Branch of the Department of National Defence, headquarters at Ottawa and units at the following stations: Vancouver, B.C. ; High River, Alta ; Winnipeg, Man., with operating bases at Victoria Beach, Norway House and Pas ; Camp Borden, Ont., the main training base of the Royal Canadian Air Force; Ottawa, Ont., and Dartmouth, N.S. (a) Air Force training and operations. - The main training base of the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden, Ont., provides training in Air Force duties for officers and men of the permanent service, combined operations with military and naval services, Air Force cadet training, and such other courses of training as may be necessary. (b) The control of commercial flying. - This branch is charged with the inspection and licensing of aircraft for airworthiness; the examination of pilots, air engineers and air navigators for competency; the licensing of air harbours, and the supervision of commercial operations generally. (c) The conduct of flying operations for civil branches of the Government service. - This work includes forest fire prevention patrols on a large scale in Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia ; aerial photography for the many services, including the Topographical and Geodetic Surveys, the Water Powers Branch, and the Department of Public Works ; fishery protection patrols on the Pacific coast ; transportation in the remoter parts of the country for many branches, and special flights for the Customs and immigration authorities, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, etc. The Royal Canadian Air Force is composed of: (a) The Active Air Force. (b) The Reserve Air Force.

CANADA 277 The Active Air Force comprises : i. The Permanent Active Air Force, which consists of officers and airmen permanently embodied or employed for continuous service and is available for general service. It is maintained for the instruction of the Non-Permanent Active Force. 2. The Non-Permanent Active Air Force, which comprises such units or detachments and other formations as are from time to time named by the Governor-in-Council. The Royal Canadian Air Force Reserve consists of qualified officers and airmen. Personnel are liable to be called for such training as may be prescribed. The period of service in time of peace for the Royal Canadian Air Force is: (a) Three years for the Active Air Force; (b) Such a period as may be prescribed by the Governor-in- Council for the Reserve Air Force. The Royal Canadian Air Force consists of the following units: Headquarters. Ottawa, Ont. No. i (Operations) Squadron... Vancouver, B.C. No. 2 (Operations) Squadron... High River, Alta. No. i Wing. Wing Headquarters... No. 2 Depot... Winnipeg, Man. Winnipeg, Man. No. 5 (Operations) Squadron. Headquarters and "A" Flight.. Victoria Beach, Man. "B" Flight (detached)... Norway House, Man. "C" Flight (detached)... Le Pas, Man. No. i Flying Training Station. ' Camp Borden, Ont. No. 3 (Operations) Squadron... Ottawa, Ont. No. 4 (Operations) Squadron... Dartmouth, N.S. No. i Depot... Ottawa, Ont. Photographic Section.... Ottawa, Ont. 2. THE ACTIVE MILITIA (NON-PERMANENT). The Active Militia (non-permanent) consists of the following units: Cavalry: 34 Regiments of Cavalry and Mounted Rifles. Artillery : 62 Batteries of Field Artillery (light). i6 Batteries of Heavy and Siege Artillery. 9 Companies of Garrison Artillery.

278 BRITISH EMPIRE Infantry : I23 Battalions. 12 Companies of Cyclists. I5 Machine-gun Units. Engineers : 15 Field Companies. 2 Fortress Companies. 7 Field Troops of Engineers. Signals: 17 Companies. 2 Fortress Companies. 7 Signal Troops. Army Medical Corps: 60o Units. Army Veterinary Corps Canadian Dental Corps Canadian Ordnance Corps Canadian Postal Corps: Army Service Corps: Officer Training Corps: ii Detachments each. 13 Detachments. 21 Companies. 45 Companies. 3. THE RESERVE. Reserve Units to each unit of the Active Militia are in process of organisation. F. MATERIAL IN SERVICE IN THE UNITSS 1 Rifles or carbines... 114,964 Pistols or revolvers... 5,819 Automatic rifles... Nil. Machine-guns... 2,566 Guns or howitzers of a calibre less than 120o millimetres. 341 Guns or howitzers or mortars of a calibre of I20 millimetres or above... 135 Tanks... Nil. x As on January ist, 1923.

CANADA 279 AIR FORCES. Machines Spare Engines Type Heavier-than-Air Service- In Lighterable Storage than-air Make Number Duty D. H. 9 A. Bombing 2 7 Liberty i4 H. i6. Bombing and re- 2 - Rolls Royce 16 connaissance Eagle VIII F. 3. -- Wolseley Viper 5 D. H. 4. Reconnaissance 7 2 Falcon III 2 Bristol Fighter D I - B. R. 2. I Vickers a Viking (8 on order) 15 H. S. 2. L. Reconnaissance S. E. 5. Fighting 2 9 Martynside Fighting - i Sopwith Snipe Fighting - I 29 21 Nil 38 G. EFFECTIVES I. PERMANENT AND NON-PERMANENT ACTIVE MILITIA, I924. Permanent Active Militia Non-Permanent Active Militia Personnel Horses Personnel Horses Staff and General List.. 26 - - Cavalry and Mounted Rifles. 428 355 11,779 10,56o Field Artillery.... 402 22I 7,623 4,634 Heavy and Siege Artillery - - - 2,026 905 Garrison Artillery... 290 37,59 9 Engineers... 265 23 3,336 627 Signals..... 116 3,519 1,311 Cyclist Companies..-. 1,38 - Infantry.. 816 32 70,549 702 Officers' Training Corps.. -- -. 5,724 - Machine-gun Corps... - 6,602 1,497 Non-Combatants... 1,140 78 9,428 2,120 Total... 3,483 746 123,053 22,365

280 BRITISH EMPIRE 2. PEACE ESTABLISHMENTS FOR THE ROYAL CANADIAN AIR FORCE (PERMANENT), 1925. Officers General List Non-flying TOTAL Group Captain.... i Wing Commanders.... 6 6 Squadron Leaders..... o 11 Flight Lieutenants... 7 3 20 Flying and Pilot Officers I7 3 20. Total Officers... 83 12 95 Other Ranks Tradesmen Standard TOTAL Warrant Officers, Cl. I... 7 I 8 Warrant Officers, Cl. 2 3-3 Flight Sergeants... 22 22 Sergeants.... Corporals 55.. 82. 3 85 Aircraftmen... 60 42 202 Total Other Ranks... 328 47 375 NOTE: Group " A " Tradesmen not to exceed: Sergeants... 35 Corporals..... 5 Aircraftmen... 86 H. TRAINING I. PERMANENT FORCE. The Permanent Forces train throughout the year and complete annually the musketry course laid down for the Regular Army at home. Officers and N.C.O.s of the Permanent Forces are detailed to assist in the training of the non-permanent Militia at local headquarters as well as at camps of instruction. Officers pass the same promotion examinations as are prescribed for officers of the Regular Army at home. 2. ACTIVE MILITIA. The members of the non-permanent Active Militia are liable to be called out annually for training not exceeding thirty days in any one year. A musketry course similar to that laid down for the Territorial Army at home is completed annually.

CANADA 281 Courses of instruction are held throughout the year both for officers and for N.C.O.s at "permanent " and "provisional" schools of instruction. 3. CADETS. An annual free issue of Ioo cartridges,.22-inch, to each cadet is authorised, and a further 50 cartridges,.303-inch, to each cadet over fourteen years of age. During the school year ending June 30oth, I922, 1,830,503 rounds of.22-inch and 188,348 rounds of.303-inch ammunition were expended in the musketry instruction of cadets. Returns, which are incomplete, show 19,892 cadets to have fired Elementary Practices and 12,284 cadets the Classification Practices on twenty or twenty-five yard ranges. Cadet Corps are now organised into 1,440 Companies, having a strength, all ranks, of I03,56I. Rifles, Ross, D.P., are issued for drill purposes, rifles S.M.L.E. for musketry instruction of the senior cadets, and rifles, Ross.22-inch, for the musketry instruction of the junior cadets. These latter arms are now badly worn and must shortly be replaced. On the termination of the training season at local headquarters in 192I, Cadet Camps of one week's duration were held with I2,000 cadets in attendance. Owing to a reduction in the appropriation for Cadet Services in 1922, no similar camps could be held at public expense. I. MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS i. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE, KINGSTON. The Royal Military College, Kingston, was established in i876 to give cadets a complete military education and to afford a practical and scientific training in civil engineering, surveying and physics. The course is for four years, and the accommodation is being extended for a total of 300 cadets. To be eligible to enter the College, candidates must be over i6 and under 21 years of age on January Ist preceding the date of examination. Each cadet must pay annually a fee of Ioo dollars, and also 20o dollars to cover uniform and clothing expenses. In addition, for his first year a cadet pays an extra 250 dollars to meet the expense of his first outfit. All first appointments to commissions in the Canadian Permanent Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, Army Service Corps and Ordnance Corps are offered in the first instance to graduates of the College. Five commissions in the Regular Army at home are offered annually to graduates. The greater proportion of the cadets return to civil life and become officers in the Non-permanent Active Militia.

282 BRITISH EMPIRE 2. CANADIAN SMALL ARMS SCHOOL. The Canadian Small Arms School is situated at Ottawa. The School exists for the purpose of qualifying officers and N.C.O.s in weapon training. The School is divided into three wings: " A " Wing: Rifle and Light-gun Wing (rifle, i.e., bullet and bayonet ; revolver; Lewis gun; Hotchkiss gun; examination and report on musketry inventions and devices). "B" Wing: Machine-gun Wing (Vickers machine-gun and revolver). " C " Wing: Light Trench Mortar and Bombing Wing (3-inch Stokes gun; hand and rifle grenades ; rockets and fireworks; camouflage; research and experimental work in connection with chemical warfare). In addition to the main School at Ottawa, branch schools are held in various parts of the country under supervision of the School Staff. 3. SCHOOLS FOR CAVALRY, ARTILLERY, ETC. Permanent schools for Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, etc., are established at various centres throughout Canada for the purpose of imparting instruction to personnel of the Active Militia. In addition, on occasions when personnel of the Non-permanent Active Militia cannot, for various reasons, attend courses at permanent schools, provisional schools are formed at unit localities, normally for a period of six weeks. 4. ROYAL SCHOOL OF SIGNALLING. The Royal School of Signalling is situated at Camp Borden, and is maintained for the purpose of producing qualified instructors for the training and instruction of the Active Militia. A Signal Workshop is established at Ottawa for the upkeep and repair of signal equipment. This workshop also carries out radio work as and when required by Government Departments. J. POLICE I. CONSTITUTION, ORGANISATION, COMMAND AND ADMINISTRATION. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was raised for the maintenance of law and order in the North-West Territories. The force, which is commanded by a Commissioner (whose headquarters are at Ottawa), is organised in ten divisions, each under a Superintendent. The term of engagement is five years.

CANADA 283 2. TRAINING. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is an armed body, permanently employed and trained as cavalry. Men are trained at the depot at Ottawa before being drafted to out-districts. An annual course of training is carried out in all divisions. K. ARSENALS, ETC. There is a Dominion Arsenal at Quebec and another at Lindsay, but the latter has been temporarily closed. Raw material is mostly imported; cordite is procured from Canadian Explosives, Limited, Montreal. Small arms are manufactured at the Ross Rifle Factory at Quebec. Most of the raw material for these rifles is imported. IL. Navy. ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY (1925) Destroyers : i. Patriot i,ooo tons. Dimensions : 271 x 27 feet 5 Y in. x 2. Patrician ii feet. Guns: 3 4-inch; I 2-pdr. 4 torpedotubes (21-inch). Submarines : i. Ch. 14 (1918) Displacement: 364 tons surface. Dimensions: 2. Ch. I5 (1918) 504 X 153/4 X I2 feet. 4 torpedo-tubes (i8- inch). Miscellaneous : 4 units (mine-sweeping trawlers). III. Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. I. The financial year covers the period from April Ist to March 3Ist. The original estimates are generally submitted to Parliament in May for the period beginning on the preceding April ist, and are voted one or two months later. The expenditure and revenue for the intervening period are provided for by provisional authorisations. 2. The budget is divided into three parts : Ordinary budget, special budget and capital account. The special budget relates to expenditure and receipts on account of demobilisation. The capital account

284 BRITISH EMPIRE relates to expenditure on construction of railways, harbours, public buildings, etc., whilst the ordinary budget comprises all expenditure to be charged against current revenue. No defence expenditure is charged to the capital account. 3. The budget is as a rule drawn up on the system of gross appropriations. The total receipts and expenditure on account of public domains and public undertakings are entered in the general budget, and receipts collected by the departments in the course of their activities are, with a few exceptions only, found on the receipt side of the budget and not set off against the corresponding expenditure. The following review is based on the Closed Accounts for I922-23 and the Estimates of expenditure for 1923-1926. B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. 1. Summary of Defence Expenditure (Gross). TABLE I. I922-23 1923-24 I924-25 1925-26 Estimates Estimates Estimates Closed passed by passed by submitted to Accounts Parliament Parliament Parliament Dollars (ooo's omitted) I. Civil Government: Department of National Defence : Salaries and contingencies.... 706.2 764.7 744-5 725.8 II. National Defence: Militia Services..... 10,107.- 10o,o076.- 9,012.1 9,011.- Naval Services... 2,318.- 1,515.5 1,400.-,400.-- Air Services.... 1,024.6 1,250.- 1,56i.- 1,880.9 General Services.. - 77.4 1.8 Total..... 13,449-6 i2,841.5 12,050.5 12,293.7 Grand Total.. 4,155.8 13,6o6.2 12,795.- 13,019.5 Defence Expenditure Index 1oo 96 90o 92 Index Number of Wholesale Prices : 1913 0.oo... 152 155 157 158' 1921-22 - IOO... 100 102 103 104 Defence Expenditure redu- Dollars (ooo's omitted) ced to pre-war price-level 9,300 8,8oo 8,Ioo 8,200 Index of Defence Expendi- % % % % ture reduced to pre-war price level.... ioo 95 87 88 Average, April to August, 1925.

CANADA 285 i. This summary includes only the amounts spent on the various National Defence Services and the Civil Department of National Defence. The Dominion, however, spends considerable amounts on War Pensions, Soldier Land Settlement, Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment and Adjustment of War Claims, independently of the figures given in the table above. 2. The Naval and Air Services figures include small sums spent for civil purposes. II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure. I. Civil Government : National Defence. The figures for salaries and contingencies are shown in Table i. 2. Militia and General Services. The following table gives the figures in the Closed Accounts for I922-23: TABLE 2. 1922-23 Closed Accounts Dollars (ooo's omitted) Allowances, active militia... 98.5 Annual drill... 960.6 Cadet services.... 337.- Clothing and necessaries... 337- I Contingencies... 37.6 Customs dues... 24.8 Department library... -.9 Dominion Arsenal, Lindsay. 20.6 Dominion Arsenal, Quebec... 374-4 Engineering services and works.... 555.2 Grants to associations, etc... 91.9 Maintenance, military properties... 233-4 Ordnance arms, lands, etc... 66.- Pay of Staff... 253.2 Permanent Force... 5,425.1 Printing and stationery........ 63.- Royal Military College... 316. - Salaries and wages... 226.5 Schools of instruction.... 67.6 Topographic survey... 42.3 Training areas... 2.1 Transport and freighlt... 168.2 W ar stores.... 94- Miscellaneous... 33... i. - Total...... 10, 107.- A somewhat different system of accounting was adopted for the estimates for 1923 to 1926. The figures are as follows

286 BRITISH EMPIRE TABLE 3. Militia and General Services 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 Dollars (ooo's omitted) Administration... 327 301 301 Cadet Services..... 450 400 400 Contingencies..30 30 30 Engineering Services and Works.. 544 500 500 General Stores..492 390 390 Manufacturing Establishments. 458 420 420 Non-Permanent active Militia... 1,883 i,6io 1,6Io Permanent Force...5,290 4,800 4,800 Royal Military College.. 365 365 365 Topographic Survey..45 35 35 Transport and Freight...85 i6o 6o General Services..... i 2 2 Other appropriations... 6 76 Total... 10,076 9,089 9,013 Approximately half the total is expended on the item " Permanent Force," this item comprising pay, allowances and subsistence of the permanent active militia, which is used mainly for supplying instructors for, and the administration and training of, the non-permanent active militia. Engineering Services and Works cover the cost of construction, repairs to and upkeep of military buildings, rifle ranges, fortifications, etc. The item Manufacturing establishments covers the cost of material and labour for manufacture of ammunition, inspection of output; repairs to arsenal buildings and plants ; maintenance charges; transport and travelling expenses, etc. General Services, properly so-called, refer to small items of civil pensions. 3. Naval Services. Almost the whole amount under this heading is spent upon maintenance of the Royal Canadian Navy, etc. 4- The following table shows the main items of the expenditure on account of the Air Services: TABLE 4. 1922-23 Closed Accounts Airod', Dollars... Air Board' (ooo's omitted) Air Service... I,000 Construction of wind funnel... Miscellaneous..... 19.6' f Cost-of-living bonus. Total... 1,024.6

CANADA 287 Estimates : Air Services. 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 Dollars (ooo's omitted) Canadian Air Force : Maintenance of Air Stations, Operations, Air Force training and Control of Civil Aviation..... 1,ooo 1,140 1,140 Purchase of Aircraft, Technical Equipment and ground services... 250 421 741 Total... 1,250 1... i,56i 1,88i 5. Expenditure by the Military Service for Civil Purposes. Apart from that portion of the expenditure on the Naval and Air Services which is spent on Hydrographic Survey, Radiotelegraph Service, etc., and on Civil Aviation, there are probably no items of a civil character included in the expenditure given in Table I. III. Receipts in connection with Defence Expenditure. The figures given in Table i represent gross expenditure. The closed accounts for 1922-23 show the following figures in regard to the receipts collected by the Defence Department in the course of its activities TABLE 5. Dollars (ooo's omitted) Air Board : Casual Revenue... 27 Militia and Defence : Royal Military College.... 62 Militia Pensions... 121 Casual Revenue... 284 Premium and Discount, etc...... 2 Naval Services Casual Revenue, etc... 95 Premium, etc... 2 Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment.... 934 Soldiers' Land Settlement...... War and Demobilisation Receipts (Special Revenue).... 2,320o Total... 3,847 i Out of this $ X,249 thousand are directly from Militia and Defence and Naval Services. IV. Expenditure referring to Previous Years. i. Debt Service. - No interest on or amortisation of the Public Debt of the Dominion is charged to the Defence section of the Budget,

288 BRITISH EMPIRE nor is there any information available as to what portion of such expenditure is properly chargeable thereto. 2. Pensions. - Military pensions are not charged to the Defence Budget. The War Pension expenditure is as follows TABLE 6. 1922-23 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 Closed Accounts Grants Grants Estimates Dollars (ooo's omitted) Fenian Raid, 1866-70.. -. 6 i.- -. 7 -. 7 Militiamen, N.W. Rebellion i885 and general... 41.7 40. - 45. - 40.- To families who lost members in active service. 3-4 3.4 3.4 European War and active militia... 32,025.2 33,050.- 32,990.- 34,000.- Militia Pensions Act, 1901o 560.6 600.- 650.- 700.- Total.... 32,628. 33,694.4 33,689. 1 34,744.1 3. War Charges. - The Dominion Budget provides considerable amounts for Soldiers' Land Settlement and Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment and also for the Adjustment of War Claims. TABLE 7. i922-23 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 Closed Accounts Grants Grants Estimates Dollars (ooo's omitted) Soldiers' Land Settlement i,819.8 8,400.- 6,000.- 4,500.- Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment. 13,327-8 13,265.- 9,550.- 8,340.- Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment : Salaries and contingencies.37.3 39.2 28.8 21.5 Adjustment of War Claims : Militia services.... 4,454.2 4,000.- 500.- 400.- Naval services... 764.8 274.- 50.- 25.- Secretary of State.. 65.6 75.- 45.- 35.- Marine and Fisheries. 1,500. oo Grand Total.... 21,969.5 26,053.2 i6,173.8 I3,32I.5

CANADA 289 IV. Industries capable of being used for War Purposes. RAW MATERIALS, MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, ETC. (Output, Imports, Exports). I. FUEL (in thousands of metric tons). A. Coal B. Petroleum Bitu- Crude Lamp Lubricating Other Anthracite minous Lignite Oil Oil Oil Oils a OUTPUT. 3 1920 116 II,905 3,353 I96 - - 1921 88 10,55I 2,976 i88 - - 1922 37 10,551 3,163 179 - - 1923 o. 12,161i 3,250 170 1924 9,057 3,158 I6i - - IMPORTS. Coke 1919/1920 4,618 10,481 346 399,492 7,772 5,068 37,987 1920/1921 4,390 I3,978 498 430,984 I6,909 5,127 60,943 1921/1922 4,006 11,568 211 443,475 8,369 4,940 44,693 1922/1I923 2,869 10,130 403 479,006 3,532 7,323 48,259 1923/1924 4,399 I4,186 627 530,I51 4,431 8,819 50,613 1924/1925 3,750 10,442 525 540,178 5,477 7,929 79,211 Coal EXPORTS. Coke 1919/1920 1,923 16 1,289 2,758-1,477 1920/1921 2,066 35 2,424 554-540 92I/1I922 1,772 24 7,436 1,483,043 1922/1923 1,895 14 5,738 1,559-3,034 I923/1924 1,I05 33 1,240 1,5I7-2,396 1924/1925 653 24 21,837 1,570-2,156 1 Including sub-bituminous. 2 Gasolene, etc. 3 Thousands of barrels (I barrel = 42 gallons = 168.987 I.). I9

290 BRITISH EMPIRE II. ORES AND METALS (In thousands of metric tons.) A. Ores. Iron Copper Lead * Nickel Zinc Pyrites OUTPUT. 1 2 3 2 1920 117 896-1,030 226 159 1921 54 945 233 270 30 1922 i6 - - 236-16 1923 28 - - 12 1924 1-3 - - IMPORTS. 1919/1920 1,481 1.8 - - - - 20.5 1920/I92I 1,769!i8 - - - - 54-4 i921/1922 595 0o8 - - -,,7.6 1922 /923 948 - - - - - 35.9 1923/1I924 1,639 - - 57-5 1924/1925 827 6i.6 EXPORTS. 5 6 7 Aluminiumr Manga- 6 7 ~~~~~6 ~nese 1919/1920 6.8 I9.I 4-9 I4.4 5.2 76 0.5 1920/192I 16.3 I6.4 3-4 18.5 i.8 o0 8 0.6 1921/1922 4-3 4-7 2.0 2,9 o.08 78 o. 1922/I923 2.0 9.7 4-7 10.0 - - 0.i 1923/1I924 7-0 20.4 3.8 I4.7 0.8 9 s 0.2 1924/1925 5-3 24-2 17.2 17.5 73-4 0.2 1 Shipment. 2 Ores and concentrates shipped. a Nickel-copper ore. 4 Copper ore and concentrates. 5 Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, regulus, etc. 6 Metallic, contained in ore. etc. 7 Nickel, fine, contained in ore, matte or speiss. s Sulphur contained in pyrites. * Metal content 16,308 t. 1920 ;:30.245 t. 1921; 42.323 t. I922; 50-455 t. 1923; 79.598 t. 1924.

CANADA t 291 B. Metals (Metric tons.) OUTPUT. Iron Lead Copper Nickel Zinc Alumio Ferro- Pig Iron and Steel nium Alloys (ooo's omitted) 1920 989 I,II8 13,027 37,0o3 27,82I 18,082 25,558 1921 604 678 27,646 21,600 8,751 24,081 22,311 1922 389 493 36,928 I9,450 7,982 25,533 21,083 1923 894 899 45,856 39,409 28,328 27,404 29,427 1924 603 66i - 47,381 31,400 44,864-26,824 IMPORTS. Pig Iron Iron and Steel Aluminium Copper 1 2 3 1919/1920 24,742 44,607 562 2,208 1920/I92I 5I,120 131,077 756 3,379 1921/1922 I6,707 34,576 321 182 1922/1923 58,930 27,968 488 1,354 1923/I924 35,892 63,041 350 5,540 i924/i925 24,956 38,043 293 3,954 Lead Zinc Nickel Ferro-Alloys 4 5 6 1919/I920 5,379 1,679 i68 1,414 1920/1921 10,786 564 347 8,191 1921/1922 663 536 109 1,396 1922/1923 1,205 458 710 4,142 1923/1924 780 460 419 8,486 1924/1925 231 390 374 7,186 ' Billets, ingots, blooms. Bar, rod, plate, sheet, rails, structural and barbed wire were: Import. Export. 1919-20..... 469,031 86,057 1920-21.... 747,722 117,711 1921-22.... 277,026 21,893 1922-23.... 584,186 28,392 1923-24.... 665,942 58,289 1924-25.... 504,838 17,166 2 Aluminium in ingots, blocks, bars, etc., aluminium tubing. a In block, pig and ingot. Bar, strip, sheet, tubing, wire, etc., were 12,565 M.T. in 1920; i6,58i M.T. in 1921 ; 6,281 in 1922; 14,060 M.T. in 1923; 14,046 M.T. in 1924; 6,709 M.T. in 1925. ' Pig and block. Bar, sheet, pipe, etc., were 480 in 1920; 502 in 1921; 177 in 1922; 413 in 1923 ' 204 in 1924 ; 158 in I925. 6 Spelter. Blocks, pigs, bars, rods, sheets and dust were 2,233 in 192o ; 1,521 in 192 ; 1,532 in 1922; 1,925 in 1923; 1,639 in 1924; 15,414 in 1925. 6 In ingots or blocks, bars and rods, strips, sheets and plates.

292 BRITISH EMPIRE EXPORTS. Pig Iron Iron and Steel Aluminium Copper 1 2 I919/I920 84,859 288,109 8,712 16,129 1920/1921 63,648 116,186 6,353 15,735 I92I/1922 2,278 46,070 2,735 I4,493 1922/1923 37,025 154,326 6,584 17,168 I923/1I924 40,899 81,548 7,072 21,I57 I924/I925 11,627 60,729 10,275 20,121 EXPORTS. Lead Zinc Nickel Ferro-Alloys 3 4 I919/I92o 4,627 3,492 5,650 23,383 1920/1921 1,656 6,208 2,805 19,092 192I/I922 16,525 22,053 2,09I I10,054 1922/1923 17,251 16,020 9,294 21,451 19233/1924 27,881 I7,994 11,091 26,105 1924/1925 52,087 I9,943 10,435 23,994 III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS (Metric tons). Raw Materials. Nitrate Salt Sulphur Sulphate of Sodium of Ammonia OUTPUT. 920 190,376-17,128 1921-149,375 15,731 1922-164,920 - I2,339 1923-184,121 I 19,521 1924-188,675 - - IMPORTS. 1919 /1920 5,094 I52,537 71,510 I920/I92I 23,850 153,383 107,847 142 I92I/1I922 O1,359 I37,246 71,304 374 I922/1I923 I4,380 I98,589 111,592 235 I923/1924 I2,637 I73,339 117,331 624 1924/1925 21,406 186,992 140,302 EXPORTS. Cyanamide of Calcium 1919/1920 540-1920/1921 254 1I4,883 17,173 1921 /1922 311 10,450 43,639 1922 /1923 956 I7,598 62,015 1923/1924 869-13,571 67,372 I924/1I925 1,281 - - - 1 Including Kentledge. ' Pig and blister. Bars, rods, sheets, tubing, etc., were,o019 in 1920; 1,265 in 921 ; 7 in 1922 ; 6 in 1923 ; 12 in 1924; 88 in 1925. 8 Spelter. Nickel, fine.

CANADA 293 IV. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (In thousands of metric tons.) A. Cereals. Production. Wheat Rye Barley Oats Maize 1920 7,163 287 1,378 8,185 364 1921 8,188 545 1,300 6,573 379 1922 10,88i 822 1,565 7,576 350 1923 12,906 590 1,676 8,698 346 1924 7,I33 349 1,934 6,261 305 WHEAT 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 Imports 3 Ii 2 2 2 Exports 3,349 3,997 5,697 6,608 5,841 WHEAT FLOUR Imports 2 4 4 7 7 Exports 420 647 843 996,o020 RYE Imports o.i o.i Exports 76 97 251 179 189 RYE FLOUR Imports 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 o0. Exports 2 o.i 0.1 o. BARLEY Imports 0.3 - -- Exports 205 268 322 310 492 OATS Imports 21 2 i6 3 12 Exports 228 512 468 342 549 MAIZE Imports 271 313 236 227 239 Exports 0.5 0.7 0.7 o.6 0.2 RICE Imports 28 12 14 24 27 Exports 2 0.4 -. 6 0.5 B. Potatoes. (In thousands of metric tons.) Production Imports Exports 1920 3,642 25.1 151.9 1921 2,921 12.7 88.7 1922 2,529 19-5 98.2 I923 2,517 10.2 81.0 1924 2,570 25.6 85.2

294: BRITISH". EMPIRE V. LIVE-STOCK (Number). Cattle Sheep Pigs, Horses Goats Mules 1920 9,572,I96 3,720,783 3,516,678 3,400,352-9,055 1921 10,206,205 3,675,860 3,83,921 10,424 1922 9,719,869 3,263,525 3,915,684 3,648,87I 9,202 I923 9,246,3I. 2,753,860 4,405,316 3,530,641 8,722 1924 9,460,836 2,684,743 5,069,181 3,588,788 9,364 9,175 IMPORTS. Hos'es.Mules Cattle Goats Pigs, 1919/1920 4,181-16,713 i8 8,Io0 I920/1921 5,404 5,068 43 12,724 1921/1922 5,I54 3,230 44 7;59b 1922 /1923 5,597-1,385 41 5,223 1923 1924 4,905-1,244 22 4,242 1924/1925 5,698-738 21 1,776 EXPORTS. Horses Mules Cattle Goats Pigs 1919/I920] 3,889-518,352-5,093 I920/I921, 3,626 297,853-1,248 i921/i922 2,251-213,484-3,184 I922/I923 1,863-258,977 2,305 1923/1924 2,447-190,166 1,711 1924 1i925'! 1,429 218,879 68,644 VI. MEATS (Metric tons.) Fresh, Chilled Smoked, Salted Canned Meats, and Frozen and Dried Poultry and Game IMPORTS. /1919/1920 25,645 8,970 462 I920/I92Ii 15,529 9,920 919 1921/I922 14,720 7,994 i,02i 1922/1923 I5,812 9,227 76-1923/1924 10,968 8,607 1,516 1924/1925 4,247 4,771 805 EXPORTS. I919/I920 50,605 106,571 1,276 I920/I9211 27,218 45,933:" i98 I92I/I922 16,920 45,873 :321 1922/1923 15,149 47,000 81 1923/1924 10,576 46,497 59 1924/I925 16,785 58,814.233

CANADA 295 VII. Cotton VARIOUS PRODUCTS (Metric tons.) IMPORTS. Rubber I919/1920 43,759 II,083 I920/1I92I 44,738 10,345 1921 /1922 43,266 8,597 1922/1923 56,817 11,519 1923/1924 43,362 13,Io 2 i924/1925 45,758 15,627 EXPORTS. 1919/192 0 0.6 1920 /92i 1921/1922 1922/1923 i923/1i924 ' Crude. Sources. Notes on the Land Forces of British Dominions, Colonies and Protectorates. Communication from the Government, April 26th, I923. Jane's Fighting Ships, 1925. The Public Accounts for the fiscal year I922-I923. The Estimates for the fiscal year 1923-1924, voted by Parliament. The Estimates for the fiscal year 1924-1925, submitted to Parliament. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Annual Report of the Mineral Production of Canada. Ottawa, I924. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Preliminary Report of the Mineral Production of Canada. Ottawa, I925. Department of Trade and Commerce. Annual Report of the Trade of Canada. Fiscal Year ended March 1924. Publications of Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau. London. The Canada Year-Book, I924.