America in A World At War Chapter 26

America in A World At War Chapter 26

War on Two Fronts

Pacific Strategy 5 The Japanese were stopped at Midway Island, by Navy Admiral Chester W. Nimitz in June of 1942. 5 Midway proved to be the turning point that stopped Japanese expansion. 5 the U.S. began a process called island hopping, where the Allies would bypass heavily fortified islands, and take over neighboring islands.

5The Army in the Pacific was led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur. 5After the US Army in the Philippines surrendered, remaining soldiers were forced to make the infamous 85-mile Bataan Death March to Japanese POW camps.

General Admiral MacArthur s Halsey s land Naval force attack attack plan: plan: 1. 1. The Strike invasion Gilbert of Guadalcanal Islands from from Hawaii Australia 2. 2. Hop Hop to New to the Guinea Marshall next Islands next 3. 3. Hop Hop to Mindaneo to Guam, in Saipan, southern Tinian Philippine of Mariana Is. Is. 4. 4. Attack Hop Luzon, to Iwo the Jima, main Okinawa, Philippine Palau Island 5. 5. Hop From to Okinawa there, strike from where Japan Japan itself is reached

5 The island-hopping campaign finally started moving faster in 1944-5. 5 Tarawa, Iwo Jima and finally Okinawa. 5 Once the U.S. was within range, we began bombing raids over Tokyo and other parts of mainland Japan. Firebombs start intensely hot fires with napalm a jellied gasoline. Half of Japan s cities will be destroyed by the end of the war

The Allied Halting of Hitler 5 The U.S. also at first had trouble against Germany, as its U-boats proved very effective, but the breaking of Germany s Enigma code helped pinpoint those subs better. 5 In May 1942, the British launched a massive raid on Cologne, France, and in August, the U.S. air corps joined them. 5 The strategy was year by year- 1942- Africa 1943- Italy 1944- France 1945- Germany

5The Germans, led by the Desert Fox - Marshall Rommel, were threatening the Suez Canal, but late in October 1942, the British General Montgomery defeated him at El Alamein, west of Cairo.

5In 1942, the Soviets launched a new, blistering counteroffensive, regaining about 2/3 of the land they had lost before a year later.

5At the Tehran Conference (Dec 1943), the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin) met and agreed that the Soviets and Allies would launch simultaneous attacks. 5At the Casablanca Conference (Jan 1943), Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met and agreed to invade Sicily and on the terms of unconditional surrender for the Germans.

Calais Normandy

Operation Overlord- Why was the invasion of Europe called D-Day? 5The first ships sailed to get in position for the invasion on June 3 rd, A-Day 5The rest of the ships sailed for the invasion on June 4 th, B-Day 5The invasion was supposed to be on June 5 th but was postponed because of a storm, C-Day 5The invasion took place on June 6 th, which was D-Day

Calais As you can see by the symbols most of Hitler s defenses were here Normandy Utah beach Omaha Beach Gold Beach Juno Beach Sword Beach

Operation Fortitude and Preparations for D-Day

Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world. Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle hardened. He will fight savagely. But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage and devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory! Good luck! And let us beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking. SIGNED: Dwight D. Eisenhower

5On June 6 th, 1944, with a slight break in the storm the Allied invasion took place on five beaches on Normandy.

5The bulk of Hitler s defenses were far to the north at Calais 5Even so, the invasion was incredibly difficult and bloody, especially at Omaha, Juno, and Gold beaches The great invasion force after capturing Omaha Beach. Supplies had to be driven inland from the coast during the opening stages of the European Campaign.

5With the help of the French Resistance Paris was freed in August of 1944.

Grant McDonald- European Theatre US Army Air Corps

American People in Wartime

5 Anti-Japanese feeling and prejudices was high in the months following Pearl Harbor and FDR was pressured to take action to protect the U.S. 5 On the Pacific coast, 110,000 Japanese-Americans were taken from their homes and herded into internment camps where their properties and freedoms were taken away.

Junior high school students at Tule Lake, CA. Topaz internment camp high school football team.

5The 1944 case of Korematsu v. U.S. affirmed the constitutionality of these camps. 5The 1945 case of Endo et. al overturned the camps and broke them up. It took more than 40 years before the U.S. admitted fault and made $20,000 reparation payments to camp survivors.

Building the War Machine 5 Massive military orders (over $100 billion in 1942 alone) ended the Great Depression by creating demand for jobs and production. 5 Shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser was dubbed Sir Launchalot because his methods of ship assembly churned out one ship every 14 days.

War Production Board 5The War Production Board controlled what and how much of anything was made. 5Production of nonessential items such as passenger cars stopped. 3 million cars produced in 1941, 139 produced from 1942-1945. 5When the Japanese seized rubber supplies in Asia, the U.S. imposed a national 35 mph speed limit and gasoline rationing to save tires.

5 Farmers rolled out more food, but the new sudden spurt in demand made prices soar. It was later regulated by the Office of Price Administration. 5 Essential goods were rationed. 5 Most labor unions pledged not to strike during the war

Manpower and Womanpower 5 The armed forces grew to nearly 15 million men and 216,000 women, and some of these women in arms included the WAACS (Army), the WAVES (Navy), and SPARS (Coast Guard).

5 The draft drew men (and women) from their homes and into the military. 5 There weren t enough workers, so the Bracero Program brought Mexican workers to America as resident workers.

5 Women took jobs in the workplace 5 Rosie the Riveter 5 When the war ended, 1/3 rd did not return to their homes as they had after WWI.

Military Service Women s Army Air Corps Pilots

Nursing Female War Photographer

Wartime Migrations 5 The war forced many people to move for work. 5 FDR started to revitalize the South, helping to start the blossoming of the Sunbelt. 5 1.6 million blacks left the South for better places- leading to racial tensions over housing, employment, and segregated facilities. The president signed Executive Order 8802- the Fair Employment Practices Commission to discourage racism and oppression in the workplace

5The Double V Campaign,, stood for two victories for black Americans: a victory at home and a victory abroad. 5Membership in the NAACP will increase by 9X. 5The Committee of Racial Equality (CORE) actively works for integration.

5Sudden integration of minorities sparked riots and caused tension, such as the Detroit race riot in 1943 that killed 25 blacks and 9 whites. 5Mexican-Americans, particularly in California, faced segregated housing, high unemployment, and low wages. The Zoot Suit Riots resulted from the ill-will.

5Many Native Americans left their reservations during the war, finding work in the cities or joining the army. 5Some 25,000 Native Americans were in the army, and many Navajo and Comanche were code talkers, relaying military orders in their own languages a code that was never broken by the Axis Powers.

Paying for the War

Paying for the War

Paying for the War Income taxes were increased and more people had to pay them. The wartime bill amounted to more than $330 billion more than the combined costs of all the previous American wars together.

War Propaganda & Stereotypes 5 How do the cartoons portray the Germans and the Japanese? 5 Why would they portray them that way?

FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 5 FDR vs. Republican Thomas E. Dewey 5 Because of FDR s age, the vice presidential candidate was carefully chosen to be Harry S. Truman. 5 Dewey went on a rampaging campaign offensive while FDR, stuck with WWII problems, could not go out much. 5 Issues- health, age, 4 th term, how the war was going.

5 Roosevelt stomped Dewey, 432 to 99 (53% to 46%) 5 FDR won because the war was going well, and people wanted to stick with him, although it was his narrowest victory.

5 On the retreat and losing, Hitler concentrated his forces and started the Battle of the Bulge in December of 1944. 5 He nearly succeeded in his gamble, but the ten-day penetration was finally stopped and turned by the 101st Airborne Division. The Fall of the Fatherland

Yalta 5 February 1945, a resort town on the Black Sea coast of the U.S.S.R. 5 After victory in Europe, the Allies agree that: 1. Germany would be divided into occupation zones 2. Free elections in newly liberated Eastern European countries 3. Soviets will enter the war against Japan 4. A new world peace organization would be formed in San Francisco

5 In March 1945, the Americans reached the Rhine River of Germany, and then pushed toward the river Elbe, and from there, joining Soviet troops, they marched toward Berlin.

5 Upon entering Germany, the Allies were horrified to find the concentration camps where millions of Jews and other undesirables had been slaughtered in attempted genocide.

End of the War in Europe 5In America, FDR dies from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945.

5Adolph Hitler, knowing that he had lost, committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945. 5May 7, 1945 was the date of the official German surrender, and the next day was officially proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

Japan Dies Hard 5 American submarines were ruining Japan s fleet, and attacks such as the March 9-10, 1945 firebomb raid on Tokyo that killed over 83,000 people, were wearing Japan out.

Island Hopping starts to work In March 1945, Iwo Jima was captured in a 25-day assault. US Troops: 70,000 men fighting -6,821 killed, 2 captured but recovered, 19,217 wounded Japanese Troops: 22,060 men fighting -21,844 killed, 216 taken prisoner

Okinawa- staging ground 5 Okinawa fell after fighting from April- June of 1945, and was captured at the cost of 50,000 American lives.

5 Over 3,500 Japanese kamikaze suicide pilots unleashed the full fury of their terror to take out naval vessels and at Okinawa in a last-ditch effort to stop American advances.

5 At the Potsdam Conference (July 1945), the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed. "On July 24 I casually mentioned to Stalin that we had a new weapon of unusual destructive force. The Russian Premier showed no special interest. All he said was that he was glad to hear it and hoped we would make 'good use of it against the Japanese.' Truman

Atomic Bomb 5 Under the super-secret Manhattan Project, the U.S. had been developing atomic weapons. 5 The first atomic bomb was tested on July 16, 1945.

Deploying the Atomic-Bomb 5 Japan refused to surrender, Americans dropped A-bombs onto Hiroshima (on Aug 6), killing 180,000 and Nagasaki (on Aug 9), killing 80,000. Little Boy Fat Man

5 On August 8, 1945, the Soviets declared war on Japan, just as promised, and days later, on V-J Day August 15 th, Japan sued for peace on one condition: that the Emperor Hirohito be allowed to remain on the Japanese throne. 5 Despite the unconditional surrender clause, the Allies accepted.

End of the War 5 The formal end came on September 2, 1945, on the battleship U.S.S. Missouri when representatives of Hirohito surrendered to General MacArthur.

The Good War 5America suffered 1 million casualties, but the number killed by disease and infections was very low thanks to new miracle drugs like penicillin. 5The U.S. had suffered few losses to home soil (two Japanese attacks on California and Oregon that were minor, Pearl Harbor, and the Aleutian Islands).

5The success was partly due to the excellent U.S. generals and admirals, and political leaders. 5This was America s best-fought war, despite the fact that the U.S. began preparing later than usual. 5Industry also rose to the challenge, putting out a phenomenal amount of goods, proving wrong Hermann Goering, a Nazi leader who had scorned America s lack of manufacturing skills.