Current situation and policies of university internationalization in Germany and Europe Dr. Christian Bode - Secretary General - German Academic Exchange Service Tokyo, 6 March 2010
Introduction of DAAD Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst a self-governing organisation of the German institutions of higher education with 231 member institutions and 123 student bodies 2
DAAD Budget and Results DAAD Budget 2010 (Plan) 397m = US$ 540m Foreigners (DAAD: 41,700) Other sources 28 mio = 7% EU 50 mio = 14% Ministry of Foreign Affairs 179 mio = 45% Germans (DAAD: 25,300) 397 mio EUR ERASMUS grants for Germans (EU: 31,000) Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development 37 mio = 9% Federal Ministry of Education 103 mio = 26% 20% students 60% graduates, PHD 20% staff 250 programmes About 550 professors in 88 selection committees 3
Goals and expenditures of the DAAD (Plan 2010) Scholarships for foreigners Supporting future foreign elites at German universities and research institutes 89m Scholarships for Germans Supporting future German Leaders in their studies and Research abroad (including ERASMUS) 111m Internationalisation of German universities Increasing the international appeal of German universities and promoting the international dimension in German higher education 70m Promoting German Studies and the German language abroad Promoting the German language and German Studies at foreign universities 48m Educational cooperation with developing countries Promoting academic, economic, and democratic development in developing and reform countries 79m 4
The DAAD network worldwide 5
DAAD Exchange-programmes with Japan 2008 Total number of Japanese: 370 Total number of Germans: 469 89 Long term scholarships 147 44 Short term courses 7 53 13 Student traineeships/internships 109 179 Partnership Programmes (incl. ISAP, Alumni Plus), STIBET 111 6,1 mio 6
1989 2009 - Twenty years of Globalisation The Fall of the Wall November 1989 The end of the cold war 7
Disintegration of the Soviet Union : the New East Russian Federation UDSSR UDSSR 8
Europe s development from a common market to a wider political union EC 12 EU 27 9
Tigers, Dragons and Elephants and the World Trade 10
Fast and cheap transportation of goods, people,informations... 16,0 14,0 exports 12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 1975 1985 1995 2007 Development of the global trade (export) in trillion US$ Development of the international mobile students in million 11
The Bologna Revolution Bologna 1989 Leuven 2009 Bologna Magna Charta 12
European Higher Education Area: 46 Countries 1999 (Bologna: 30) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom 2001 (Prag: 33) Croatia, Cyprus, Turkey 2003 (Berlin: 40) Albania, Andorra, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Holy See, FYR of Macedonia, Russia, Serbia 2005 (Bergen: 45) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine 2007 (London: 46) Montenegro 13
The Bologna Declaration 1999 : the main aims Adoption of a system of easily readable and comparable degrees with 2 cycles Enhancement of mobility in the European Higher Education Area European co-operation in quality assurance Promotion of attractiveness of the European H.E. and Research Area 14
After 20 years of globalisation one thing is sure: Internationalization is a M U S T in order to ensure/enhance high Quality in Study, Research, H.E. Management Reputation, Attractiveness, Competitiveness access to complementary Funding a sound contribution to solve the global problems (i.e. MDG...) 15
Internationalization means: Exchange of international students International (regular and guest) staff International curricula Internationally relevant research International networks and partners 16
Mobility of students world-wide (2007) Europe 1,337 mio Europe 719,000 North America 89,000 Asia 297,000 North America 723,000 2,8 mio international Students Asia 1,061 mio South America 165,000 South America 34,000 Africa & Arabian States 402,000 Africa & Arabian States 129,000 Australia Oceania 207,000 Australia Oceania 10,000 Source: UNESCO 2007 17
Challenge I: More incoming Mobility 1. USA: World leader in the Education Market: Open doors 2. UK: Prime Ministers Initiatives : fees for services 3. AUS: Our biggest growth industry... 4. Other english speaking countries catching up ( CDN, NZE, IRL) 5. Germany, France, continental EU : no or low fees but competing for international talents 6. China: 300,000 international students 7. Japan: 300,000 international students by 2020 18
Europe: Mobility (2006) Top Five sending countries Top Five host countries Germany: 78,200 UK: 330,000 France: 65,800 Germany: 261,400 Turkey: 57,000 France: 247,500 Russia: 49,000 Russia: 77,400 Source: Greece: OECD 2006 40,700 Spain: 51,000 19
Europe: Mobility (2007) Nationalities of foreign students in Europe Oceania; 0,5 Unknown; 19,3 Africa; 14,4 Country of origin Absolut % North America; 2,5 South America; 4,6 China; 6,9 Africa 245.962 14,4 North America 43.373 2,5 South America 78.193 4,6 China 117.547 6,9 Japan; 0,7 Japan 12.422 0,7 Europe; 35,1 Asia, other; 16,1 Asia, other 275.537 16,1 Europe 599.635 35,1 Oceania 7.729 0,5 Unknown 329.377 19,3 EU 27 (Insgesamt) 1.709.775 100,0 Source: Eurostat 2007 20
EU- ERASMUS student mobility 1987-2007 Source: STATISTICAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECENTRALISED ACTIONS IN THE ERASMUS PROGRAMME IN 2007/2008 21
Courses taught in English NL 774 DE 415 FI 235 SE 123 DK 96 PL 90 FR 79 22
uni-assist: admission portal of 120 member universities Offers: Pre-check of applications (eligibility) Coordination of multiple admissions Pool of left over candidates Statistical evaluation Winter term 2009/10: 50.000 applications (77% BA, 23% MA) 10.000 negative replies 23
Uni-assist-procedure International applicants Application Priority 1 Priority 2 uni-assist pre-check coordination According to priorities Universities University: selection Ranking Non eligible No admission Admission by University No acceptance by applicant Acceptance by applicant new ranking of remaining applicants Application failed or withdrawn Reservelist enrolment 24
TestAS Central standardised aptitude test for foreign students Scholastic aptitude test with four subject-specific modules TestAS can be taken in licensed test centres worldwide TestAS is for free in 2010 Economics Engineering No fees for the universities Core Test Aim 2010: 30 universities, 5.000 participants Humanities, Cultural Studies and Social Sciences Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences Stand: November 2009 25
Test of German as a foreign Language : TestDaF 330 Centers C e n t e r 18.000 Participants Test centres in Japan: Soka, Dokkyo University Tokyo, Goethe-Institut 26
DAAD-Promotion of German Higher Education (since 2001) Higher Education Marketing 1,256 presentations at Higher Education Fairs, including 178 participations with a German Pavilion in over 80 countries Research Marketing: 90 projects 2008/2009: 33 projects in 18 countries GATE Germany further training Testimonial-Campaign 63 testimonials from 32 countries ECOGERMA: Leitmesse Umwelttechnologien, Sao Paulo, März 2009 50 Information Centres worldwide 108 workshops and training courses 02/10 27
GATE Germany (Promotion Consortium) 5,1 mio p. a. President HRK / Vice-President DAAD Steering Commitee 6 H.E.I. Presidents 120 H.E.I. members (fee 1,000-3,000 p.a.) 03/10 28
Mobility Agencies in Europe 29
2005 2007 Foreign students in Germany 300.000 250.000 200.000 150.000 100.000 50.000 0 Source: Wissenschaft Weltoffen 2009 30 1999 2001 2003 1997 1995 1993 1991 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
German students abroad 2001-2009 91.000 76.000 83.000 69.000 58.700 65.800 53.400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 Source: Wissenschaft Weltoffen 2009 31
Internationalization strategies: Japan and Germany in comparison 1. Similarities - special focus on recruitment of international talents - target number 300.000 foreign students - additional public funding - special programs (i.e. overseas bases) - professionalization of services - english taught courses - acceptance environment for internat. students - liberalisation of immigration (?) 32
Japanese and German internationalization strategies (cont.) 2. Differences - Japanese Programs concentrate on selected universities, DAAD organizes open competition for all H.E.I. - German strategy is embedded in EU policy (for H.E. and research) and in the Bologna process - Germany seems to invest more public money in internationalization - German strategy equally stresses outbound mobility, undergraduate mobility (development) cooperation and transnational education ( German backed universities ) - There is no equivalent to DAAD in Japan 33
Academic Exchange and Cooperation between Japan and Germany Not bad... but... Not good enough 34
Germany and Japan in Comparison ( profile data ) Germany Japan Population 82.330.000 127.100.000 Gross domestic product 2,9 trillion US$ 4,3 trillion US$ GDP per capita 35.500 US$ 34.100 US$ Export 1,5 trillion US$ 0,75 trillion US$ Export to Japan/ to Germany 14 billion 24 billon Number of students 2 million 3 million PhD Graduates 23.843 16.450 Number of foreign students 235.000 135.000 German Stud. in JPN //Jap. Stud. in Germany / 400 2.300 Students abroad (all countries) 90.300 56.060 Patents World rank 5 World rank 1 Universities in the Shanghai ranking 40 31 World Bank Knowledge Economy Index Rank 12 Rank 20 Proportion of all publications listed in SCI 9% 10% innovative capability Rank 9 Rank 7 35
Japanese students in Germany 1997-2008 China India Japan Russia Total (all countries) WS 1996/97 4.980 708 1.745 3.622 151.870 WS 1997/98 5,017 727 1,746 4,182 WS 1998/99 5,355 846 1,788 4,930 WS 1999/00 6,526 1,117 1,949 5,946 WS 2000/01 9,109 1,412 2,023 6,987 WS 2001/02 14,070 2,088 2,182 8,383 WS 2002/03 20,141 3,303 2,311 9,601 WS 2003/04 25,284 4,112 2,382 10,814 WS 2004/05 27,129 4,249 2.495 11,479 WS 2005/06 27,390 3,988 2,422 11,953 WS 2006/07 27,117 3,780 2,339 12,197 WS 2007/08 25.479 3.527 2.339 11.847 233.606 36
Foreign Research Fellows on funded stays in Germany from Asia and Japan (2007) China 1.779 India Japan Vietnam Indonesia South Korea 229 240 197 482 1.321 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 Source: Wissenschaft Weltoffen 2009 37
Some recommendations Intensify institutional cooperation (partnerships, programmes) Multiply short courses opportunities ( trial course ) Offer courses in English plus language training in Japanese - Win more scientists and engineers for cooperation - Integrated Internships abroad are as good as university studies - For advanced cooperation: Double-Joint-Degree programs and co-tutelle (joint PHD-programs) Secure professional staff for implementation Lobby the good case internally and in public 38
Thank you! 39
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DAAD grants for German awardees in Japan by programmes (2008) Information visits 11 Partnership programmes (academics) Bilateral exchange of academics with JSPS 3 37 Short-term lectureships 4 Long-term lectureships 2 Postdoc programme 9 Lektors Partnership programmes International study and exchange programmes - 2 21 26 Total: 469 Group programmes 56 Student traineeschips/internships 109 Language courses 5 Short-term scholarships One-year and onesemester scholarships 37 147 41
DAAD grants for Japanese awardees in Germany by programmes (2008) Artists-in Residence in Berlin programme Research visits, reinvitation programme Partnership programmes (academics) Bilateral exchange of academics with JSPS Visiting lectureships 1 1 3 9 45 Scholarship and guidance-counselling Partnership and university programmes 66 95 Total: 370 Group programmes Student traineeschips/internships 13 16 Language courses 25 Short-term scholarships 7 One-year scholarships 89 42