BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) AUSTRALIA GENERAL Area... 7,704,022 km. 2 Population (I925).... 5,992,084 per sq. km.: o.8. Army. A. HIGH ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL i. MILITARY BOARD. The military forces of Australia are administered by a Military Board similar to the Army Council in Great Britain. It has been constituted to impose on it a full measure of responsibility. The Military Board consists of: the Minister for Defence (President), Chief of the General Staff, Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-General, Finance Member, Second Chief of General Staff and Secretary. 2. AVIATION. To deal with aviation policy the Minister of Defence is assisted by a War Council, which includes officers of the Navy, Army and Air Board and an independent Controller of Civil Aviation. 3. COUNCIL OF DEFENCE. The powers and functions of the Council of Defence are: (i) to ensure that the whole policy of the Defence of Australia by the Naval, Military and Air Forces is consistent generally with Imperial plans, and especially with such of those plans as directly concern Australia, and to issue such instructions in connection therewith as are necessary; (ii) to act as the medium of communications with the Committee
AUSTRALIA 187 of Imperial Defence or any other body of a similar nature formed by the Government of the United Kingdom; (iii) to effect such supervision of the approved Defence Policy in the Naval, Military, Air and Munition Branches as will ensure its efficient and economical application; (iv) to co-ordinate the activities of the Naval, Military, Air and Munition Branches with each other as well as with those of other Commonwealth Departments and the commercial and manufacturing activities of Australia in so far as is necessary to ensure, in case of need, the mobilisation of all resources for the defence of Australia; and (v) to advise upon and supervise the total expenditure upon defence and the distribution of that expenditure. The Council of Defence (a) for the purpose of General meetings, consists of : The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth; The Treasurer of the Commonwealth; The Minister of State for Defence, and such additional Ministers as are from time to time summoned by the Prime Minister; The First Naval Member of the Naval Board; The Second Naval Member of the Naval Board; Another Senior Naval Officer, nominated by the Minister for Defence; The Inspector-General of the Military Forces; The First Military Member of the Military Board; and Two other Senior Military Officers of the Active List, nominated by the Minister of State for Defence; and (b) for the purpose of Ordinary Meetings, consists of : The Minister of State for Defence; The First Naval Member of the Naval Board; The Second Naval Member of the Naval Board; The Inspector-General of the Military Forces; and The First Military Member of the Military Board. 4. COMMONWEALTH SECTION OF THE IMPERIAL GENERAL STAFF. A Commonwealth Section of the Imperial General Staff has been formed at Headquarters, Melbourne. 5. THE STAFF CORPS AND INSTRUCTIONAL CORPS. The Staff Corps and Instructional Corps, into which have been absorbed the old Administrative and Instructional Staff, are a permanent body of officers and N.C.O.s. In addition to providing officers to fill appointments on the Headquarter and District Staffs, it furnishes officers and N.C.O.s for the instruction of Citizen Forces. 6. RADIO-TELEGRAPH BOARD. A Radio-telegraph Board has been established, with representatives from the Army and Navy and Postmaster-General's Department, with a view to securing close co-operation between technical officers and the Departments dealing with wireless, which is necessary to prevent overlapping of effort and expenditure.
188 BRITISH EMPIRE 7. WAR RAILWAY COUNCIL. This Council consists of 12 military and railway officers, and was instituted in I9II. Its chief duties are to furnish advice and information regarding railway transport for military purposes, and to secure co-operation between the Defence Department and the Railway Departments in regard to concentration and mobilisation of troops. 8. MUNITIONS SUPPLY BOARD. Owing to the necessity for the creation of Australian sources for the supply of munitions of war, authority was given for the establishment of a Munitions Supply Board consisting of a Controller-General and two Controllers, who are charged with the following: (a) Provision of such armament, arms, ammunition, equipment, supplies and stores of all kinds as may be demanded by the various Naval, Military and Air Services. (b) Research - chemical and physical investigation of raw materials and products, and of the manufacturing processes to which such materials are subjected. (c) Inspection and examination of supplies obtained in Australia, other than food, forage and fuel supplies, up to point of issue to service. (d) Administration of industrial establishments and factories established or be to established. B. MILITARY DISTRICT AREA Australia is divided for administration into six Military Districts, which correspond with the six States, viz., Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. C. HIGHER UNITS 2 Cavalry Divisions. 6 Cavalry Brigades. 2 Divisional Troops. 5 Infantry Divisions. i8 Infantry Brigades (including 3 mixed ones). 8 Divisional Troops. D. CONSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION OF MILITARY FORCES i. GENERAL. The Military Forces of Australia consist of a Permanent Force and the Citizen Force. All male inhabitants who have resided in Australia for six months and are British subjects and are between the ages of i8 and 60 are, in time of war, liable to serve in the Citizen Force.
,AUSTRALIA 189 All boys on attaining the age of 12 years have to be registered, and they undergo cadet training at school. In March of the year in which they attain the age of 14 years they have to register again, and they are then trained 1 in battalions as senior cadets. At the age of i8 years, senior cadets, except those residing outside a training area or those who are physically unfit, join units of the Citizen Force. On an average about I7,ooo are transferred annually. The Citizen Force is maintained for home defence only, but the Act permits individuals to volunteer for service overseas. In time of war the force becomes subject to the Army Act where not inconsistent with the local enactments. 2. PERMANENT FORCE. The Divisional Organisation came into operation on May ist, 192I. Under this system, a War Organisation is being applied to peace conditions with a minimum of Permanent Staffs and Forces. The Permanent Force is organised in such a manner as to enable it to carry out administrative and instructional duties, and form the nucleus of the technical services required. Permanent Units (Field and Garrison Artillery and Engineers) retain their own identity, but their organisation and distribution has been adjusted so that their principal function, viz., the instruction of the Citizen Forces, is given its proper degree of prominence. The period of enlistment in the Permanent Force is five years, with re-engagement for periods of three years. On completion of service, N.C.O.s and men pass into the Reserve in the same way as men of the Citizen Force (see paragraph 4 below). Officers, except graduates of Duntroon Military College, who must serve for ten years or buy their discharge, can resign at any time by giving three months' notice. 3. CITIZEN FORCE. The Citizen Force consists of 2 Cavalry Divisions and 5 Infantry Divisions. The 2 Cavalry Divisions comprise 3 Cavalry Brigades and i Divisional Troop each. Each Cavalry Brigade is composed of 3. The total number of Regiments belonging to Cavalry Brigades is 18. The Divisional Troops of ist and 2nd Cavalry Division are composed of: 5 Field Artillery Batteries; 2 Field Engineers Squadrons; 1 Owing to the present state of financial stringency, and the consequent reduction in the Army, senior cadet training will be limited in each year to the two oldest quotas, i.e., to sixteen- and seventeen-year-old lads.
19o BRITISH EMPIRE 3 Cavalry Divisional Signals Squadrons; 8 Cavalry Divisional Train Companies; 6 Field Ambulances, and 2 Sanitary Sections of Medical Corps; 6 Army Veterinary Corps Sections. Each of 5 Infantry Divisions consists of 3 Infantry Brigades (except the 5th Division, which comprises, besides the 3 Infantry Brigades and the 2 Divisional Troops, 3 Mixed Brigades). Each Infantry Brigade has 4 Battalions. The Divisional Troops of the first 4 Divisions have the following units each: 9 Field Artillery Batteries; 4 Engineers Companies; 3 Signal Companies; 4 Companies of Train; 3 Field Ambulances, and i Sanitary Section of the Medical Corps; i Veterinary Corps Section. The 2 Divisional Troops of the 5th Division have the following units each: 3 Batteries of Field Artillery; i Engineers Company; i Supply and Transport Company of Service Corps; i Field Ambulance and i Sanitary Section of the Medical Corps. The Garrison troops of the Permanent and Citizen Forces are divided into 6 District Bases. The Forces of Permanent and Citizen Troops consist of Garrison Artillery and Engineers (with addition of services of Army Medical Corps, Army Service, etc., of Permanent Troops). The Garrison Artillery of Permanent Troops consist of io Garrison Batteries and i Field Artillery Battery. The Garrison Artillery of Citizen Forces counts 12 Batteries; the Australian Engineers of Citizen Forces are composed of 6 Fortress Companies. Allotment of units: The organisation is territorial, and the division based upon infantry units. There are 62 battalions, forming 15 brigades. The areas have approximately an equal number of males of citizen soldier age, and each furnishes a battalion of Intantry, and a proportion of other troops. 4. RESERVES. Theoretically, each man, on attaining the age of 26, passes into the Reserve, but no record is kept of his movements, and he is not required
AUSTRALIA i91 -to report himself at any time. the Reserve of Officers. There exists, in fact, therefore, only The reorganisation of the Reserve Force is under consideration, and the proposal is that it shall consist of: (i) Ex-members of the A.I.F. who cannot join the Active Force, and British subjects who have seen active service otherwise than in the A.I.F. (ii) Ex-members of the Permanent Force. (iii) Ex-members of the Citizen Force. 5- RIFLE CLUBS. There are I,120 Civilian Rifle Clubs with a membership of 42,727 and 103 Miniature Rifle Clubs with a membership of 3,834. Their maintenance as a Reserve Force being no longer considered a military necessity, with the exception of certain guards on mobilisation, they, in November I920, ceased to be part of the Army organisation, and their administration was transferred to civil control. 6. CADETS. The Cadet organisation has been developed in order that all boys may be given, first, physical training, and, secondly, an introduction to military work. The reorganisation of the senior cadet battalions has been completed. An increase in the normal establishment of a battalion to 1,9I4 all ranks was necessary, owing to the reductions in the number of battalions in order to conform to the Citizen Force Battalions, with which the Cadet battalions are now definitely affiliated. 7. ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE. (a) Organisation. The Royal Australian Air Force is an autonomous arm of the Defence Forces. It is administered by a Board consisting of 2 Air Force members and a Finance member. The present establishment of the Force includes the following units (a) Head-Quarters, Royal Australian Air Force, with representation at the Air Ministry in London; (b) One station containing a Flying Training School, a Stores Depot and one composite squadron; (c) One Station containing one composite squadron and one flight; (d) An Experimental Section. In deciding all matters of policy the Minister is assisted by a representative Air Council, which includes officers of the Navy, Army, and Air Force, and the Controller of Civil Aviation. (b) Establishment (I925). The present approved establishment of the Permanent Air Force is 71 officers and 453 airmen.
192 BRITISH EMPIRE (c) Budgetary Effectives (I925-I926). Group Captain... I Wing Commanders.... 3 Squadron Leaders..... 14 Flying Officers and Pilots... 71 Flying Officers Pupils and Cadets.... 30 Total Officers (including cadets)... II9 Airmen.... 628 Total Officers and other ranks.... 7471 (d) Civil Aviation Branch. The Civil Aviation Branch consists of a Controller, 3 Superintendents (of flying operations, aircraft and aerodromes) and 6 minor officials. (e) Aerial routes. Aerodromes and Alighting Sites have been prepared between the capital cities and on certain parts of the coast for service and civil purposes. The total number prepared to date is 120. E. BUDGET EFFECTIVES i925-i926 I. PERMANENT FORCES. 5I1 - U I c c 0 C 0 o 0 a0 I Ul I I I. 0 I~ Staff Corps... I 2 101242 Io 82 249 - - Instructional Corps... 548 _ 52e R. A. Artillery... 72 352 - R. A. Engineers... 1067 54 6 Survey Section... 8 3 3 Permanent Army Service Corps. 5 38 55 21 Permanent Army Medical Service. 10 7 I Permanent Army Veterinary Corps I I 3 - Ordnance Branch... 336 Total Permanent Forces... i 2 101242 83 250 571 293 468 400 Quartermasters. 1 In addition there are 12 Civilian Employees.
AUSTRALIA 193 2. UNIVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING (CITIZEN FORCES). Officers. Commanders.. 31 N.C.O.s.... 4,322 Staff and Assist. Staff Officers 73 Corpcrals and Recruits. 44,950 Colonels.... Lieut.-Colonels... 105 Majors... 574 Total... 49,272 Captains...... 729 Lieutenants..... 2,2021 Total Officers... 3,728 Total Officers and other Ranks... 53,000 3. ARMS OF THE COMMONWEALTH MILITARY FORCES, 1ST FEBRUARY, 1I925. Light Horse... 3,746 Ordnance (including Ar- Field Artillery 4,242 mament Artificers). 42 Garrison Artillery... 1,003 Survey Section (Engineers) 14 Field Engineers....,559 R.A.E. Works Section 18 Signallers... 1,240 Royal Military College Fortress Engineers... 208 (Cadets)... 50 Infantry.... 23,265 Provost Staff..... 15 Army Service Corps.. 1,223 Legal Department... 16 Army Medical Corps.. 1,209 Intelligence Section, G.S.. io Army Veterinary Corps. 136 Engineer and Railway Staff Corps... 242 Staff Corps..... 52 Australian Instructional Corps... 599 Grand Total... 38,889 F. MILITARY POPULATION The total number at cadet age, i.e., between 12 and i8, at the Census of 1921 (April 4th) was about 300,000; at citizen soldier age, i.e., between i8 and 26, 353,000; these latter, with 409,000 at ages between 26 and 35, give 762,000 as the total males at the best period for military service. It is estimated that 529,000 of those available between the ages of i8 and 35 were not married or widowers without children, and 233,000 were married or widowers with children. In addition, there were about 762,000 between the ages 35 and 60. G. TRAINING I. PERMANENT FORCES. The Permanent Forces train throughout the year similarly to Units of the Regular Army in Great Britain. Including 17 acting adjutants. 13
1I94 BRITISH EMPIRE 2. CITIZEN FORCE. (a) The members of the Citizen Force between the ages of i8 and 22 years are required annually to train as under : Artillery and Engineers and Army Service Corps Units allotted to these arms: 25 days (of which not less than 17 shall be in camps of continuous training). Other Arms: i6 days (of which not less than 8 shall be in camps of continuous training). Training in the Citizen Forces commences on July Ist in the year in which the persons liable reach the age of i8 years, and continues for three years. A course of musketry similar to that laid down for the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom is also completed annually. From 25 to 26 years of age, one registration and attendance at one muster parade only are required. Recruits will join the Force at i8 years of age, about I8,ooo, including those who for some reason become exempt from training, reaching that age annually. Men will be liable to serve for eight years. (b) The lengths of these periods may be curtailed according to circumstances. (c) The general method by which the instruction of the Citizen Forces is carried out is: (i) By the allotment of a small permanent instructional staff to each Training Area, Battalion Area and Brigade Area. (ii) By holding at convenient times and places classes of instruction for officers and N.C.O.s of the various arms. 3. CADETS. Senior Cadet training was completely revived during the year I920-21, more attention being given to the physical, mental and moral development of the youth than to his military training, of which he only received sufficient to enable him to take his place in the Citizen Forces. The development of organised games and athletics has been taken in hand. Senior Cadet training as from July Ist, 1925, is confined to one day instead of 4 days. Training commences with the age of 17. Musketry training on a systematic progressive basis is carried out. The training of the Junior Cadets (i2 and I3 years) is no longer the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence. 4. TRAINING STRENGTH OF MILITARY FORCES. The Training Strength of Military Forces in Australia was 38,889 in I925. H. SCHOOLS I. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE. A Military College was established at Duntroon (Federal Territory) to educate candidates for commissions in all arms of the Commonwealth Military Forces. A certain number of Cadets from New Zealand are also admitted each year. The establishment of the College allows for the admission of 30 Australian and 5 New Zealand Cadets annually, but the intake has now been reduced to I5 cadets
AUSTRALIA I95 in all. The normal course lasts 4 years, divided into 8 terms. The allotment of cadetship to the different States is liable to vary, but has usually been approximately : New South Wales, ii ; Victoria, 9; Queensland 4 ; South Australia, 3 ; West Australia, 2 ; Tasmania,i. The State Senior Public Examinations talke the place of an Entrance Examination. All Cadets at the College join a " Corps of Staff Cadets ", which is part of the Permanent Military Forces of the Commonwealth. This Corps, which has an establishment of I50, including Cadets from New Zealand, is organised on the lines of a Battalion of Infantry. Australian graduates are commissioned in the Staff Corps, and are immediately sent abroad to England or India for further training with a regular regiment. No fees are charged for equipment, instruction or maintenance of Cadets at the College. 2. ARTILLERY SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION. The Artillery School of Instruction is situated at South Head, Sydney. It is divided into three main branches, viz.: (a) Technical Artillery School. (b) School of Artillery for practical instruction of all artillery of the Field Army, including anti-aircraft artillery. (c) Coast Artillery - to carry out instruction in Coast Artillery and Coast Defence work generally, including electric lighting. 3. SCHOOL OF MUSKETRY. The School of Musketry, located at Randwick, New South Wales, is to be developed into a Small Arms School, covering instruction in rifle, bayonet, revolver, bombing, light and heavy machine-guns and Stokes mortars. Five Musketry Courses were held during the year I92o-2I, and, in addition to these courses, courses for Senior Cadet Officers have been concluded, a new departure which has been a success, i20 officers having done a special course to qualify them in musketry as Platoon Officers. 4- CENTRAL TRAINING DEPOT. The functions of the Central Training Depot are: (a) The training of applicants for appointment to the Australian Instructional Corps and refresher courses for members of this Corps. (b) The recruit training for all arms of the Permanent Forces. (c) Such other courses as may be considered necessary. I. MATERIAL, ARSENALS, ETC. The development of the policy which aims ultimately at making Australia self-supporting in the production of munitions has been temporarily affected by the necessity for economy. By the development of the Munitions Supply Branch considerable progress had been made. The following factories have been established so far: Explosives Factories at Maribyrnong, Victoria. Cordite Factory, Maribyrnong, Victoria. Acetate of Lime Factory, established at Bulimba, Brisbane. Small Arms Factory at Lithgow, New South Wales. Defence Small Arms Ammunition Factory, Footscray, Victoria.
196 BRITISH EMPIRE II. Royal Australian Navy. LIST OF UNITS (1925) Cruisers : i. Adelaide (1918) Displacement, 5,560 tons. Length, 4622/3 feet. Beam, 455/6 feet. Max. draught, I7/ to ig feet. S.H.P. 25,000 = 25 kts. Guns : 9 6-inch, I 3-inch A.A., 4 3-pdr. 2 torpedo-tubes (2 -inch). 2. Melbourne (1912) Displacement, 5,400 tons. Length, 457 feet. Beam, 3. Sydney (1912) 495/6 feet. Max. draught, 17/:. to 18/2 feet. H.P. 4. Brisbane (1915) 25,000 25.5 lqts. Guns : 8 6-inch, I 3-inch A.A., 4 3-pdr. 2 torpedo-tubes (21-inch). I2 Destroyers. No. Type Date Displacement S. P. Oil Tubes Draught Max Tons Tons Feet I Anzac... 19I6-I7 1,666 36,000 416/515 4 12 5 Admiralty" S". 1917-19 1,075 27,000 254/301 4 12 3 Swan... 1915-16 173/189 \ 700 '157 3 827-9 3 Parramatta... 909-I2 Miscellaneous: 12 units (sloops, surveying vessels, etc.). SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS. Total Tonnage Depreciated Tonnage Cruisers and light cruisers......4 21,76o 7,401 Destroyers and torpedo-boats... 12 11,241 2,558 Miscellaneous craft 1... 3 3,700 1,787 Total........... '.. 36,701 II,746 Officers Ratings Personnel: Active Service... 385 3,455 Auxiliary Services...... 43 130 1 Sloops, gunboats. 2 Depreciated tonnage (on January ist, 1926) is calculated as follows; (i) For battleships, battle cruisers, coast-defence ships, monitors, aircraft-carriers, and miscellaneous craft, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of 1/20 per annum. from date of completion. (2) For cruisers and light cruisers, a reduction of 1iI7 per annum from date of completion. (3) For torpedo craft and submarines, a reduction of r/i2 per annum from date of completion.
AUSTRALIA 197 'III.- Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. (i) The financial year covers the period from July ist to June 30oth. The estimates are voted in the autumn several months after the beginning of the financial year, the intervening period being provided for by permanent and temporary authorisations. The budget submitted to Parliament contains information regarding the results of the financial year just expired. Supplementary estimates contain, as a rule, only insignificant amounts. (2) The Government receipts and outgoings are shown in three distinct funds : (i) the Consolidated Revenue Fund, which is credited with all cash receipts of real revenue and debited with all expenditure to be paid out of such revenue; (ii) the Loan Fund, which is credited with proceeds of loans and debited with expenditure to be met out of them ; (iii) the Trust Funds, which consist of funds administered by the State outside the annual budget. Defence expenditure proper is charged to the Consolidated Revenue Fund and, as regards a part of the outlay for new works and buildings, to the Loan Fund. Charges remaining from the war (war expenses, repatriation, land settlement) are to a great extent accounted for in the Trust Fund Accounts. In addition to these accounts, which are voted by Parliament, a table showing the cost of each department is attached to the budget and to the closed accounts. This table, which is more suitable for statistical purposes, has not been available for I926-27. It should, however, be noted that both the capital outlay and the interest on the liability incurred for defraying the outlay are included in the cost of the department concerned. Receipts collected by the departments are shown on the revenue side of the budget, except in a few insignificant cases when they are set off against the corresponding expenditure. The Military and Naval receipts do not usually amount to much. (3) Under the terms of the Constitution Act, 1900oo, the Commonwealth took over the control of all defence matters in March 1901o ; and its expenditure on armaments, etc., may now be broadly divided into: (a) Normal expenditure for the defence of Australia; and (b) Expenditure connected with the Great War.
198 BRITISH EMPIRE B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. I. Summary of Defence Expenditure. TABLE I. 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 Actual Actual Estimated Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure 's (ooo's omitted) I. Expenditure from Revenue : Department of Defence... 3,42I 3,6ii 3,8oo Special Defence Provision... 988 993 i,oo000 Additions, New Works and Buildings: Department of Defence... 309 245 i68 (estimate only) Total I..... 4,718 4,849 4,968 II. Expenditure from Loan Fund: Works and other purposes: Department of Defence... 276 289 588 Normal Defence Expenditure.... 4,994 5,138 5,556 Index Number of normal Defence Expen- % % % diture... oo0 103 III Index Number of wholesale prices: 1913 = Ioo... I70 171 169 1924-25 = ioo... Ioo Ioo 99 L's (ooo's omitted) Normal Defence Expenditure reduced to pre-war price level....... 2,900 3,000 3,300 Index Number of normal Defence Expen- % % % diture reduced to pre-war price level ioo 103 114
AUSTRALIA 199 II. Analysis of Normal Defence Expenditure. (a) Department of Defence: Expenditure from Revenue. TABLE 2. Aextu e Estimated expenditure expenditure 1x924-25 192 '-26 1926-27 L's (ooo's omitted) I. Central Administration... 26 26 27 II. Naval Forces: Naval Administration... 75 8o 82 Permanent Naval Forces (sea-going).859 920 920 Maintenance of ships and vessels... 579 628 6oi Medical Services.. I 4 12 Royal Australian Naval College.58 62 62 Boys' Training Ship... 56 6o 60 Royal Australian Naval Reserve... 85 107 07 Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve... i Royal Australian Naval Reserve (sea-going)... 2 2 Royal Australian Fleet Reserve.2 3 3 Naval Establishments... 5... 1560 171 To credit of Trust Fund: Uniform, clothing and necessaries (Naval) Account... 3 I5 15 Repair and maintenance of Naval works, etc... 2 3 3 General Services... 35 49 59 Less amount estimated to remain unexpended 32 TOTAL II: Naval Forces.... I,917 2,072 2,098 III. Military Forces: Permanent Forces... 408 420 413 Royal Military College... 32 37 41 Professional, clerical and general staffs... 71 71 71 Ordnance Branch... io8 115 II17 Rifle Range staff... 9 9 9 Finance and Accounts branch... 35 35 35 Universal Military training... 135 135 135 Volunteers... - - Training.97...... 97 98 98 Maintenance of existing arms and equipment.3 13 13 General Contingencies and Services... 109 og I02 109 TOTAL III: Military Forces... 1,oI7,o035,o041 IV. Rifle Clubs and Associations... 37 50 49 V. Royal Australian Air Force: Civil. Branch. 3 4 5 Royal Australian Air Force... 93 12I 199 General Contingencies 39 47 8o General Stores and Maintenance... 19 22 38 VI. Civil Aviation... 51 63 74 TOTAL V and VI: Air Services... 205 257 396 VII. Munitions Supply Branch... 219 231 231 TOTAL, Items I to VII... 3,421 3,671 3,842 Less amount estimated to remain unexpended at close of year.... 63 42 TOTAL Department of Defence... 3,421 3,608 3,800
200 BRITISH EMPIRE (b) The Special Defence Provision included in Expenditure from Revenue is for increased, personnel, arms, armaments, munitions; aircraft equipment, storage and other accommodation, and for the general development of the defences of the Commonwealth. (c) Additions, new works, buildings, etc. The expenditure under this heading is met partly from Revenue, and partly from Loan Funds : TABLE 3 (a). 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 Closed accounts Estimates Estimates 's (ooo's omitted) From Revenue.309 245 68 From Loan Funds... 276 289 588 (closed accounts) Total...... 585 534 756 A further analysis shows the amounts spent under this heading on Army, Navy and Air Forces: TABLE 3 (b). I 1924-25 1925-26 J 1926-27 Military: 's (ooo's omitted) From Revenue.17 25 I From Loan Funds... 25 22 37 Total Military... 42 47 38 Munitions Supply. From Revenue... 71 72 19 From Loan Funds... 220 8 59 Total Munitions Supply. 291 190 178 Navy: From Revenue.... 6o I37 i37 From Loan Funds.25 I5 24I Total Navy... i85 152 378 Air Force: From Revenue..... 61 I I From Loan Funds... 6 134 15I Total Air Force... 67 145 162 GRAND TOTAL... 585 534 756 (d) Military Establishments. The pay and contingencies expenses of the munitions, etc., factories maintained in connection with the Defence Department are included in the vote on Munitions Supply Branch. The I8th issue of the Official Year-Book cf the Commonwealth of Australia gives the following figures for the expenditure up to June 30th, 1924, on land, building, machinery and plant, factory fittings and furniture in connection with the factories in operation : Small Arms Factory. 421,043 Explosives Factories....... 307,120 Clothing Factory... 37,142 Acetate of Lime Factory.. 154, 59
AUSTRALIA 201 There are, besides, several Remount Depots, Stables, and Veterinary Hospitals maintained for defence purposes. (e) Expenditure by the Military Services for Civil Purposes. Table 2 shows Civil Aviation as a part of the Defence Air Service. Some of the factories referred to above (e.g., the Clothing factory) serve some non-military purposes as well. III. Receipts in connection with Military Expenditure. Defence Revenue, including balance of Defence Trust Accounts, amounted to 146,491 in I924-25 and to 130,33I in I925-26 and is estimated at io7,ooo in 1926-27. IV. Expenditure referring to Previous Years. (i) Debt Service. - No interest on or amortisation of public debt is charged to the ordinary vote for the Department of Defence. The table on pp. 56-58 of the Budget Papers of the Commonwealth for I925-26 shows the following amounts as coming under the total cost of the Defence Department: TABLE 4. 1924-25 I925-26 Closed accounts Estimates Interest (on other than War Loans) allocated to the Department of Defence: Military and Munitions Supply: Interest on loans....... 57,850 68,480 Interest on advance from Commonwealth Bank, London.. Interest on Transferred Properties... 86,014 84,900 Total... 1 43,864 153,380 Naval: Interest on loans... 42,312 46,970 Interest on advance from Commonwealth Bank, London Interest on Transferred Properties... 9,692 io,850 Air Services: Total... 52,004 57,820 Interest on Loans... 1,884 6,360 Total Interest : Department of Defence 197,752 217,560 Sinking Funds (on other than War Loans) allocated to the Department of Defence: Military and Munitions Supply... 17,736 18,270 Naval.... 4,781 5,230 Air Services...... 227 737 Total Sinking Funds : Department of Defence 22,744 24,237 Grand Total : Interest and Sinking Funds.. 220,496 241,797 The consolidated Revenue Fund shows, further, the following amounts under " War Services ": I1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 Closed accounts Closed accounts Estimates War Debt: Interest... 17,867,853 I8,163,495 I7,995,000 Sinking Fund... 2,382,252 2,530,866 2,705,000 Total... 20,250,105 20,694,361 20,700,000
202 BRITISH EMPIRE (2) Pensions are not included in the estimates of the Department of Defence. In so far, however, as they form part of the total cost of the Department, as given on pp. 56 to 58 of the Budget Papers for I925-26, they are indicated below: TABIE 5. 1924-25 1925-26 Closed Accounts Estimates Pensions and Retiring Allowances: Military.......... 1,376 1,400 Naval.... 42. 1,400 Government Contributions under the Superannuation Act: Military... 4,492 9,000 Naval..................... 277 1,420 Total....7,566 13,220 War Pensions, paid under the item " War Services payable out of Revenue " amounted to the following sums for the last three years: 1924-25 Closed Accounts 7,178,226 1925-26 Closed Accounts... 7,343,664 1926-27 Estimates... 7,450,000 (3) War and Repatriation Services. The amounts under this heading, payable from Revenue and from Loan Funds, were as follows: 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 Actual Actual expenditure expenditure Estimates Expenditure from Revenue Fund: s (ooo's omitted) War Services.. 28,483 29,I69 29,220 Expenditure from Loan Fund: War and repatriation services... 976 317 938 Total... 29,459 29,486 30,158 The general policy of the Commonwealth Government has been to pay from Consolidated Revenue all recurring charges for interest, Sinking Fund, pensions and other charges consequent upon the war and part of the expense of repatriation. On the other hand, the whole direct cost of the war and the larger proportion of the cost of repatriation have been paid from loans. The sums paid and payable for interest and sinking funds for war debt and for war pensions have been shown below Tables 4 and 5 respectively. The four main principles on which the Department of Repatriation (organised in I918) are based are : (i) to secure the re-establishment of returned soldiers in the industrial life of the community to the fullest extent that circumstances permit ; (2) to sustain these soldiers until an opportunity for such re-establishment is assured; (3) to provide for the care and education of the dependents of soldiers who died on active service, as well as the dependents of soldiers who, on account of injuries sustained, are unable to provide for those formerly dependent on them; and (4) to provide medical treatment after discharge for returned nurses, sailors and soldiers who are suffering from disabilities caused or aggravated by war service.
AUSTRALIA 203 IV*. Production and Exchange of Goods of Importance for National Defence. (P = Production; I = Imports *; E = Exports*.) I. FUEL (A) COAL, etc. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Metric tons (ooo's). Coal P I3,003 12,404 12,718 13,998 I i5.4 29.8 8.6 63.7 61.4 E 2,196 1,045 1,132 1,358 994 Lignite P 80 92 119 130 Coke P 6oo 247 586 570 I - - - 23.9 29.3 E 59.1 25.6 47.2 32.6 35.3 (B) PETROLEUM. Hectolitres (ooo's). Crude I 0.02-382 1,158 1,903 E 5 0.7 3.8 9.7 6.2 Lamp oil I 913.6 722.5 993.4 986.8 1,133.5 E 17.8 21.8 I7.0 I4.9 17.6 Benzine and gasoline 1 1,596 1,546 2,084 3,031 4,084 E 32.5 33.3 10.7 43.3 46.5 Other 1 I 868 478 577 539 448 E 34.1 27.9 i8.1 15.4 72.5 II. ORES AND METALS (A) ORES. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Metric tons (ooo's). Iron P 701 172 569 731 751 E 0.I 0.06-0.02 - Manganese P 6.i 3.3 2.9 I 2.0 3.0 i.o o.o6 0.2 E 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03 o.oi Copper P 12 14 22 17 E i.o o.i 0.2 0.8 0.8 Zinc P 8i 370 433 362 2E 43 122.4 350.1 274.9 228 Metric tons. Tungsten 2P 0.03 0.04 o.1 * Trade figures refer to years ending June 3oth. Lubricating and residual oil. * Concentrates only.
204 BRITISH 'EMPIRE (A) ORES (continued). 1921 1922 I923 1924 1925 Metric tons (ooo's). 1E 0.3 0.7 0.06 o.o06 0.08 Lead P 80 222 259 258 2E 3.9 8.9 22.9 37.4 27.0 Pyrites P 8.9 11.9 12.1 Aluminium (bauxite and cryolite) I 0.02 0.7 0.05 (B) METALS. Pig iron a P 358 85 335 423 446 I 1.3 3.3 II.4 8.8 13.4 E 9.2 1.1 o.6 0.I 0.02 Ferro-alloys 3 P I 0.4 0.6 2.2 0.5 i.o Steel ingots and castings P 255 54 147 302 Iron and steel 41 311.4 209.3 508.2 429.4 463.5 4 E I7.7 3.8 2.2 2.8 4.3 Copper P 18.9 10.7 i8.i I4.3 11.2 41 2.0 1.5 1.5 4.18 4.82 4E 23 9.5 9.2 7.11 3.9 Zinc P 1.7 23.9 41.8 47.1 46.5 41 0.4 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 4 E 3.9 8.2 25.2 32.5 33.2 Lead P 57.2 Io09.0 20.4 I28.6 I48.4 1I 1.6 o.ii 0.03 0.04 0.04 4 E 22.4 75.1 102.0 112.2 120.1 Aluminium 41 0.19 0.17 o.11 o.8 1.0 III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS (A) RAW MATERIALS. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 (B) Metric tons (ooo's). Nitrate of soda I 5.06 2.55 7.45 3.92 9.29 E - 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.13 Salt P 57.4 49.4 51.I I 3.14 5.00 9.08 I2.19 9.80 E I2.73 6.23 5.52 4.68 5.58 Sulphur I 72.4 49.4 39.3 66.o 68.5 MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. Sulphate of ammonia P 11,522 5 8,599 5 6,684 10,76 5 14,932 I 0.2 508 0.8 15.2 107.1 E 6,286 7,895 3,495 4,732 5,669 Nitric, muriatic I 5 10o 2 2 10o and sulphuric acids E 607 99 86 94 1o Soda I 5,323 3,115 5,6o5 5,556 5,924 E - - 40 Litres (ooo,ooo's). Spirits (alcohol) I 5.9 5.3 6.5 7.4 7.5 E 2.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1 Wolfram and scheelite. 2 Silver and silver-lead. Including concentrates. a Ferro-alloys are included in pig iron. 4 Crude and semi-manufactured. Exclusive of Victoria and Queensland.
AUSTRALIA 205 IV. AGRI-CULTURAL PRODUCTS (A) CEREALS. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Metric tons (ooo's). Wheat P 3,513 2,979 3,402 4,479 2,924 1 0.03 o.oi 0.42 o.o01 E 2,090 2,720 858 1,630 2,818 Wheat flour I 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.05 E 208 326 358 464 406 Rye P 1.3 1.3 1.2 i I Barley P 138 149 113 115 115 I - 0o.i6 - - 1.53 ]E 72.8 43.9 50.2 41.5 33.8 Oats P 220 272 314 335 1300 I 2.54 0.27 10.12 1.96 0.03 E I5.7 5.9 0.7 3.5 4.0 Maize P 199 i88 206 316 300 I 2.45 1-15 30.45 65-35 o.oi E 2.0 0.9 0.2 i.o '64.9 Rice I 14-31 28.06 19.44 32.20 16.42 E 2.9 6.5 5.2 5.7 5.9 (B) POTATOES. P 394 334 455 337 350 1 0.05 o.06 0.07 0.04 0.72 E 1.15 2.58 2.09 4.01 5.93 V. LIVE-STOCK (Effective Number and Trade.) 1921 1922 I923 1924 1925 Head (ooo's). Cattle Eff. I4,530 I4,337 13,358 I 0.13 o.11 0.15 2.7 0.07 E 4.5 9.2 14.0 2.6 9.7 Sheep Eff. 82,226 78,803 8o,iio Pigs Eff. 960 986 898 I o.oi 0.03 0.03.3 o. o o.o E 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.06 Horses Eff. 2,438 2,390 2,327 I o.11 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.36 E 8.3 2.I 3-9 I.8 5.0 Goats Eff. 241 230 228 Mules Eff. 3.7 3.6 3.9 VI. MEATS 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Metric tons (ooo's). Chilled and frozen I o.oi o.oi 0.21 o.8i 0.56 2 E io6.5 98.0 145.5 65.8 151.5 1 Estimated. 2 Beef, lamb, mutton and pork.
206 BRITISH EMPIRE 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Metric tons (ooo's). Smoked, salted and I o. o o. o 0.07 0.14 o. I dried I E 1.47 1.24 0.92 0.73 1.77 Preserved, other (in I 0o.5 0o.I5 o.19 0.42 0.28 tins, etc). E 3.9I 4.30 5.00 2.36 4.22 VTI. VARIOUS PRODUCTS 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Metric tons. Cotton, raw P 606 1,707 2,177 3,130 1,361 I 192 301 313 419 779 E 38 392 1,231 1,558 2,439 Rubber, raw E 35 4 'Incluuing, and inseparable, some fresh.