THE EDUCATING OF ARMIES

THE EDUCATING OF ARMIES

The Educating of Armies Edited by Michael D. Stephens Robert Peers Professor of Adult Education University of Nottingham Palgrave Macmillan

ISBN 978-1-349-09253-6 ISBN 978-1-349-09251-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-0925 1-2 Michael D. Stephens 1989 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1 5t edition 1997 978-0-333-43447-5 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1989 ISBN 978-0-312-02707-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stephens, Michael Dawson. The educating of armies/edited by Michael D. Stephens. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-312-02707-0: $35.00 (est.) 1. Military education. U405.S74 1989 355'.007-dc19 88-28193 CIP

For Nicholas Stephens of Treleigh

Contents List of Figures Notes on the Contributors Introduction: The Concepts of 'Training' and 'Education' in a Military Context 1 Kenneth Lawson 1 The Education and Training of Military Elites 13 Gwyn Harries-Jenkins 2 Educating the United States Army 39 Clinton L. Anderson 3 Education in the British Army 75 Denis Ryan 4 The Training of the Swedish Army 90 Bjorn Swiirdenheim 5 Education in the Israel Defence Force; Purposes and Processes of Change 108 Nissim Soloman 6 Educating the Soviet Armed Forces; A Contemporary View 115 Richard Woff 7 Educating China's Military 187 Harlan W. Jencks 8 The Cuban Armed Forces 204 Francis Lambert 9 Education in the Indonesian Army 213 Charles D. McFetridge 10 Conclusion: The Educating of Armies 229 Michael D. Stephens Index 235 Vlll IX vii

List of Figures 2.1 Peacetime/Mobilisation/Wartime Job Performance 44 2.2 Critical Elements of Education/Training 47 2.3 A Model for a Systems Approach to Training 50 2.4 ACES Policy and Programming Guidance Channels 56 2.5 Active Army Enlisted Recruiting trends 61 2.6 Percentage Change in 17- to 19-Year-Old US Male Population, 1979-96 64 2.7 US Population Projections of Limited English Proficiency Age Group 5-14 Years 66 4.1 The Time Organisation of Training 99 4.2 Regular Officers - System of Training 104 viii

Notes on the Contributors Clinton L. Anderson is a retired Lieutenant Colonel, Field Artillery, United States Army. He received his Doctor of Education degree from Teachers' College, Columbia University, New York City. He is a graduate of Washington and Lee University and earned Master's Degrees from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Stanford University and Teachers' College, Colombia University. Col. Anderson is a graduate of the Artillery Career Course and Command and General Staff College. He served as an artillery officer with the US Army in Turkey and in Vietnam. He was extensively involved with the initial training of enlisted soldiers in field artillery for over seven years at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In 1976 he joined the Education Directorate, Headquarters Department of the Army, where he first worked as an action officer for Army language and basic education programmes and then as Chief of Education Programs and Operations until his retirement in December 1982. Currently he serves as an independent consultant for Servicemembers' Opportunity Colleges, Washington, DC. Gwyn Harries-Jenkins is a former regular Royal Air Force Officer who is currently Dean of the School of Adult and Continuing Education in the University of Hull. An Assistant Chairman of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, his specialist interests are military sociology and adult education. Harlan W. Jencks is Adjunct Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, and Research Associate of the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also a Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army Reserve. He has written widely on Chinese defence issues, including From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army (Boulder: Westview, 1982). Francis Lambert was educated at King's School, Canterbury, and New College, Oxford, and has been Lecturer in Latin American history at the University of Glasgow since 1968; his main interests are concerned with Brazil and Cuba. His published work includes ix

x Educating Armies the chapter on Cuba in Archie Brown and Jack Grey (eds), Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1977) and the article on Brazil since independence in The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Latin America and the Caribbean (London: Cambridge University Press, /986). Kenneth Lawson is the Assistant Director of the Department of Adult Education at the University of Nottingham. Having left school at the age of 14 he subsequently took a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford and he was later awarded a PhD by the University of Nottingham. He has been the Warden of two Adult Education Centres. Previous publications include Philosophical Concepts and Values in Adult Education and Analysis and Ideology: Conceptual Essays on the Education of Adults. Charles D. McFetridge. Lieutenant Colonel Charles D. (Don) McFetridge has completed study at a variety of institutions, including the University of Texas (BA), University of Hawaii (MA), Indonesian Staff and Command School, US Army Command and Staff College, and the Defense Language Institute. He has published a number of articles on foreign affairs and military strategy in Indonesia, Australia, Great Britain and the United States. A serving officer since 1970, he is married with two daughters. Major General Denis Ryan was born at Burnham (Bucks) on 18 June 1928. After graduating from King's College, London in 1949 he attended Eaton Hall Officer Cadet School and was commissioned into the RAEC in July 1950. During his early service he was stationed in BAOR, Cyprus, Kenya and UK and attended the Staff College in 1960. After being the Controller Army Education Services HQ 4 Division from 1968 to 1970 he was posted at GSOI Assessments Staff in the Cabinet Office, and then served as a member of the Directing Staff at the Staff College from 1972 to 1975. He assumed the appointment of Colonel GS DI 4 in MOD in early 1976 and then of Chief Education Officer HQ South East District in 1978. He was promoted to Brigadier in 1979 and after three years as Commander Education BAOR became Commander Education UK in November 1982. He became Director of Army Education on 2 April 1984. General Ryan is married with two children.

Notes on the Contributors Xl Colonel Nissim Soloman is currently head of the volunteer branch of the Israel Police Force; he has held the posts of Education Officer of the Sinai Forces, Commander of an officer training centre, Head of the Information and Basic Education branches of the Education Corps, instructor at the National Security Institute, and Deputy Chief Education Officer of the IDF. Colonel Soloman is a graduate of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, having obtained a BA in Political Science and History of the Islamic states. He also holds an MA in Educational Management from Tel-Aviv University. Michael D. Stephens has been the Robert Peers Professor of Adult Education at the University of Nottingham since 1974. He received his PhD from the University of Edinburgh. He has written frequently on the education of adults and been Research Fellow at the Johns Hopkins University, Visiting Scholar at Harvard, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science at Kyoto University, and Visiting Fellow at Yale. He is a former Light Infantryman. Bjorn Swardenheim is an Infantry Colonel and Brigade Commander in the Swedish Army. In 1963 he took up his first post as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Kronoberg Regiment and in 1986 he was made Colonel and Second in Command of the Regiment and the Defence Districts of the Counties of Kronoberg and Kalmar. Previously he had been Company and Battalion Commander for six years, Chief of Operations Division/Army Corps, and then Brigade Commanding Officer in 1983. He has served with UNEF in Gaza during the June War of 1967, and has been an instructor at infantry and army schools. He is a former officer at the General Staff Corps and former Director of the Army TRADOC sector of the Army Staff. He was at the Staff College during 1969-70 and 1972-74 and has studied at several Swedish and foreign universities. He graduated as civilekonom (MBA - international), fil.kand (B.Pol.Sc), Dr of Psych., and holds a Diplome Superieure d'etudes Fran<;aises, and is a doctoral student in public economy and administration. R.A. Woff was born on 4 February 1932 in Liverpool, Lancashire and educated at Holt High School and London University, where he obtained a BA Hons in Slavonic, War and Diplomatic Studies. He joined the King's (Liverpool) Regiment in 1951 and has served in the Lancashire Fusiliers and Intelligence Corps, as well as the

Xll Educating Armies Territorials. He was in the Diplomatic Service (1961-87), serving in Munich and Brussels, later becoming Senior Research Officer/ Lecturer at the Soviet Research Studies Centre, Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. He is also a Defence Studies Research Associate at Edinburgh University.