VUS.7.c, e, f: The Civil War * You will see images of the Confederate flag and others that might seem offensive. I m not trying to indoctrinate you into a specific way of thinking. This is just history.
Objectives p. 002 VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era and their importance as major turning points in American history by c)analyzing the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation and the principles outlined in Lincoln s Gettysburg Address; e) examining the social impact of the war on African Americans, the common soldier, and the home front, with emphasis on Virginia; f) explaining postwar contributions of key leaders of the Civil War.
The Civil War Begins Main Idea: The secession of Southern States caused the North and the South to take up arms. Why it Matters Now: the nation s identity was forged in part by the Civil War. p. 002-004
I. Advantages p. 002 A. Union 1. More resources (factories, railroads, food production) 2. Larger population 3. Patient decisive leader (Lincoln) B. Confederacy 1. Profits from King Cotton 2. First rate generalsthe 3. Strong military tradition 4. High motivation defending their homeland
I. Advantages p. 002 C. Key Leaders and their Roles 1. Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary A house divided against itself cannot stand. 2. Ulysses S. Grant: Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several Union commanders had failed. 3. Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force) 4. Frederick Douglass: Former slave who became prominent black abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union army
II. Strategies p. 003 A. Union 1. Had to invade and conquer the South to win 2. Three Part Plan (Anaconda Plan): a. Block southern ports b. Move down Mississippi River and split confederacy c. Capture Confederate capital, Richmond, VA
II. Strategies p. 003 B. Confederacy 1. Reverse of attrition warfare a. Fight until the enemy gives up 2. Defensive strategy a. Stand your ground
II. Strategies p. 003 The north obviously has better resources, but the South still had one HUGE advantage? What was that? The North had to invade and conquer the South. The South only had to defend their territory.
III. Early Battles p. 003 A. Battle of Bull Run 1. July 21, 1861 was the first major bloodshed of the war 2. Lincoln ordered 30,000 soldiers to move from DC to capture Richmond 3. Met at Bull Run (Manassas) by Confederate troops 4. Battle went back and forth but eventually the Confederates won 5. General Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. 6. Union troops retreated to DC 7. Lincoln s response a. Lincoln responded by enlisting 50,000 men, and then 50,000 more 3 days later b. Lincoln appointed General George McClellan to lead the Union army near Washington DC The Army of the Potomac
III. Early Battles p. 004 B. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson 1. February 1862, Ulysses S. Grant led Union troops and capture Fort Henry and Donelson 2. Strategic positions on important rivers 3. Southerners tried to seek terms of surrender and Grant responded no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted 4. Earned him the nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant
III. Early Battles p. 004 C. War for the Capitals 1. Gen. McClellan didn t want to attack Richmond with less than 270,000 men 2. McClellan moved his troops to the Chesapeake Bay and met Gen. Robert E. Lee of the Confederacy in wat was known as the 7 Days Battle 3. McClellan was unable to take Richmond
III. Early Battles p. 004 D. Battle of Antietam 1. September 17, 1862 2. bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing 3. Lee advanced his troops towards DC and won 2 nd Battle of Bull Run along the way 4. A Union corporal found a copy of Lee s army orders 5. McClellan engaged the Confederates in Battle of Antietam (creek in MD) 6. Union won, but didn t finish the job, could have possibly won the war 7. Lincoln fired McClellan for not moving fast enough *next pic is graphic
The Politics of War Main Idea: By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln made slavery the focus of the war. Why it Matters Now: The Proclamation was the first step toward improving the status of African Americans. p. 005-7
I. Britain Remains Neutral p. ### A. Trent Affair (Late 1861) 1. Tested British neutrality 2. South sent diplomats to try and get support from Britain and France on the British merchant ship, the Trent 3. A Union ship, the USS San Jacinto stopped the Trent and arrested the diplomats 4. The British threatened war and Lincoln freed the men
II. Proclaiming Emancipation p. 005 A. Lincoln s view of Slavery 1. Was anti-slavery but stated My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy Slavery B. Emancipation Proclamation 1. January 1, 1863 intention was to free the slaves 2. Did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only to areas behind Confederate lines (outside of Union control) a. Didn t apply to occupied Southern territory nor slave states that had not seceded 3. Gave the war a higher moral purpose
II. Proclaiming Emancipation p. 005 What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the war? Gave the war a higher moral purpose. Increased the size of the Union army. Kept foreign nations from joining the South s cause.
III. Political Problems p. 005 A. Neither side was completely unified 1. There were Confederate sympathizers in the North and Union sympathizers in the South 2. Created 2 problems a. How should they handle the critics? b. How do they ensure a steady supply of men?
III. Political Problems p. 006 B. Dealing with Dissent 1. Lincoln dealt with disloyalty with force 2. Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus def court order that requires a person be brought before the court to determine why they are being jailed a. Confederate supporters in the North were jailed without a court hearing 3. Those arrested included Copperheads def Northern Democrats who wanted peace with the South 4. Lincoln set a precedence of expanding the powers of the executive branch during wartime or for national security 5. Jefferson Davis at first denounced Lincoln s suspension of civil liberties, but soon followed Lincoln s example a. A group in TN burned down a vital railroad bridge and Davis ordered them to be executed
III. Political Problems p. 005 What actions did Lincoln take to deal with dissent?
III. Political Problems p. 005 A. Conscription def drafting certain people in the army. Became important because of heavy casualties and deserters among volunteers 1. Confederate states drafted men 18-35 (later expanded in 1864 to 17-50) a. Wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve for them b. Planters that owned 20+ acres were exempt c. rich man s war, poor man s fight d. Almost 80% of able-bodied Southern men served 2. Union men 20-45 years old were drafted for a 3-year period a. Could pay $300 to avoid conscription b. Draft riots broke out in the North c. Poor white workers believed that if they fought to free slaves, the slaves would come north and take their jobs
Life During Wartime Main Idea: The Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American society. Why it Matters Now: The expansion of roles for African Americans and women set the stage for later equalities of opportunity. p. 007-009
I. African Americans in War p. 007 A. African Americans began to fight for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation 1. By the end of the war almost 10% of the Union army was African American 2. Participated in about 500 battles 3. Served in separate regiments commanded by white offices 4. Couldn t rise above the rank of Captain 5. Only received $10/month and no clothing allowance (whites had $13/month and $3.50 clothing) 6. Mortality rate was high because of disease from labor duty and treatment from Confederate soldiers 1. Wounded weren t treated and most were executed
I. African Americans in War p. 008 B. Slave Resistance in the South 1. Some slaves were forced to fight for the Confederacy 2. Union army would liberate the plantations and slaves sought safety in the North 3. Those that stayed on the plantation had little supervision and didn t work and even sabotaged the plantation 4. Others would kill the white master s family a. Led to generalized feeling of fear b. Many whites began to realize that slavery was doomed
II. The War Affects Regional Economies p. 008 A. Southern Economy 1. Faced shortage of food and men 2. Men were fighting and dying 3. Yankees were occupying food growing areas 4. Had no slaves to work the fields a. Refused to work, fled, or were liberated 5. Food shortage caused riots 6. Union blockade led to shortages of other times and wouldn t allow cotton trade SIG ECONOMY IS SHATTERED
II. The War Affects Regional Economies p. 008 B. Northern Economy 1. Woolen mills, steel factories, coal mines, and other industries experienced growth because supplies needed for war were high in demand 2. Wages could not keep up with the work and white men lost their jobs to free blacks, immigrants, women, and young boys a. Could be paid less 3. Congress wanted some of the wealth for the US government and collected the first income tax in 1863
II. The War Affects Regional Economies p. 009 Why was the war less damaging to the economy in the North than to that of the South? Military demand spurred the industrial centers of the North. Freed slaves, creating a labor shortage, and the occupation by the North crippled the South s agricultural based economy.
III. Life of a Soldier p. 009 A. Lives on the Lines 1. Disease was very common a. Lived in filthy camps, ate little food, and didn t have the medical technology to fight diseases b. No garbage disposals or latrines 2. Union soldiers ate beans, bacon, and hardtack (hard biscuits/bread) 3. Confederates ate cush stew of small beef and cornbread mixed with bacon grease THE NEXT PICTURE IS A LITTLE GRAPHIC
III. Life of a Soldier p. 009 B. Civil War Medicine 1. US set up the Sanitation Commission to teach soldiers how to avoid polluting the water supply 2. Clara Barton worked on the frontlines bullying bullets and dressing wounds a. Angel of the Battlefield especially courageous in Antietam
III. Life of a Soldier p. ### A. Prison Conditions 1. Prison conditions were terrible 2. Andersonville, GA was the worst a. 33,000 prisoners to 26 acres (34 sq feet per person) b. No roofs for shelter c. Drinking water was from a stream that also served as a sewer 3. Northern prisons weren t much better a. Many southerners died because they weren t used to the cold. THE NEXT PICTURE YOU RE ABOUT TO SEE IS VERY GRAPHIC.
III. Life of a Soldier p. ### What effect did the Civil War have on women and African Americans? Roles of both groups expanded. Union army accepted African American soldiers, Northern and Southern women worked. New jobs opened to women in nursing. African American slaves were being freed.
The North Starts Winning Main Idea: Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped the Union wear down the Confederacy. Why it Matters Now: These victories clinched the North s win and led to the preservation of the Union. p. 010-014
I. Gettysburg, PA p. 010 A. Background 1. By 1863, no one was really winning the war 2. Confederates won battles at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville (Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own troop and died on May 10, 1863) 3. Confederates were in high spirits, but also in desperate need of supplies and were looking for a win in the North a. They heard of shoes and other supplies at Gettysburg, PA and went in search of them b. Lee is hoping to cripple the Northern Army
I. Gettysburg, PA p. 010 B. Actual Battle (July 1-3, 1863) 1. The Confederate army numbered 75,000, Union/Yankee army had 90,000 under the command of General George Meade 2. Confederates launched massive assault on July 1 and took control of the town, however Lee knew he wouldn t be successful unless the Confederate army forced the Yankees to yield their position on Cemetery Ridge, the high ground of Gettysburg 3. July 2 the confederates attacked Seminary Ridge, but were defeated by Union troops a. Union forces lost 1/3 of their men and were running out ammo when they charged the Confederates b. Confederates surrendered 4. July 3 Lee ordered attack on the middle of the Union lines a. Confederates think they re winning and charge (Pickett s Charge) b. The Union whoops up on them SIG Lee gave up hopes of invading the north and returned to VA a. He was depressed and tried to resign, but Jefferson Davis wouldn t accept it.
I. Gettysburg, PA p. 011 C. Overview 1. Union losses 23,000 casualties, Confederates had 28,000 casualties 2. Lee continued to lead his men for the next 2 years, but the Confederacy was never able to recover from the losses at Gettysburg SIG THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR!!!! MORE PICS OF DEAD SOLDIERS
I. Gettysburg, PA p. 011 D. Gettysburg Address 1. November 1863 a ceremony was held to dedicate Gettysburg as a cemetery 2. Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal and that was ruled by a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. 3. Lincoln believed America was one nation, not a collection of sovereign states.
I. Gettysburg, PA p. 011 What beliefs about the U.S. did Lincoln express in the Gettysburg address? That it is one nation, not just a collection of states. That all men are created equal and it is a democracy of the people, by the people, and for the people.
II. Vicksburg p. 012 A. Union Strategy is to take the Mississippi River and split Confederacy in two B. Spring 1863 grant sent a cavalry to destroy rail lines in central Mississippi to draw attention away from Vicksburg C. July 3, 1863 (same day as Pickett s Charge) the Confederates surrendered to Grant 1. 5 days later the last Confederate holdout on the Mississippi fell and the South was split in 2
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. ### A. Morale 1. South lost a lot of men, guns, and ammo at Gettysburg 2. Morale and support are being lost in many Southern States a. The Confederacy starts breaking down B. Appointments 1. March 1864 Lincoln appoints Ulysses S. Grant as commander of all Union armies 2. Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as the Commander of the Mississippi division of troops 3. Grant and Sherman both believed in total war def not only attacks on the military and government, but on the civilian population also
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. ### Using what you know from the rest of the notes, do you think Grant and Sherman s use of total war was justified? Explain.
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. 012 C. Sherman s March 1. Sherman moved west and took Atlanta, but were quickly surrounded 2. Union army fled SE towards the coast leaving a path of destruction along the way a. Wanted to make Southerners so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it 3. They took Savannah right before Christmas and then went north to help Grant wipe out Lee 4. Sherman and his troops burned everything in their path on their way through South Carolina 5. They stopped the burning in North Carolina in North Carolina and gave out food and supplies
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. 012 What were Sherman s objectives in marching his troops from Atlanta to Savannah? Sherman wanted to show Georgia s civilians the destructive nature of war and thus destroy the will of Confederate civilians to continue the war.
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. 012 D. Grant v. Lee 1. Grant focused on weakening the Confederates led by Lee in VA 2. North could spare and replace men, but the South couldn t 3. Union lost 65,000 men between May 4 and June 18, 1864 4. Confederates lost 33,000 men in the same time period E. Election of 1864 1. North was winning battles 2. Lincoln won the electio0n with 55% of popular vote 3. Lincoln tried to bring the country back together a. with malice towards none, with charity for all to bind up the nation s wounds
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. 012 F. Surrender at Appomattox 1. April 9, 1865 2. Grant was closing in on Richmond from west a. Defeated Lee s army in Petersburg, VA 3. Sherman was approaching Richmond from the South 4. Jefferson Davis fled set fire to Richmond (still on fire when Union troops arrived) 5. Lee and Grant met at a private house in Appomattox Court House, VA to arrange a Confederate surrender a. Lincoln urged the Union to be generous b. Lee s soldiers were paroled and sent home with personal possessions, horses and 3 days of food
III. Confederacy Wears Down p. 014 Why do you think Lincoln urged generous terms for a Confederate surrender? Lincoln wanted to bring the South back into the Union as quickly as possible. Lincoln did not want to create further resentment of the North among Southerners.
Reading Comprehension p. 015-016
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 The first large battle of the war, at Bull Run, Virginia (also known as First Manassas) near Washington, stripped away any illusions that victory would be quick or easy. It also established a pattern, at least in the Eastern United States, of bloody Southern victories that never translated into a decisive military advantage for the Confederacy. 1. The first large battle of the U.S. Civil War was fought at. 2. Who won the Battle of First Manassas?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 In contrast to its military failures in the East, the Union was able to secure battlefield victories in the West and slow strategic success at sea. Most of the Navy, at the war's beginning, was in Union hands, but it was scattered and weak. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles took prompt measures to strengthen it. Lincoln then proclaimed a blockade of the Southern coasts. Although the effect of the blockade was negligible at first, by 1863 it almost completely prevented shipments of cotton to Europe and blocked the importation of sorely needed munitions, clothing, and medical supplies to the South. 3. Who served as U.S. Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869? 4. What major product was the South prevented from shipping to Europe?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 A brilliant Union naval commander, David Farragut, conducted two remarkable operations. In April 1862, he took a fleet into the mouth of the Mississippi River and forced the surrender of the largest city in the South, New Orleans, Louisiana. In August 1864, with the cry, Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead, he led a force past the fortified entrance of Mobile Bay, Alabama, captured a Confederate ironclad vessel, and sealed off the port. 5. During the U.S. Civil War, what was the largest city in the American South? 6. Who famously shouted, Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead, as he charged into Mobile Bay, Alabama.
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 In the Mississippi Valley, the Union forces won an almost uninterrupted series of victories. They began by breaking a long Confederate line in Tennessee, thus making it possible to occupy almost all the western part of the state. When the important Mississippi River port of Memphis was taken, Union troops advanced some 320 kilometers into the heart of the Confederacy. With the tenacious General Ulysses S. Grant in command, they withstood a sudden Confederate counterattack at Shiloh, on the bluffs overlooking the Tennessee River. Those killed and wounded at Shiloh numbered more than 10,000 on each side, a casualty rate that Americans had never before experienced. But it was only the beginning of the carnage. 7. Over ten thousand soldiers were killed at what Tennessee battle?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 In Virginia, by contrast, Union troops continued to meet one defeat after another in a succession of bloody attempts to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital. The Confederates enjoyed strong defense positions afforded by numerous streams cutting the road between Washington and Richmond. Their two best generals, Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, both far surpassed in ability their early Union counterparts. In 1862 Union commander George McClellan made a slow, excessively cautious attempt to seize Richmond. But in the Seven Days' Battles between June 25 and July 1, the Union troops were driven steadily backward, both sides suffering terrible losses. 8. What city served as the capital of the Confederate States of America? 9. Who led U.S. troops in the Seven Days Battles?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 After another Confederate victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run (or Second Manassas), Lee crossed the Potomac River and invaded Maryland. McClellan again responded tentatively, despite learning that Lee had split his army and was heavily outnumbered. The Union and Confederate Armies met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, in the bloodiest single day of the war: More than 4,000 died on both sides and 18,000 were wounded. Despite his numerical advantage, however, McClellan failed to break Lee's lines or press the attack, and Lee was able to retreat across the Potomac with his army intact. As a result, Lincoln fired McClellan. 10. What was the bloodiest single day of the U.S. Civil War? 11. Why did Commander-in-Chief Abraham Lincoln fire General McClellan?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 016 Although Antietam was inconclusive in military terms, its consequences were nonetheless momentous. Great Britain and France, both on the verge of recognizing the Confederacy, delayed their decision, and the South never received the diplomatic recognition and the economic aid from Europe that it desperately sought. 12. What two European countries decided against granting diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy following Antietam?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 Antietam also gave Lincoln the opening he needed to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states rebelling against the Union were free. In practical terms, the proclamation had little immediate impact; it freed slaves only in the Confederate states, while leaving slavery intact in the border states. Politically, however, it meant that in addition to preserving the Union, the abolition of slavery was now a declared objective of the Union war effort. 13. What presidential document granted freedom to slaves living within the Confederacy?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 The final Emancipation Proclamation, issued January 1, 1863, also authorized the recruitment of African Americans into the Union Army, a move abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglass had been urging since the beginning of armed conflict. Union forces already had been sheltering escaped slaves as "contraband of war," but following the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union Army recruited and trained regiments of African-American soldiers that fought with distinction in battles from Virginia to the Mississippi. About 178,000 African Americans served in the U.S. Colored Troops, and 29,500 served in the Union Navy. 14. Frederick Douglass argued strongly against allowing African Americans to fight for the Union. a. True b. False 15. About 178,000 African Americans served in the U.S. Colored Troops, and 29,500 served in the Union Navy. How many served in total?
Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate p. 015 Despite the political gains represented by the Emancipation Proclamation, however, the North's military prospects in the East remained bleak as Lee's Army of Northern Virginia continued to maul the Union Army of the Potomac, first at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862 and then at Chancellorsville in May 1863. But Chancellorsville, although one of Lee's most brilliant military victories, was also one of his most costly. His most valued lieutenant, General "Stonewall" Jackson, was mistakenly shot and killed by his own men. 16. General Stonewall Jackson was killed by friendly fire at what battle, in 1863? 17. The Emancipation Proclamation was adopted as part of Lincoln s war strategy. How might declaring freedom for slaves living in the Confederacy help the Union war effort?
The End