CAPT JT Elder, USN Commanding Officer, NSWC Crane Dr. Brett Seidle Technical Director NSWC Crane Future of Muni,ons Ba0eries, ARL Adelphi Progression of Reserve Ba0ery Technology Sam Stuart, NSWC Crane, 7 Dec 2016 1
Fuze Reserve Ba0eries the early years From: wikipedia.com 2
The Really Early Years of Thermal Ba0eries During WWII, Germany developed an improved ba:ery for missiles & muni>ons, wanted To withstand flight dynamics No prepara>on before flight Dr. Von Braun s team, Dr. O:o Erb developed basic thermal ba:ery Bri>sh provided report to US Led to development for ar>llery fuzes Gradually evolved, improved... Discovered thermal batteries are very well-suited for missiles! 3
Missile Reserve Ba0eries the early years Redstone Rocket Honest John Unguided Missile From: wikipedia.com Polaris A- 1 Ba0ery trailer for manually ac,va,ng silver- zinc ba0eries From: Ar2llery Trends, US Army Ar2llery and Missile School 4
Silver Oxide Zinc Ba0ery Use Increased Minuteman II Missile Apollo Command Module Ba0eries From: delcoremyhistory.com From: ntrs.nasa.gov 5
Missiles changed, and their Ba0eries did too BOMARC Missile Nike Missile Family From: militarymuseum.com From: wikipedia.com Sidewinder Missile From: blueprints- depot.com 6
Manufacturers of Thermal Ba0eries JSB GS Yuasa Economic factors are more influential than we sometimes consider them to be 7
Silver- Zinc the Chemistry This seems very simple. It is not We are willing to use batteries we don t understand, even though we usually pay the price 8
Thermal Ba0eries the Current Chemistries 4 Li + 3FeS 2 Li 4 Fe 2 S 5 + FeS For Li FeS2 cells, ~ 2.0 volts/cell OC Li 4 Si + FeS 2 2Li 2 S + Fe + Si For Li-Si FeS 2 cells, ~1.9 volts/cell OC Li 4 Si + 3CoS 2 2Li 2 S + Co 3 S 4 + Si For Li-Si CoS 2 cells, ~1.8 volts / cell OC From: Sandia Na2onal Labs It takes a long time for reserve battery technology to improve and be accepted 9
Li Oxyhalide Ba0eries - the Chemistry Oxyhalide reserve ba:eries are well- suited some>mes Have most of the same desirable characteris>cs of silver- zinc ba:ery technology In par>cular, those applica>ons that are severely volume and weight constrained has highest per cell voltage (approx. 3.6 volts open circuit) Basic chemistry for oxyhalide ba:ery is also complex: 4 Li + 2SOCl 2 4LiCl + S + SO 2 Reaction products are multiphase! and 2Li + SO 2 Cl 2 2LiCl + SO 2 have multiple cathode reactions! Just because a technology moves the Ragone doesn t mean anyone will use it 10
Reserve Ba0eries Work Well, Compared to Some Other Technologies Specific Power (W / kg) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 1,000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 40 20 10 8 6 4 2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 2 0.01 hr rate Thermal Ag-Zn Lead Acid Alkaline MnO2 NiCd 0.1 hr 1.0 hr 10.0 hr 100 hr Li Oxyhalide 1000 hr rate 4 6 8 10 20 40 100 200 1000 Specific Energy (Wh / kg) Adapted from corrosion- doctors.com 11
Where does Reserve Ba0ery Technology go next? Reserve ba:eries are born of necessity for military systems They remain a best choice, in general, for missiles and fuzes Other ba:ery technologies making in- roads to the reserve ba:ery usage History shows slow reserve ba:ery improvement Industrial base for reserve ba:eries is challenging The battery selection trade space is more often dominated by factors other than energy & power density 12