The War Between The States

The War Between The States

I. Election of 1860 A. The Election of 1860-4 political parties Emerge: 1. Democratic Party SPLIT over expansion of slavery at the Democratic National Convention in Charleston SC: a. Northern Dems: Support Pop. Sov! nominate STEPHEN DOUGLAS b. Southern Dems: Protect of Slavery! nominate JOHN BRECKINRIDGE 2. Republicans a. Support Industrialization, High Protective Tariffs, LIMITING OF SLAVERY!! b. Nominate ABE LINCOLN

Election of 1860 3. Constitutional Union Party Know nothing party : a. Support Keeping nation together, no stand for or against slavery b. Nominate JOHN BELL 4. Results: (out of 303 available electoral votes) a. Breckinridge (S.Dem)= 72 Votes b. Douglas (N. Dem)= 12 Votes c. Bell (Whigs)= 39 Votes d. Lincoln (Reps)= 180 Votes 5. SC Seceeds from U.S.A.!!- Dec 20, 1860

Election Results for the election of 1860 Nominees Party Presidential Electoral Vote Popular Vote Republican Abraham Lincoln 180- (59.4%) 1,865,908- (39.9%) Southern Democratic John Breckenridge 72- (23.8%) 848,019- (18.1%) Constitutional Union John Bell 39- (12.9%) 590,901- (12.6%) Democratic Stephen Douglas 12- (4.0%) 1,380,202- (29.5%)

I. BIRTH OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA A. After over 15 years of sectional division, SC Seceded after the Election of 1860 1. SC s Secession Ordinance - Signed ondec 20, 1860 in Charleston, SC 2. SC issued a Declaration of Immediate Causes a. This was very similar to the Declaration of Independence b. It listed the reasons why SC was leaving the USA c. Main Reason: Northern agitation of institution of slavery

I. BIRTH OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA B. Six other Southern States joined SC by Feb 1, 1860: 1. Georgia 2. Alabama 3. Mississippi 4. Louisiana 5. Texas 6. Florida

I. BIRTH OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA C. The Govt of the CSA 1. Adopted a constitution very similar to USA (slavery was protected) 2. President of CSA: Jefferson Davis of MS. 3. Original Capital: Montgomery AL

I. Birth of the Confederate States of America D. US Govt. Responds to Secession 1. Federal govt. failed to pass compromise efforts 2. According to Abe Lincoln: a. States don t have the right to leave the Union b. Any violence in support of secession= act of war! c. U.S. would hold, occupy, possess all federal. property in CSA d. This would force the South to take the first shot

Fort Sumter before the battle:

Charleston Area including Fort Sumter

II. The first Shots- Fort Sumter SC A. Fort Sumter: 1. US fort guarding CHAS harbor, under control of US army 2. CSA General PGT Beauregard ordered US Maj. Robert Anderson to leave! 3. Anderson refused, CSA opened fire on fort! 4. after 36 hours, Anderson s forces surrendered B. SIGNIFICANCE OF FORT SUMTER: 1. Lincoln: ACT OF WAR Against US!! Troops called up to invade South 2. 4 other Southern Sates Secede: VA, NC, AR, TN 3. 5 Slave states DID NOT secede: KY, MO, DE, WV, MD (border states)

after the battle

Fort Sumter Today:

III. Preparing for the Coming War A. Advantages and Disadvantages of North/South 1. Population: a. Union: 22 million b. South: 9 million ( 3.5 mil: slaves, 1.3 mil men from 15-50 years old) 2. Industry: a. 80% of factories in America- NORTH b. South- Imported most everything from Europe 3. Transportation a. 2/3 of American Railroads- NORTH b. All major northern cities- connected by railways c. Southern rails didn t connect all the cities and weren t standardized

Railroad Network and Urban Population in 1861:

III. Preparing for the Coming War 4. Farms: a. North: 67% of farms (that produced FOOD too!) b. 33% of farms (that mostly produced cotton) 5. Wealth: a. North controlled 75% of the wealth in America ( b. North had a stable currency already in place c. North had a DIVERSE ECONOMY d. South: most of its wealth was tied up in Land and Slaves 6. Government/Military: a. North Already had a stable govt in place b. North already had an army and a navy

III. Preparing for the Coming War 7. Military Experience a. Best leaders came from the SOUTH b. Southern men- more experienced with horses, guns, long journeys 8. SOUTHERN CAUSE: a. fighting to preserve their homes from INVADERS b. fighting a defensive war on HOME GROUND c. FIGHTING TO PRESERVE A WAY OF LIFE d. Fighting for independence! 9. Northern Cause: a. To preserve the Unionb. You got drafted c. To end slavery??

III. Preparing for the Coming War B. Union Military Strategy for winning the war: ANACONDA PLAN 1. NAVY BLOCKADE of southern seaport cities a. GOAL: Don t let any ships go in or out of South b. Union Navy ships surrounded southern port cities 2. Take control of the Mississippi River a. Miss. River divided the Southern States b. Miss river was a life-line of trade/communication 3. Invade Virginia and Take over the new Capital of RICHMOND VA

III. Preparing for the Coming War C. South s Strategy for Winning: 1. Wear down Union Army- Make war unpopular in North 2. Break the Blockade! 3. Win Support of Europe- king cotton diplomacy - they need our cotton!

IV. The Militaries of the USA and CSA A. 3 parts to an army back then: 1. Infantry: a. Fought on FOOT b. Used muzzle-loading rifles with bayonets c. Goal- to surround or drive enemy backwards 2. Cavalry: a. fought on horseback b. the eyes and ears of the army c. Often worked behind enemy lines before a battle to gain intel. 3. Artillery: a. Fired cannons at enemy from safely behind their own infantry b. Ammunition included cannon balls, grapeshot, and hot-shot c. Goal: To weaken enemy before and infantry charge

Ships of the Civil War era

Civil War Rifled Musket:

Confederate Soldier -Experienced -motivated -good leadership -poorly uniformed -limited supplies Union Soldier -proper uniforms -well equiped -less experience -often poor leadership -

V. Blockade on SC s coast A. Early in War: Union Captured Beaufort/PORT ROYAL SC! (1861) 1. Beaufort=Union HQ for blockade 2. Union captured slaves on plantations as Contraband ( property captured in war) B. Port Royal Experiment: 1. Union took land in Port Royal from SC Planters 2. Union gave WAGES to ex-slaves to work the plantations 3. Union gave them the option to buy land after Emancipation Proclamation C. Blockade Runners: 1. small fast boats that could sneak through blockade to smuggle goods 2. allowed exports of cash crops and imports of weapons 3. As war progressed, Union stopped most blockade runners. 4. Often, Luxury goods were more profitable than war-necessities

V. Blockade on SC s coast D. The H.L. Hunley: 1. CSA SUBMARINE 3. Feb 1864- Hunley Sank the USS Housatonic 4. First sub to sink an enemy ship in history! 5. Hunley also sank, killing all crew members 6. This changed the history of naval warfare forever E. Effect of Blockade: 1. Greatly limited imports/exports 2. Caused inflation of prices in CSA 3. Eventually, helped lead to surrender of CSA

VI. Union attacks on Charleston SC A. Charleston= important union target 1. War started there (ft sumter) 2. Most blockade running activity was there B. 1862: Union invades James Island (right next door to CHAS) 1. CSA fought Union at Battle of Seccessionville on James Is. 2. CSA forced Union army off James Is, SAVING CHAS C. 1863: Union IRON CLAD SHIPS attack CHAS Harbor! 1. Iron Clad Ships- wooden warship, covered in Iron armor 2. 9 Union iron clads attacked CHAS Harbor 2. Confederate cannons at Ft. Sumter stop the Union Ships

VI. Union attacks on Charleston SC D. Union Attack on FORT WAGNER on Morris Island 1. Morris Island protects entrance of CHAS Harbor 2. FT WAGNER- Confed. fort that protected Morris Is. 3. 54 th Massachussets Regiment led the Union Infantry Charge a. 54 th Mass= All-Black Union soldiers b. 1 st Blacks to see actual combat c. Almost all died in the attack 4. After 2 months, CSA abandoned Ft. Wagner 5. Union Controlled Ft. Wagner/Morris Is.= a. Union stopped CSA Blockade Running b. Union cannons= CLOSE ENOUGH TO BOMBARD CHAS for 575 days!

VII. The War in The EAST- turning point events A. Most of the fighting in Civil war happened in VA 1. Centered around union capture of RICHMOND 2. Several large scale battles were very costly 3. Union commanders= indecisive 4. Many SC troops fought in Virginia B. Important Battles in the EAST: 1. 1 st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA- July 1861) a. 1 st major land battle of the war b. Union fled field in a panic! c. Both sides realized reality of long war

VII. The War in The EAST- turning point events 2. Antietam (Sept 1862) a. Fought in MARYLAND as Lee invaded North! b. Bloodiest single day of fighting! 23,000 casualties c. Although neither side wins, Lee calls of invasion of North d. Lincoln s Reaction: issues Emancipation Proclamation 3. Emancipation Proclamation: a. NEW Union Goal- Free all slaves in REBELLING STATES b. Slaves in Border States?? Not free. c. Main goal- Harm the south! d. Freed slaves= joined union army

VII. War in the East- turning point events 4. Gettysburg July 1-3 1863 a. After victories in VA, Lee launched a SECOND invasion into North b. CSA and Union armies fought for 3 days at Gettysburg PA c. Huge losses on both sides d. Pickett s Charge- CSA s final unsuccessful attempt to break union line- led to defeat of CSA e. TURNING POINT BATTLE- CSA army on the run for rest of war

VIII. War in the WEST- Turning point events A. Union Goal in the West: Control the Mississippi River B. Important Battles in the West: 1. Battle of Shiloh a. Very bloody Union Victory b. Allowed Union to begin moving south, DOWN the Miss. River 2. Battle of New Orleans a. Naval Battle- Union Victory b. Gave Union control over New Orleans at mouth of Miss. River c. Allowed Union to begin moving north, UP the Miss River. 3. Siege of Vicksburga. Union Victory b. Basically, gave the Union control of the Miss River.

VIII. War in the WEST- Turning point events 4. Battle for Chattanooga TN 1. In a series of Battles, Union troops broke through CSA defenses 2. Because Chatt. TN was a railroad hub, Union now had the ability to invade the entire deep South!

IV. Sherman s March A. Union commander Ullyses S. Grant sent his second in command, William T. Sherman from Chattanooga TN into GA, SC, and NC B. SHERMAN would use new type of Warfare- TOTAL WAR 1. Total war- war on Military AND Civilians! 2. Goal- Break Economy and will-power of South- force surrender of South C. Sherman s Path of Destruction: 1. Atlanta GA 2. Savannah GA 3. Columbia SC 4. Into NC

IX. Sherman s March: D. Result of Sherman s March in SC: 1. Sherman s army looted, burned, killed, terrorized 2. SC took the worst of the punishment for their role in the war 3. Lasting bitterness towards the Union- Even felt today!

X. End of the war A. After much fighting, army of Ullyses S. Grant took over Richmond VA B. Lee s army surrendered at APPOMATOX COURT HOUSE on April 9 1865 C. Overall Losses from 1861-1865: 1. In America: Over 600,000 dead, 400,000 wounded 2 IN SC: Out of 60,000 SC ers who fought, 18,000-21,000 died a. Over 30% of fighting-aged men! (1 out of every 5) 3. Biggest killer: Disease and infection from Military hospitals

X. End of the war D. End of the Plantations: 1. Many slaves walked off of the plantations 2. Some agreed to stay/ earned small wage 3. Southerners: Unwilling to let go of master/slave relationship 4. Many plantation owners did manual labor for the first time ever 5. In the North: FEAR that blacks would come and compete for jobs!