Daily News on Japanese Legislation toward Global Sharing of Japanese Legal Information Nagoya University, Japan KAWACHI Gen*, NAKAMURA Makoto, OGAWA Yasuhiro, OHNO Tomohiro, TOYAMA Katsuhiko 1
The DailyNews on Japanese legislation 2
Background Social/economic globalization Easy access to information on rights and duties of nonnatives under Japanese laws Availability of critical information for those who do business in Japan Promotes international transaction Demands for prompt dissemination of Japanese legal information in English 3
Japanese Law Translation DB (JLT) * By the Ministry of Justice Since 2009 Provides Japanese statutes in English Currently effective Much in demand A static disseminator * http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/ 4
Problems of JLT It takes a long time to translate legal documents Provides 394 translations Translated 4.9% Untranslated 95.1% Takes 3 years to release translations on average Translation of Employment Measures Act Planned: 2010/3/3 Released: 2014/6/26 5
Purpose To develop the DailyNews A dynamic, international disseminator on Japanese legislation Reports everyday activities of Japanese legislation 6
Properties of disseminators Internationality All the contents are translated into English Transparency Provides all the statutes Increases the transparency of Japanese society Promptness Promptly releases the translations Fineness in granularity Provides in detail information 7
Comparison between JLT and the DailyNews JLT The DailyNews Internationality Transparency Promptness Fineness The Outlines of Japanese statutes 8
Outlines of Japanese statutes Official summaries of Japanese statutes Since 1973 Published in an official gazette at the same time as their original Only in Japanese Japanese Official Gazette Outline 9
3 Inspection (i) Example of an Outline If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship in Japan's inland waters or territorial waters or the high seas is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo, the Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may, with the consent of the Captain, etc. of the ship if it is in Japan's territorial waters or the high seas, have a coast guard officer(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 2) (ii) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship, etc. located at a port in Japan is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo or that any North Korea Specified Cargo is included in the cargo placed in a bonded area, the Director-General of the relevant Custom-House may have a customs official(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 3 and 4) Act on Special Measures concerning Cargo Inspections etc. Conducted by the Government Taking into Consideration United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2010) 10
The Original Act 6 paragraphs (Inspection) Article 3 (1) The Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a vessel in the internal waters of Japan is carrying Specified North Korea Cargo: (i) to stop the vessel for inspection; (ii) to enter the vessel, inspect the cargo, documents, and other items, or question the crew and other relevant persons of the vessel; (iii) to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection; (iv) to unload or reload the cargo or to instruct the captain of the vessel, etc. to unload or reload the cargo, within the limit necessary for inspection. (2) The Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a vessel in the territorial waters of Japan or on the high seas (including the Exclusive Economic Zone set forth in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; the same shall apply hereinafter) is carrying Specified North Korea Cargo: (i) to request the captain of the vessel, etc. to stop the vessel for inspection; (ii) to take the measures listed in item (ii) or item (iii) of the preceding paragraph, with the consent of the captain of the vessel, etc. ; (iii) to unload or reload the cargo with the consent of the captain of the vessel, etc., or to request the captain of the vessel, etc. to unload or reload the cargo, within the limit necessary for inspection. (3) The Director-General of Customs may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a vessel or an aircraft (excluding military aircraft and aircraft owned or operated by a foreign government for non-commercial purposes; the same shall apply hereinafter) is carrying Specified North Korea Cargo at a port or an airport in Japan: (i) to enter the vessel or aircraft and inspect cargo, documents, and other items or question the crew and other relevant persons; (ii) to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection; (iii) to unload or reload the cargo, or to order the captain of the vessel, etc., the captain of the aircraft, or the person acting on behalf of the captain (referred to in paragraph (2) of the following Article as the ``captain of the aircraft, etc.'') to unload or reload the cargo, within the limit necessary for inspection. (4) The Director-General of Customs may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake an inspection of cargo, documents, and other items, to question the owner, possessor, manager, or other relevant persons, or to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the cargo placed in a bonded area (meaning an area as prescribed in Article 29 of the Customs Act, including those designated by the Director-General of Customs pursuant to the provisions of Article 30, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Customs Act; the same shall apply in paragraph (2) of the following Article). (5) Pursuant to Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, Japan Coast Guard and Customs officials shall wear uniforms and carry identification cards when conducting the inspections prescribed in each of the preceding paragraphs. (6) The authority pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (1) through paragraph (4) may not be construed as having been granted for a criminal investigation. 11
3 Inspection (i) Example of an Outline 2 paragraphs If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship in Japan's inland waters or territorial waters or the high seas is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo, the Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may, with the consent of the Captain, etc. of the ship if it is in Japan's territorial waters or the high seas, have a coast guard officer(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 2) (ii) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship, etc. located at a port in Japan is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo or that any North Korea Specified Cargo is included in the cargo placed in a bonded area, the Director-General of the relevant Custom-House may have a customs official(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 3 and 4) Act on Special Measures concerning Cargo Inspections etc. Conducted by the Government Taking into Consideration United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2010) 12
Characteristics of the Outlines Shorter and simpler 6 paragraphs to 2 paragraphs Simple sentences Make it easy to Understand the statutes Translate them into English 13
Top page of the DailyNews New Enactment Amendment 14
System architecture of the DailyNews <sentence> </sentence> annotate Official gazette website download Official Gazette (Japanese) extract Outline (Japanese) (1) Downloader Ogawa et al. (LVI 2013), Inagi et al. (JURISIN 2013) Outline (Japanese) (2) XML annotator Outline (English) (3) Machine translator upload Outline (English) Outline (English) Internet (5) Uploader postedit (4) Posteditor 15
Change the layout of the DailyNews 16
Integration of JLT and the DailyNews Deep and wide understanding (Inspection) Article 3 (1) The Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are (2) The Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are (3) The Director-General of Customs may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are (4) The Director-General of Customs may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake an inspection of cargo, documents, and other items, to question the owner, possessor, manager, or other relevant persons, or to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection, if there are Original in JLT 3 Inspection (i) If there are (snip) have a coast guard officer(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 2) (ii) If there are (snip) the Director-General of the relevant Custom-House may have a customs official(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 3 and 4) Outline in the DailyNews 17
Effects of document structuralizing Structured documents of the Outlines are essential for the DailyNews Displaying Integrating with JLT 18
Structuralizing the Outlines 1. Investigating the document structure of the Outlines 2. Designing a Document Type Definition (DTD) 3. Implementing an automatic annotation system 19
Structural differences to the original statutes (Performance of Administrative Functions for Consumer Affairs Consultations, etc. by Prefectural and Municipal Governments) Article 8 (1) Prefectural governments must perform the administrative functions listed below: (i) coordination of communication among municipal governments and provision of technical assistance to (snip) 3 Performance of Administrative Functions for Consumer Affairs Consultations, etc. Prefectural and municipal governments shall perform administrative functions relating to consultations about consumer complaints and mediation for the settlement of consumer complaints. (The point of Article 8) Original The Outline 20
Elements appear in the Outlines Number Title Sentence 1 General Provisions Provisions shall be made concerning the purpose of this Act and the definition of the main terms and basic principles. (The point of Article 1 to Article 5) Relevant provisions Unique to the Outlines: A citation of provisions in the original statute Tables, notes relevant to the sentence 21
Definition of the elements for the DTD Entire document *Statuteoutline Title of the document Body Provisions and their elements *OutlineTitle TitleMark *StatuteName *StatuteNum *Jurisdiction *OutlineBody Introduction Chapter ChapterNum ChapterTitle ChapterSentence Paragraph ParagraphNum ParagraphTitle ParagraphSentence Item ItemNum ItemTitle ItemSentence Subitem1 Subitem1Num Subitem1Title Subitem1Sentence Subitem2 Subitem2Num Subitem2Title Subitem2Sentence Subitem3 Subitem3Num Subitem3Title Subitem3Sentence Subitem4 Subitem4Num Subitem4Title Subitem4Sentence Sentence Sentence RelevantProvisions Tables Table Row Column Notes Note NoteMark NoteSentence 44 elements (*:Required elements) 22
Markup example 1 General Provisions Provisions shall be made concerning the purpose of this Act and the definition of the main terms and basic principles. (The point of Article 1 to Article 5) <Paragraph Num= 1 > <ParagraphNum>1</ParagraphNum> <ParagraphTitle>General Provisions</ParagraphTitle> <ParagraphSentence> <Sentence>Provisions shall be made concerning the purpose of this Act and the definition of the main terms and basic principles.</sentence> </ParagraphSentence> <RelevantProvisions>(The point of Article 1 to Article 5)</RelevantProvisions> </Paragraph> 23
Automatic annotation system for the Outline Manual annotation: Costly task Implementation of an automatic annotation system Generates XML documents of the Outlines Analyzes document structure by checking numbers or letters 24
Hierarchical structure Expressed with sequential labels Attached to the beginning of each provision Basic Act on Crime Victims (Act No. 161) (Cabinet Office) 1 General provisions (i) Purpose (The point of Article 1) The purpose of this Act is to establish basic principles regarding measures for crime victims, to establish the responsibilities of the State, (ii) Basic principles (The point of Article 3) (1) All crime victims have the right for their personal dignity to be respected and the right to be guaranteed treatment befitting that dignity. (2) The measures for crime victims shall be taken appropriately, according to the state and cause of the harm suffered, (3) The measures for crime victims shall be taken so as to enable crime victims to uninterruptedly receive the necessary support from the time (iii) Responsibilities (The point of Articles 4-7) 25
Orthographical variants of the sequential labels 1. ------- (i) ----- (1) --- (1) ------- (i) ----- Inconsistent order in hierarchy Identifies the numbering rule of each document 26
Markup experiments Test data 4,615 Outlines of acts promulgated since 1973 to 2012 Experimental methods 1. Validation for all test data 2. Visual inspection for randomly chosen 250 Outlines 3. Comparison with 20 handwritten XML documents 27
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE StatuteOutline SYSTEM "statuteoutline.dtd"> <StatuteOutline Era="Heisei" Lang="en" Num="161" Year="16"> <OutlineTitle> <StatuteName>Basic Act on Crime Victims </StatuteName> <StatuteNum Num="161">(Act No. 161)</StatuteNum> <Jurisdiction>(Cabinet Office)</Jurisdiction> </OutlineTitle> <OutlineBody> <Paragraph Num="1"> <ParagraphNum>1</ParagraphNum> <ParagraphTitle>General provisions</paragraphtitle> <Item Num="1"> <ItemNum>(i)</ItemNum> <ItemTitle>Purpose</ItemTitle> <RelevantProvisions>(The point of Article 1)</RelevantProvisions> <ItemSentence> <Sentence>The purpose of this Act is to establish basic principles regarding measures for crime victims, to establish the responsibilities of the State, local governments and citizens for those measures, to define the matters that will constitute the basis of the measures, and to then comprehensively and systematically promote the measures, thereby protecting the rights and interests of crime victims.</sentence> </ItemSentence> </Item> <Item Num="2"> <ItemNum>(ii)</ItemNum> <ItemTitle>Basic principles</itemtitle> <RelevantProvisions>(The point of Article 3)</RelevantProvisions> <Subitem1 Num="1"> <Subitem1Num>(1)</Subitem1Num> Output of <Subitem1Sentence> <Sentence>All crime victims have the right for their the automatic annotation system personal dignity to be respected and the right to be guaranteed treatment befitting that Visual inspector 28
Markup experiments Test data 4,615 Outlines of acts promulgated since 1973 to 2012 Experimental methods 1. Validation for all test data All the outputs are validated 2. Visual inspection for randomly chosen 250 Outlines 87.2% of outputs are properly marked up 3. Comparison with 20 handwritten XML documents 19 outputs are properly marked up The annotation system properly works 29
Conclusion Design of the DailyNews on Japanese legislation A dynamic, international disseminator Focus on the Outlines of Japanese statutes Structuralizing the Outlines Developed the Document Type Definition Implemented an automatic annotation system Properly marked up 87.2% of the Outlines 30
Future works Launch the web site of the DailyNews on Japanese legislation Improvement of automatic annotation system 31