C U R R I C U L U M V I T A E PERSONAL DETAILS NAME: DR. WAITHIRA MIRIE PERSONAL ADDRESS: P.O. Box 48821 Nairobi, Kenya 00100 CONTACTS: +254-0727142385 +254-202726300 Ext, 43390 EMAIL ADDRESS: WORK ADDRESS: PRESENT DESIGNATION: mirie@uonbi.ac.ke or waithirag@yahoo.com University of Nairobi College of Health Sciences School of Nursing Sciences P.O. Box 19676 Nairobi, Kenya 00202 Senior Lecturer Community Health Thematic Unit School of Nursing Sciences ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS 2006-2009 Doctor of Health Science (DHSc), College of Allied Health and Nursing, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A 1985-1989 Masters of Science (MSc),, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Unit of Applied Human Nutrition University of Nairobi, Kenya 1972-1977 Bachelors of Science (BSc) in Foods and Nutrition, College of Saint Elizabeth, Morristown, New Jersey, USA 1969-1972 High School Diploma, Palo Alto High School, Palo Alto, California, USA PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES 2006 International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) 2006 Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Page 1 of 17
1991 Post Graduate Academic and Clinical studies in Lactation Management Education, San Diego, California, USA 1991 Quantity Foods Production, Lyons Veterans Hospital, Lyons, New Jersey, USA WORK EXPERIENCE Senior Lecturer January 2001- Present University of Nairobi, School of Nursing Sciences Teach Nutrition and Health to first year Bachelor of Nursing (BScN) students and in other nursing courses that have integrated nutrition components to both undergraduate and graduate nursing students. Teach Research Methods and Biostatistics courses to both undergraduate and graduate students. Mentor undergraduate and graduate students in research proposal development and supervise implementation of the research project. Supervise PhD and MSc students in proposal writing, research implementation and participate in oral thesis examination of their research projects. Develop nutrition objectives for the delivery of clinical instruction to undergraduate and graduate students Participate in development of nutrition policies and guideline at the Ministry of Health Kenya Regional Breastfeeding Program Manager, Gateway Northwest Maternal and Child Health Network, Newark, New Jersey, November 2005- February 2010 Program Manager and coordinator for breastfeeding services Supervisor and coordinator of breastfeeding services at eleven Essex County, Women, Infants and Children (WIC) clinics, a Special Supplemental Nutrition and Breastfeeding Program at Essex County Supervised and organized trainings for Breastfeeding Peer Counselors and Lactation Consultants at WIC clinics. As a lactation consultant, provided lactation services to referred pregnant and breastfeeding women. Monitored and evaluated program activities, wrote monthly reports and annual program grant to the Department of Health Services, State of New Jersey. Page 2 of 17
Nutritionist, April 2005- October 2005, Women Infant and Children (WIC) program Essex County New Jersey Reviewed, analyzed and implemented policies developed by the Department of Health Services, State of New Jersey. Provided nutrition education and counseling, to low income women and families enrolled at New Jersey Women Infant and Children (WIC) program. Provided nutrition and breastfeeding counseling and education to the program participants Wrote monthly reports and submitted them to the program coordinator. Monitored health goals and outcomes of the participants receiving nutrition counseling and education Lecturer April 1992- January 2001 University of Nairobi, Department of Nursing Sciences Teach Nutrition and Health to Bachelor of Nursing (BScN) and Diploma in Nursing (DAN) student. Supervise 3 rd and 4 th year BScN students and Diploma in Advanced Nursing students during their community health nursing clinical placements in Maternal and Child Health Clinics Lecturer and coordinator of 4 th year BScN students research methods course. Coordinate and mentor the research proposal development component of the course. Taught fourth year students theories about community health diagnosis how to develop tools for community health diagnosis, conduct and supervised the diagnosis, wrote report and presented feedback of the diagnosis to the communities. Clinical Nutritionist - February 1981- March 1992 Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Nutritionist in charge in all Departments posted at the hospital. Responsible for providing nutrition counseling and education to in and outpatients clients, monitored and evaluated hospital dietary services. Attended consultants major ward rounds, wrote monthly reports and represented the head of nutrition department in various nutrition forums. Page 3 of 17
ADDITIONAL TEACHING EXPERIENCE: COURSE LECTURER: 2011: University of Nairobi, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences Taught and examined Nutrition to medical students and to masters students specializing in public health. 2003: University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Community Health Taught and examined Nutrition a nd He a lt h to 2 nd and 4 th year Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery students 2001: University of Nairobi, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition. Taught and examined Nutrition Intervention course to Masters Students specializing in Applied Human Nutrition 2000: Kenyatta University, Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. Taught and examined Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics 4 th students. 1995: University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Community Health. Taught and examined Nutrition course to Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery students 1981-1983: Kenya Medical Training College Nairobi, Kenya. Taught nutritional management of intensive care patients to Intensive Care Nurse Trainees ADJUNCT FACULTY: January 2005- December 2005: Hudson County Community College, Department of Math and Allied Sciences, Jersey City, New Jersey Taught and examined Nutrition and Health to students enrolled in the Bachelor of Science Nursing track Page 4 of 17
SUPERVISION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) TO COMPLETION 2016 Lucy Kawira Gitonga. Emeregency Obstetrics and Newborn Care (EmONC): Assessment Training Intervention and Its Outcome in Embu and Meru Level 5 Hospitals. Karani A. and W. Mirie. 2015 Rachel Wangari Kimani. Community Based Assessment of Maternal Mortality, Loitokitok, Kenya. Sharon A. Bryant and W.Mirie. ONGOING DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) SUPERVISION Mary Kamau Njue. Overcoming Birth Outcomes: Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Among Pregnant Women: A community Approach, Kiambu County, Kenya Catherine Kabanya. Correlates of Satisfaction with Nursing Training among Final Year Student Nurses of Kenya Medical Training Joyce Cheptum: Evaluation of Birth Preparedness Health Education among Mothers Attending Public Antenatal Care Clinics in Migori County, Kenya SUPERVISION OF MASTERS IN NURSING SCIENCES AT SCHOOL OF NURSING SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI TO COMPLETION 2011-2016 Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya Mogambi Linda Kwaboka. Barriers to Appropriate Breastfeeding Practices among Mothers Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic at Mbagathi District Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Ndambuki James Mutua. Factors Influencing Quality Management of Medication by Nurses at Pediatric Wards, Kenyatta National Hospital. Malachi, Zillah, Moraa. Postpartum Mother Perception on Quality of Intrapartum in Naivasha District Hospital Labor Ward Awida Emily Musimbi. Challenges of Feeding Premature Babies during the First Six Months of Life: A Survey on Experiences by Teenage Mothers at Pumwani Hospital, Nairobi Page 5 of 17
EXAMINER FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND MASTERS DEGREES 2016 Dasel Wambua Kaindi. The Role of Spontaneous Fermented Dairy Products and Streptococcus InfantArius in Colorectal Carcinoma in Kenya, Unit of Applied Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary School, University of Nairobi. 2012 Thuita, Faith Mugure, PhD Mechanism and Effect of Access to Microfinance Credit by Women Entrepreneurs on Child Care, Health Practices and Food Consumption Patterns in Urban Low Income Settings in Nairobi, Kenya. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi Abinya, Cecilia, MPH Prevalence of Malnutrition Related Factors among children aged 6-60 months admitted at Siaya District Hospital Pediatric Wards, Siaya Kenya. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi External Examiner 1990-1994, 2001 Karen College of Nutrition Diploma Program, Ministry of Health Nairobi, Kenya Examiner for Nutrition and Diet Therapy course TRAINER AND FACILITATOR IN CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMS 2016: PhD Supervision Trainer: College of Health Science, University of Nairobi 2012 2013: African Population and Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya Health Challenges and Systems Program/Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Project. 2010 Present: Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Program for Multidisciplinary Teams for Health Professionals 1993 2004: Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Lactation Education Management Program Training Program for Multidisciplinary Teams of Health professionals. 2000: Trainer for Kenya Project on Maternal Child HIV Transmission for Health Professionals, Nairobi, Kenya. DOCTOR OF HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH PROJECTS 2009-2006 W, Mirie, Maternal Obesity: A focus for Nutrition and Breastfeeding Counseling and Education for Nutritionist and Lactation Consultants Center, Nairobi, Kenya W. Mirie, Application of Stages of Change Model to Breastfeeding Practices at Supplemental Nutrition Education Women Infant and Children (WIC) Program Page 6 of 17
1989 Mirie W., Evaluation of Education Program of Breastfeeding Information Group (BIG) in Nairobi (A Thesis for the MSc. in Applied Human Nutrition, University of Nairobi). PUBLICATIONS 2016 OT Okube, W, Mirie, E Odhiambo, W Sabina, M Habtu. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic during the second and third trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 6 (01), 2016. 2015 K Teather, K Critchley, E Ross, L Symington, W Mirie, M Gibson, T Barnett, WIT Air quality and children s health in rural Kenya.Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 198, 217-226 2015 Z Malachi, B Omuga, W. Mirie. Institutional factors influencing women's perception of quality of intrapartum care in Naivasha County Hospital labor ward, Kenya. African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 10 (2), 78-82 2015 W.Mirie, R. Musoke, S, Kimani. Impact of Lactation Management Education Training Program on Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices an Abstract. 3 rd University of Nairobi and Kenyatta National Hospital Scientific Conference, Research as a Driver for Science Technology and Innovation for Health.. S Kimani, W Mirie, M Chege. Treatment Compliance among Patients with Hypertension at Kenyatta National Hospital, an Abstract 2006 Mirie W., Feedback Evaluation of Medical Nutrition Curriculum, FAIMER Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA. 2001 Mirie W. Impact of Lactation Management Education Program, East African Medical Journal, Volume.78 (3), 128-30. Mirie W. Report of Nutrition and Health Survey of Children below five Years at Garissa and Ijara Districts, North Eastern, Kenya. 2000 Mirie W. Aging and Nutritional Needs., A chapter in Handbook of Nutrition for the Aged, CRC Press, Florida, USA. 1999 Thuita F. N., Mirie W. Nutrition in the Management of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome East African Medical Journal Volume 76 (9) Page 7 of 17
Mirie W., Musandu J., Health Practices as Reported by Mothers in a Semi Arid Areas of Kenya International Child Health: A Digest of Current Information. 1998 Mirie W. The Relationship between Nutrition and Pharmacology. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 1 (3) 63-65. 1998. Mirie W. Maternal Nutrition and Food Security. Nutrition Association of Kenya Newsletter, Volume 1997 Mirie W. Aging and Nutritional Needs, East African Medical Journal Volume 74(10) 622-624 Kamenwa R., Mirie W., Breastfeeding, Hospital Practices as Reported by Mothers, at Kenyatta National Hospital. International Journal of Childbirth Education, Volume.12 (4), 22-25 1994 Mirie W., Abstract: Evaluation of the Breastfeeding Educational Program of Breastfeeding Information Group (BIG) in Nairobi. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hematology. 1993 Mirie W., et al. Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Breastfeeding and Weaning by Mothers at Kenyatta National Hospital. 1993 Mirie W., et al. Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Breastfeeding and Weaning by Health Professionals at Kenyatta National Hospital. PAPERS PRESENTED AT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES 1990 Evaluation of Breastfeeding Education Program of Breastfeeding Information Group (BIG) in Nairobi, Kenya. Symposium on Food Security and Nutritional Adequacy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, 1998 Nutrition and Aging. Department of Nutrition, Kenyatta National Hospital Annual Nutrition Seminar, Page 8 of 17
PAPERS CO-AUTHORED AND PRESENTED BY OTHERS AT CONFERENCES 2012 Kimani S, Mirie W, Chege Margaret. Treatment Compliance among Patients with Hypertension, at Kenyatta National Hospital. Presented at 2 nd International Scientific Conference College of Health Science/Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. 1982 Kinyua M. W., Mirie W.: The Role of the Nutritionist in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus at Kenyatta National Hospital. Presented at11thcongress of the International Diabetes Federation, Nairobi, Kenya. 1996 Kamenwa R., Musoke R., Mirie W., A Needs Assessment on knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Breastfeeding and Weaning of Health workers: Basis for Development of a Lactation Management Education Curriculum. SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ATTENDED 2016 CARTA PhD Supervision Workshop, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa Photo Voice and Participatory Video, Capacity Building Workshops Programme. African Population and Research Council, Nairobi Kenya 2013 2 nd College of Health Sciences/Kenyatta National Hospital, International Scientific Conference, Research and Training for Quality HealthCare, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi Transforming the Health Professions Education Conference. Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 2012 Global Health Diplomacy Workshop, School of Monetary Studies, Nairobi, Kenya National Symposium on Scaling up Nutrition Movement, Division of Nutrition, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya. Responsible Conduct of Research Course, University of Nairobi/University of Washington, Olive Gardens Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya Urban Nutrition Strategy Stakeholders Workshop, Technical Working Group on Urban Nutrition, Division of Nutrition, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Pan Africa Hotel, Nairobi. 1 st College of Health Sciences/Kenyatta National Hospital, International Scientific Conference, Towards Optimum Health Care, International Scientific Conference, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi. Page 9 of 17
2011 HIV Capacity Building Partners Summit: Scaling up Effective Capacity Building Innovations for sustainable HIV Response in Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya Stakeholders Workshop to Develop Kenya National Nutrition Action Plan. Division of Nutrition Ministry of Kenya Public Health and Sanitation, Bontana Hotel, Nakuru, Kenya 2009 Celebrating Breastfeeding: Overlook Hospital, Summit, New Jersey Anykyloglossia and the Frenotomy Procedure. Princeton Health Care System: Princeton, New Jersey Breastfeeding: Emergency Research and Paradigms for Success: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Breastfeeding Grand Rounds: Breastfeeding A Vital Emergency Response, University of Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselear, New York. 2008 Controversies in Breastfeeding, Morristown Memorial Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey Anatomy of the Human Breast: A New Perspective, Tarrytown, New York Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn and Keeping Abreast: Tarrytown, New York 2007 Searching for excellence, Monmouth County Breastfeeding Consortium, Belford, New Jersey Hot Topics in Breastfeeding: Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Simplifying Breastfeeding the first 36 hours. Lactation Update. Mount Sinai Hospital, New York Breastfeeding Training, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Nutrition education Seminar, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Trenton, New Jersey 2006 Breastfeeding Promotion and Support Training, Trenton, New Jersey Fundamentals of Human Lactation, Department of Health and Human Services, Trenton, New Jersey. Cutting Edge Breastfeeding Trend: Morristown Memorial Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey Interdisciplinary Breastfeeding Practice Integration through Innovation International Lactation Consultant Annual Conference: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Page 10 of 17
Evidence-Based Breastfeeding Promotion and Support: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Trenton, New Jersey. Latch and Learn, Atlantic Health System, Summit, New Jersey Workshop. Kampala, Uganda. United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination, Nutrition Conference, Nairobi, Kenya Anykyloglossia and the Frenotomy Procedure. Princeton Health Care System: Princeton, New Jersey Breastfeeding: Emergency Research and Paradigms for Success: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Breastfeeding Grand Rounds: Breastfeeding A Vital Emergency Response, University of Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselear, New York. 2001 Gender Equity and Food Security Workshop. Kampala, Uganda. United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination, Nutrition Conference, Nairobi, Kenya 2000 Breastfeeding Policy for Mothers with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya 1999 Wellstart International Associates Global Breastfeeding Forum. San Diego, California Wellstart International Clinical Skills Update Studies, San Diego, California U.S.A 1998 Kenya Institute of Education Dietetics Curriculum Development Workshop, Thika, Kenya 1997 Kenyatta National Hospital: Diet Manual Writing Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya 1996 Kenyatta National Hospital/Wellstart International Regional Clinical Enhancement Workshop on Lactation Management Education, Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi, Kenya Research D e s i g n Workshop, Nairobi Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi 1995 Annual Kenya, National Nutrition Planning Seminar. Nairobi, Kenya Page 11 of 17
1992 Kenya Pediatrics Annual Scientific Conference Nairobi, Kenya 17 th Annual, General Assembly Meeting. The Role of Medical Students in Population Health Management. Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya 1991 April Effective Management Seminar., Kenya Institute of Administration, Nairobi, Kenya 11 th Theatre Nurses Conference, Nairobi, Kenya Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Seminar, Nairobi Kenya 1990 Nutrition Development Issues in Kenya and a Symposium on Food Security and Nutrition Adequacy. University of Nairobi, Kenya 1989 4 th International, Interdisciplinary Conference on Hypertension in Blacks Nairobi, Kenya Annual Pediatrics Scientific Conference, Nairobi, Kenya. 3 rd African Conference on Diarrhea Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. 1986 International Breastfeeding Promotion and Support Conference. Nairobi, Kenya 1985 11 th International Diabetes Federation Congress Seminar. Nairobi, Kenya Ministry of Health Growth Monitoring Program Seminar Nakuru, Kenya 1982 Annual Ministry of Health Nutritionist Workshop. Karen College of Nutrition 1981 Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Practices Seminar. Karen College of Nutrition. Nairobi, Kenya Page 12 of 17
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND SCHOOL OF NURSING SCIENCE REPONSIBILITES Head, Community Health Thematic Unit, School of Nursing Sciences Member of University of Nairobi Senate Course Lecturer and Coordinator for Nutrition and Health courses and Biostatistics for BScN Direct Entry and E-learning programs. Clinical supervision of nursing students at Maternal and Child Health Clinics, Nairobi County Chairman of Admissions Committee for School of Nursing Sciences Member of School of Nursing Research and Postgraduate Committee Trainer for PhD Supervision Training Member of School of Nursing Faculty Board Member of Community of Health Thematic Unit Faculty Board School Representative, College of H e a l t h Science/Kenyatta National Hospital (CHS/KNH) Scientific Conference Committee Member of the CHS/KNH Scientific Conference Abstract Review Sub Committee 2011 Faculty responsible for Mentoring Fellows in Afya Bora Consortium Fellowship in Global Health Leadership, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi 2010-2014 Examination Coordinator for Community Health Thematic unit 1999 Departmental Representative for Faculty of Medicine Post Graduate Committee 1998 Appointed acting chairman for substantive Chairman 1997 Member of Faculty of Medicine Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1993-1998 Departmental representative to College of Health Sciences show organizing committee Nairobi International Show Page 13 of 17
1993-2001 Coordinator for Biological and Behavioral Sciences Courses for BScN and Diploma Programs 1992-2004 Departmental Examination Coordinators 1992-2004 Member of Department s Research Committee 2003 Acting Chairman for the Substantive Chairman 2000-2004 Recorder of Departmental Minutes, Department of Nursing Sciences 1999 Departmental Representative to Faculty of Medicine Post Graduate Committee 1999 Acting Chairman of the Department 1999 Supervisor, 1999 Kenya Population Census 1998 Acting Chairman for the Substantive Chairman the Department 1997 Departmental Representative to Faculty of Medicine Salary Review Committee 1993-1998 Departmental Representative to the Nairobi International Show Committee 1993-2004 Coordinator for Biological and Behavioral Science courses for the department 1993-1998 Member of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Finance Committee. Department of Nursing Sciences. 1992 Department of Nursing Sciences Examination Coordinator Page 14 of 17
CONSULTANCY WORK 2012-2013 Maternal and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN) in two slums in Nairobi to determine the effectiveness of a community-based intervention to promote optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding(IYCF) practices and Child Growth, African Population Health and Research Council (APHRC) 2011-Present Consultant for Healthy Diets Committee, Division of Nutrition, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation Member of Human Donor Milk Project, Path and African Population Health and Research Council 2001 Nutrition and Health Survey of Under five Children in Garissa and Ijara Districts, CARE Kenya MEMBERSHIP OF ASSOCIATIONS 2009- Present Member of Alumnae Association of Nova South Eastern University Member Kenya Nutritionist and Dietitian Institute(KNDI) 2006-Present International Lactation Consultant Association (ILCA) 2004-Present Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education (FAIMER) 1985 2004 Founder and member of Nutrition Association of Kenya 1985 1992 Treasurer, Nutrition Association of Kenya 1989 1992 Member, Research Sub-Committee, Nutrition Association of Kenya 1992 1994 Member of the Newsletter subcommittee, Nutrition Association of Kenya Member of Breastfeeding Information Group (BIG) Member of Research and Evaluation BIG sub-committee Page 15 of 17
RESEARCH GRANT AWARDS 2012 College of Health Sciences Prime K Research Grant Impact Evaluation of Lactation Management Education Program on Infant and Young Child Feeding at Kenyatta National Hospital Kenyatta National Hospital Research Grant Treatment Compliance among Patients with Hypertension, at Kenyatta National Hospital RESEARCH INTERESTS Maternal Nutrition Infant and Young Children Feeding (MNIYCF) Page 16 of 17
REFERENCES Prof Rachel Musoke University of Nairobi College of Health Sciences Department of Pediatrics P.O. Box 19676 Nairobi 00202 Tel: +254 20 2726300 Prof Ann Karani School of Nursing Sciences University of Nairobi P.O. Box 19676 Nairobi, 00202 Email: Akarani@uonbi.ac.ke Tel: +254 2726300 Samuel T, Kimani Senior Lecturer University of Nairobi College of Health Sciences School of Nursing Sciences P.O. Box 19676 Nairobi 00202 Email Address: STKimani@uonbi.ac.ke Tel: +254 20271125 Page 17 of 17