South-South Cooperation Is it Effective? Kenji Yamada Value Planning International March 2011 1
Overview 1. Definition of SSC 2. World Bank s Approach to SSC 3. JICA s Approach to SSC 4. Strengths of SSC 5. Risks of SSC 6. Implications for Promoting SSC 2
Definition of SSC Mutual cooperation aimed at fostering selfsustaining development, involving deepening relations among developing countries while conducting technical and economic cooperation. UNDP 3
World Bank s Knowledge Exchange Programs Methodology 1) Practitioner exchanges, South-South visits, The South-South Experience Exchange Trust Fund (SEETF), and The global and regional development debate series 2) Contributing to the aid effectiveness debate, and 3) Capturing and facilitating South-South practice in bank operations. 4
SEETF: a Global Connecter SEETF Tajikistan Plan to build a massive dam Want to learn how to address issues such as financing, construction and transmission logistics, security, environmental and social impact. Lao PDR Completed the large hydropower project the Nam Theun 2 Desire to share their experience 5
JICA s SSC Programs 1. Third-Country Training Programs With assistance from JICA, a developing accepts trainees from other developing countries in order to transfer development expertise and skills. 2. Third-Country Experts With support from JICA, experts from developing countries are dispatched to other developing countries in order to transfer their expertise and skills. 3. Partnership Programs JICA and the governments of developing countries jointly support the efforts of other developing countries and regions. 4. International Conferences JICA/UNDP Joint Symposium Developing Cooperation in the 21th Century Supporting for South-South Cooperation, etc. 6
3 Patterns of SSC Support (1) Type 1: Two-step Knowledge Transfer (Spread out to new beneficiary) 1st Step: Knowledge transfer from Japan to Pivotal countries 2nd Step: Local knowledge transfer from Pivotal countries to neighbors Pivotal Beneficiary -Third-Country Training -Third-Country Expert 1.Dissemination of Outcome of JICA s cooperation Japan 2. Reproduction of localized and applicable knowledge 3. Development of resource centers and capacity for aid management 9 7
3 Patterns of SSC Support (2) Type 2: Joint Cooperation with Complementary Parallel Efforts Beneficiary Joint Project Japan Comparative Advantages Pivotal 13 8
3 Patterns of SSC Support (3) Type 3: Strengthening the Regional/ Inter-regional Partnerships Regional and Inter-Regional Cooperation Japan Support to formulate a cooperation framework and strengthen the networking among stakeholders Pivotal Beneficiary Beneficiary Pivotal Beneficiary Pivotal 20 9
Evolution of JICA s Support for SSC Summary: Evolution of JICA s Support for SSC Type 3: Strengthening the Regional /Inter-regional Partnerships More commitment and management capacity of pivotal countries Type 2: Joint Cooperation with Complementary Parallel Efforts Scale up of Development Impact Type 1: Two-step Knowledge Transfer (Spread out to new beneficiary) 26 10
Kenya-Japan Mathematics and Science Education in Africa Main challenges Low quality of teaching Poor performance in Mathematics and Science Objectives To improve teaching method through In-Service Education and Training (INSET) Shift of teaching method: Knowledge/Contentbased Approach Teacher centered teaching Theoretical or Lecture method Activity focused Teaching/Learning Student focused/ Centered Learning Experiment/Research based approach 11
Development of Kenya-Japan Mathematics and Science Education in Africa 1998-2003 Kenya & Japan implemented a bilateral technical cooperation pilot INSET project (SMASSE) 2003-2008 SMASSE was scaled up to a national program, reaching over 22,000 teachers and education managers through capacity building programs. 2002-2008 Kenya and the Philippines (UP-NISMED); and Malaysia (SEAMEO- RECSAM) supported by Japan, entered SSC 2001 A network for mathematics and science education, involving 11 African countries and coordinated by SMASSE Kenya was formed. 2002 SMASE-WECSA (Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Africa) registered as an Association 2004- SMASE-WECSA member countries (11 countries in 2001, 33 countries by November, 2009) set up INSET systems and capacity development programs. 12
The JICA-ASEAN Regional Cooperation Meeting (JARCOM: 2002-2009) Overall Goal To narrow the socioeconomic disparities among ASEAN countries which are major obstacles to regional integration JARCOM was established to mobilize ASEAN resources and formulate good SSC projects Outcomes: Between 2004-2007, 86 training projects out of 153 proposals were materialized through JARCOM. Successful matching rates during the same period increased impressively from 28% to 78%. 13
JARCOM Participatory and Transparent Approach 1. In- pre-consultation 2. Preannouncement of providers aid policies 3. Needs-to-resource matching 4. Annual plenary meeting 5. Participatory monitoring 6. Information management system 7. Partnership agreement and cost sharing 14
Strengths of SSC Aid Effectiveness (Scale-up) Aid Efficiency Localization of External Knowledge Expansion of Development Options Appropriate Solutions Linguistic and Cultural Similarities 15
Risks of SSC Risks Low Quality Standards Supply-driven High Transactions Costs Other concerns Fragmentation Lack of data base Lack of fund 16
Implications Align with national priorities Promote ownership Demand driven (but need also element of supply driven) Balance among diverse needs of different actors Equal partnership (Mutual Learning) Participatory and transparent process Peer pressure Cost sharing Joint management of results Ensure sufficient management capacity of emerging donors Use the strengths of twining arrangements Identify good practices for scale up Use existing (regional) institutions for scale up 17