BRIEFING: How U.S. and Russian Leaders Can Avoid Renewed Nuclear Tensions Published on Arms Control Association (

BRIEFING: How U.S. and Russian Leaders Can Avoid Renewed Nuclear Tensions Events Russia and the West are on the brink of a renewed confrontation. Key pillars of mutual restraint are in jeopardy, including the 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and the 2010 New START agreement. Washington and Moscow are heavily investing in new and redundant nuclear systems that exceed their respective deterrence requirements. Both NATO and Russia are ramping up their defenses in the Baltic region, with close military encounters increasing the chances of a dangerous miscalculation. Three members of the Deep Cuts Commission, a 21-member experts group from the United States, Russia, and Germany, presented their perspectives and proposals for how Presidents Trump and Putin can chart a safer course. This event was held at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. Audio of the event will be available soon. The transcript is below. Speakers include: Sergey Rogov, Director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Walter J. Schmid, former German Ambassador in Moscow (2005-2010) Steven Pifer, Director of the Brookings Arms Control Initiative Daryl Kimball, Director, Arms Control Association, Moderator The Deep Cuts Commission's most recent report, published June 2016, is available online. This is an unedited transcript provided by CQ Roll Call. Transcript: DARYL G. KIMBALL: Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the First Amendment Lounge of the National Press Club. I am Daryl Kimball. I'm the Executive Director of the Arms Control Association. And as most of you know, we're a non-governmental organization that has been in existence since 1971 to address the risks and dangers of the world's most dangerous weapons. And we are focused for many decades on the U.S.-Soviet and now U.S.-Russian nuclear balance. And we are one of the organizational partners of the Russian, German, U.S. expert commission on removing obstacles to achieving deeper nuclear weapons reductions known as the Deep Cuts Commission which was established in 2013. It's led by our colleagues at the Hamburg Peace Research Institutes and we are the American partner organization. And today, we are happy to bring folks together for a briefing on the current challenges relating to the U.S.-Russian nuclear balance. Since the commission was put together four years ago in 2013, and we developed a name the Deep Cuts Commission, the political situation has changed dramatically and the prospect for further progress looks dim. And the challenges between the U.S. and Russia and for the pillars of Arms control look to be much more difficult. Page 1 of 17

I'm just going to provide a brief introduction to the subject we're going to discuss today. We've got three expert speakers who are going to into more depth and then we're going to follow their presentations with Q&A with you all. So, just to remind everyone, as we know since 2013, Russia and the West are engaged in a period of renewed confrontation. Key pillars of the security architecture including the 1987 INF Treaty, Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, the 2010 New START agreement, and the Open Skies Treaty are all in some form of jeopardy. Both Washington and Moscow are investing heavily in new and redundant nuclear systems that exceed their respective deterrence requirements and both NATO and Russia are ramping up the military capabilities in the frontier region and there are close military encounters that increase the chance of dangerous miscalculations. So, I think one of the core messages that you might come away with today is that without renewed and sober dialogue and restraint on the part of both sides, it is quite possible that the key mechanisms that have served to regulate the U.S. nuclear relationship may disappear in the next year or two. So, we have three very experienced insightful experts to share their perspectives on these issues, Sergey Rogov, the Director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He will go first being the most senior of our panelists and coming the furthest, I think to Washington for this event. Ambassador Walter Schmid, former German Ambassador to Moscow from 2005 to 2010, and Ambassador Steve Pifer, Director today of the Brookings Arms Control Initiative, close colleague with whom we work with in Washington. So each of them is going to provide their comments, their perspective as members of the Deep Cuts Commission on the crisis in bilateral U.S.-Russian Arms control, what they see as the most urgent two or three problems, what's at stake and what U.S. and Russian and European leaders can do and must avoid doing to help avoid further damage. So with that, Sergey, the floor is yours. Thank you for being here. SERGEY ROGOV: Thank you, Daryl. It's a great pleasure and honor for me to be here today. I spent more than 50 years studying the United States. I never thought I would live so long. And now, I feel like I'm 33 or 35 years younger, because, well, I spent half of my life in the trenches of the Cold War. And I have the feeling that we are back to those trenches, since the relationship between Russia and the United States today is extremely bad. Of course, well, the direct parallel with the Cold War may be not quite correct, but there are some common features. First of all, all the stereotypes of the Cold War propaganda are back. And this anti-american and anti-russian propaganda is truly ugly. And what is really frightening is that sometimes propaganda becomes a substitute for a strategy. And the most dangerous is when political players are beginning to believe their own propaganda. The second commonality is that we don't have practical normal political dialogue. In a couple of hours, I'm going to see Ambassador Kislyak. And I can tell you that, well, he was so badly treated, a solid professional diplomat who is doing his work has been publicly attacked as a recruiter spy, that really demonstrates how low our relations are. Without the political dialogue, we simply cannot find solutions to the problems we face. The third feature is the economic sanctions, the economic warfare. And finally, and that is most dangerous the resumption of the arms race and the military tension between Russia and the United States when we face all kind of ugly incidents which can produce unbelievable consequences. So what should be learned? I don't intend to spend the rest of my life in the trenches of the new Page 2 of 17

Cold War. I think we have to stop it and reverse it and try to build a positive relationship between Russia and the United States. That will be good not only for our two countries, but for the rest of the world, since Russia and the United States, we are still nuclear superpowers. And while 30 years ago or 40 years ago, we had so many nuclear weapons that we can destroy the entire humanity 20 times, today, the number is smaller. But we still can destroy the entire mankind three or four times. We are locked in a very strange relationship called mutually assured destruction, so strategic stability is based on this notion. And right now, it seems that we cannot avoid this paradigm. But why Russia and the United States should be forever doomed to mutually assured destruction? Let me give you the example of the United Kingdom and France. They actually have enough weapons to destroy each other, 200 or 300 nuclear warheads, that's sufficient. And the French and the British don't always like each other. But the relationship is not mutually assured destruction. Mostly, it's cooperative relationship. And I wonder why Russia and United States despite the existence of nuclear weapons cannot move to a positive cooperative relationship. That, of course, requires to avoid the total collapse of the arms control regime, because many elements of the arms control regime which we negotiated at the end of the Cold War and after it like the ABM Treaty are gone. And what we have, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty today are under attack. I presume we'll have more time to talk about specific suggestions how we can reduce reliance on nuclear weapons, how well we can engage other nuclear weapons states like China, India, the United Kingdom, France and others into some kind of the arms control regime, which probably would be different from Russian-American arms control regime, but still there should be some rules of the game. And this is particularly important when the international system based on the rules, institutions, multilateral institutions today is under attack. And I won't -- trying to be a little bit diplomatic, I won't tell you which country is driving this attack on the United Nations, on NAFTA, on NATO, on Trans-Pacific Partnership and I can continue with this list. And Russian-American cooperation, if we're able to resume it, will help to deal with many challenges which the present international community faces. One of them are the weapons of mass destruction. But there are other challenges, problems like the Islamic State. Today, Russians and Americans fight against the Islamic State in Syria, which theoretically should have made us allies like when the Soviet Union and the United States were fighting against Hitler as a common enemy. So the Islamic State is a common enemy. And each of us in one way or another is resisting it, but we are not allies. And actually some pretty bad things happen unless we are able to find how, well not just to avoid accidents, but how to cooperate. There are other issues which we should be concerned, but I presume that the time which was allocated by Daryl to me has expired, so I have to stop. KIMBALL: All right. Thank you, Sergey. Ambassador Schmid, the floor is yours. Thank you. WALTER J. SCHMID: Thank you, Daryl. Ladies and gentlemen, it's a pleasure for me to address to you some problems we are talking about in the Deep Cuts Commission. And working in this commission I can draw not only from my experience in Moscow but also from my time for 2000 to 2005 as Federal Commissioner of the Federal Government for Arms Control and Disarmament in Germany. The Deep Cuts Commission is basically an arms control commission. And before I will try to Page 3 of 17

discuss some aspects of the INF Treaty, New START and the military problems related to the Baltic State, I would like to make some comments on the nature and the tasks arms control can fulfill. Arms control is about organizing one country's security. And in doing so, it's in some competition with unilateral defense. Both unilateral defense and arms control which is an element of cooperative security start by the same procedure. First, there must be an assessment of the security threat, of the security need one country faces. And then at the next level, we see the difference. Defense, unilateral defense tries to fill gaps, normally by buildup of military capabilities. Arms control on the other hand tries to come an agreement, to come to an agreement with the adversary most likely at the lower level of weapons that existed before. That's the ideal view. And it is since two centuries that one great philosopher, Immanuel Kant, illuminated the problems of unilateral defense, stating in his famous essay, Perpetual Peace, that once one country or one state tries to increase its security by military means, there is a risk that it is going to decrease the security situation of others and the adversaries. And as you know, the other state, the adversary has done the same procedure to face. He has to define its security needs and then probably will end by a buildup of his armed forces. And this, as the Cold War has shown, can lead to a buildup of arms, to an arms race and to less stability, less security for both sides. If it goes well, this buildup, then those states will end up at a higher level of balance. This causes during the time of the period of the buildup, of course, some instability, and at the end of the day it's more extensive than security on a lower level, so it's a waste of money. And I am drawing my attention now to -- given this framework to the three problems I would like to address. First one, INF, I think INF is an example of such, while the history, the run-up to INF is an example of such a buildup because one side in those days, the Soviet Union, introduced a new weapon. The German chancellor Helmut Schmidt thought we should react because this weapon was directed not against United States but against Europe. It's a problem of Europe and also talking as a European here, you cannot reduce the INF Treaty to an issue between United States and Russia. It's also of utmost concern to Europe because we are faced with a new weapon that's directed against -can be directed against Europe. So, Helmut Schmidt was very nervous about this and he started a policy campaign that finally was very costly for him, because he had to pay with his job in '83 -- '82 and (inaudible). So what happened? You know, this was the double solution, the two track approach. The western countries came to the conclusion that they had to react. They reacted and they deployed Pershing. Then the other side realized that this, of course, caused a new problem to them because they were now confronted with rockets, with missiles that could reach their country within a few minutes. So they saw the risk of the first strike problematic. So at the end of the day we had a buildup on both sides. We had to pay for more than 2,000 missiles and then both sides decided that it would be better if they could abolish this kind of weaponry (inaudible). And that's the situation where we are today. And I think that everybody on all sides who is talking today, the problems of the IFA, the possibility of withdrawing, thinking about it should not forget this experience, that once we didn't have the INF Treaty, we ran run into a very difficult situation. And those who think that because other states are not part of the INF Treaty and withdrawal from the treaty could be a good solution in order to solve these problems, I am talking about, immediately about this, should never forget the problems I've talked about that could arise in Europe and where the Europeans don't have any interest in recreating this situation. Page 4 of 17

Of course, INF Treaty is apart from what I have said, a bilateral issue, and it would be advisable to take other countries in. I don't know if it's advisable to start an initiative for multi-lateralization, but it probably could be a good idea to take countries that are of interest to both sides and to Europe, in the Far East into this treaty. And to make them concrete proposals because I could think that also countries like China, like Japan, like South Korea could have an interest not to run into this problem of this kind of conflict. Second, New START, we know that this treaty finished a period where we didn't have, the binding instruments in order to face the nuclear threat. And fortunately the New START in our view was concluded. It runs until '21. And we would be very happy if it could be at least extended for more years to come. And we would even be more happy if it could be improved. And I think there is a possibility to do so. I'm coming back to what I've said about the general nature of arms control. First is the military as the military planner should assess the security risk and the security needs. And we had in 2013 a statement by the then-american President Obama who said that according to military assessment, the United States could reduce further. And we are hopeful that the upcoming new nuclear posture will not diverge too much from the military statement some years ago. This will also be positive, an extension, and probably an improvement of the treaty would also be very positive with regard to the NPT. You know that the non-nuclear weapon states under this regime of the NPT are getting more and more unsatisfied and they are looking for alternatives. We will have next week or so a conference of the "ban" countries how they are called and they passed a resolution in the United Nations where the majority of 134 votes. So, it would be detrimental to the interest of us all if the NPT could be damaged. And I can assure you, having assisted two NPT conferences, that the problem of nuclear disarmament is decisive. If it's dealt well with, it's decisive for the mood of the conference and progress that can be made. If we miss this opportunity, we will also face problems with the NPT which is a pillar and the cornerstone of our international security. The third issue I wanted to talk very briefly is the Baltics. What we are seeing currently on all sides is a preparedness to increase military spending, increase military capabilities on both sides. And so, we face the risk of a buildup in these capabilities in close proximity to the common border between Russia and NATO. NATO, by the way, coming back to my general remarks on arms control, is committed to both aspects, to collective defense and collective security. These are principles established in the strategic concept of NATO. And that's why it would be advisable if we could think on both sides, before we are going to build up military capabilities to assess the concrete security risk both sides faces, and then to discuss on that basis how they could by arms control measures of a regional nature reduce tension without coming under the pressure to start a buildup. And we could imagine, and the commission has proposed some technicalities we could talk about later, in order to reduce tension to dislocated forces and to work that way against the risk of a, let's say, military accident. These are the three examples I wanted to illustrate a little bit in order to show you that arms control which is often being neglected in these days, sometimes ignored, is not an out-of-date instrument, but it can be very instrumental and very helpful in facing the security risks and threat we are finding today in a risky world. Thank you very much. KIMBALL: Thank you, Mr. Ambassador. Steve Pifer, your perspective after the Russian and German perspective on these challenges. Page 5 of 17

STEVE PIFER: Yes. Thank you, Daryl. For 45 years the nuclear arms control regime has contributed to the security of both the United States on the one side, the Soviet Union and Russia on the other end, and it's also had broader security benefits. But there are certain things now which lead people to be concerned including myself that that regime could be at risk and I'll talk about three challenges very briefly. And my two co-panelists have already touched on these questions, but the first challenge is just you have a broad U.S.-Russia political relationship that is at its lowest point since the end of the Cold War, lots of mistrust, very difficult issues. The question is can you get that relationship to a point where you can begin to engage on some of these questions that relate to arms control, avoiding military activities that could be problematic. I think you probably have to start off with small steps. One step, I think, would be of urgent attention should be some kind of a military-to-military dialogue at a time when American, NATO and Russian military units are operating in close proximity at a higher tempo than the past; some kind of regime to address issues so that you avoid dangerous military incidents, that you avoid things that could lead to accident or miscalculation. A second challenge is the preservation of the treaty on Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces. That treaty was signed by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987 and it bans the United States and Russia from testing or deploying ground-based cruise or ballistic missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers, and it resulted in the elimination of almost 2,700 American and Soviet missiles back by 1991. The United States has charged Russia with testing a prohibited ground-launched cruise missile at intermediate range and as we heard two weeks ago, the U.S. military believes that the Russians have begun to deploy that missile. The Russians have leveled several charges about American noncompliance with the treaty. And that poses a problem, can the treaty be preserved. I think the Obama administration in its last several years was hoping to find a way to bring Russia back into compliance. And I'll talk about the American violations in a moment. That presumably is going to be much harder to do if we're now talking about Russia deploying a prohibited missile as opposed to testing. You have discussions going on now, I think. A senior American official yesterday raised the question, what leverage does the United States have to bring Russia back into compliance. There have been suggestions on Capitol Hill about perhaps building an American intermediate-range missile. And my guess is that would actually get the attention of Moscow. Certainly, in the 1980s, the deployment of the American Pershing II and ground-launched cruise missile in Europe focused Soviet attention and was important to getting the treaty on Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces in the first place. Personally, I would prefer to avoid steps that add to the numbers of nuclear weapons, but those who are advocating this idea I think need to answer two questions. One, can the U.S. defense budget afford to build this missile and two, if the United States built it, would NATO agree to deploy it. And unless the answers to both of those questions are yes, I'm not sure that's a doable option. Other possibilities would be looking more at countervailing conventional capabilities. I think I'd build on the point that while this is a treaty dispute between the United States and Russia, the real security threat, if Russia is in fact deploying an intermediate-range ground-launched cruise missile, is to its neighbors in Europe and Asia. And I think it would be worthwhile for the U.S. government to be doing what it can to begin to get those countries that would be directly threatened by this missile -- Germany, France, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Japan, China and South Korea -- to begin to make this an issue on their agendas with Moscow. My sense is we're probably not going to get a lot of traction making this just a U.S.-Russian Page 6 of 17

issue. We should be trying to make this an issue between Russia and the other countries for whom this missile would be a threat if in fact it is being deployed. Also, there's an importance to dealing with the Russian concerns about American compliance. I think that a couple of the Russian concerns are, probably can be handled fairly easily but there is one concern that to my mind has merit, and that is the Russian concern that the site in Romania to deploy SM-3 missile interceptors is a potential violation of the treaty or is a violation of the treaty. And the argument goes, if you look at that site which is based on the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System, if you take those launchers and them on U.S. Navy warship, they can hold SM-3 interceptors but they can also hold sea-launched cruise missiles which are virtually identical to ground-launched cruise missiles. So, I think that's an issue the U.S. government needs to pay attention to in terms of preserving the treaty, and this will require a significant degree of political will on both sides. Preserving the treaty at this point is going to be very, very difficult. But if that treaty unravels, it has significant consequences and perhaps could lead to an unraveling of the overall nuclear arms control regime. The third issue is the New START Treaty and what happens there. Under the terms of New START, the United States and Russia by February of next year each are allowed no more than 1,550 deployed strategic warheads on no more than 700 deployed strategic missiles and bombers. According to press reports in a February phone conversation, President Putin raised with President Trump the possibility of considering the extension of that treaty. The treaty goes until 2021 but by its terms it can be extended to up to five years if the sides agree. Reportedly, President Trump was a bit confused as to which treaty was being discussed and then was dismissive of it. I hope that reflects the fact that the President is still learning about some of these questions. It's very clear that his military supports this. Two weeks ago, the Commander of Strategic Command and Vice Chairman of Joint of Chiefs of Staff in testimony on Capitol Hill made clear they support the treaty. They like the fact that it caps the overall levels of Russian strategic forces, and they like the fact that the treaty provides for semiannual data exchanges, thousands of notifications every year, and the opportunity 18 times a year to go and look at Russian strategic forces. That gives both sides a lot more information about the other side in a way that prevents having to make worst case assumptions. Now, yesterday, Chris Ford who's at the National Security Council staff indicated that the U.S. policy would be to observe New START up until at least February, 2018 which is when the limits take full effect. And that period runs roughly with the time where the administration will be conducting its nuclear posture review. I very much hope that that review results in an agreement to continue to observe New START and perhaps to extend it to 2026. But then, the question comes up, could you do more. I personally would like to see us do more. I believe it's in the U.S. security interest to further reduce nuclear weapons. I would prefer fewer Russian nuclear weapons that could target the United States. And my guess is that Sergey would like fewer American weapons that could target Russia. But I'm not sure if that's going to be where the Trump administration comes out. If the Trump administration would like to pursue those further reductions, my guess is they're going to have to deal with several questions the Russians have raised over the last four or five years. One would be missile defense which will be a very tricky issue in this town. A second issue would be Conventional Prompt Global Strike. And then, the third question might be could you begin to limit some of the capabilities of third country nuclear forces. That's going to be a question though not only of preserving the arms control regime, but could you strengthen that regime. And that's going to be a question both for the Trump administration and also for how the Kremlin wishes to pursue it. Finally, just my concern about what happens if the INF treaty does collapse and if you don't get Page 7 of 17

an extension of New START. For the first time in 50 years, the United States and Russia would be in a situation in which there are no negotiated limits covering their strategic nuclear forces. And I think potentially that has significant costs, particularly for the United States. First of all, we lose limits on overall capabilities; we lose the transparency, we're not going to know things like how many warheads are on deployed Russian systems. There is a potential for a nuclear arms race which from the American perspective is not a good idea. My guess is the Russians can build nuclear weapons more cheaply than we can. It's not an area of American comparative advantage. Moreover, if we start this competition around 2021, it would begin at a time when the Russians have hot production lines, they're in the midst of their strategic modernization program. Our program only cranks up in the 2020s. And it would have a significant impact or it could have a significant impact on the U.S. defense budget. We already have a strategic modernization program which the Pentagon or the Obama Pentagon said they did not know how to afford. How do you then add to that on the nuclear side when you also have a White House that wants to have a 350-ship Navy and additional manpower for the Army and the Marines? The other cost we have there is that other countries will react, in particular my concern is about China. China has modestly increased its nuclear forces, but if the United States and Russia are in a situation where they are not limited and the limits go away, can we count on the Chinese to show restraint? So, it seems to me that there are real costs to an end of that negotiated arms control regime. It needs to be preserved, that's in the interest of the United States; it's an interest to Russia and of Europe. But it's going to be a difficult challenge in the next couple of years. KIMBALL: Thank you much. We're going to open up the floor to questions. And as you ponder your questions, I wanted to start with a specific question perhaps starting with Steve about how specifically to solve the INF puzzle. And I would just note that while there have been some Republicans on Capitol Hill who have proposed the initiation of efforts to develop a U.S. INF missile in response, there are other members of Congress, particularly the ranking Democrat on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who have said, "No, we should not do that. That would be unwise." And they have suggested that there be a second meeting of the Special Verification Commission, the SVC which the treaty provides for. So, is that part of the solution? What is the SVC, what could they do in this context, and can these technical people deal with this by themselves or does it take leadership from above to solve this? PIFER: The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty established the Special Verification Commission, and one of its mandated tasks is to examine issues of compliance with the treaty. And that's the point or the place where the United States and Russia can bring together the technical expertise to solve the problems. I think the first question is, is there a political will. And if there's a political decision to try to solve these problems, you then have the technical experts who could figure out ways to do it. In our commission, we've had some discussions, and in our third report we write about some possible solutions. For example, the Russian concern about America's use of what the Russians say are intermediaterange ballistic missiles in tests for missile defense. One way to resolve that problem, and I think it actually is a problem that both militaries would like to resolve, because both militaries are going to be using intermediate-range missiles as targets for their missile defense test, is work out language, Page 8 of 17

and the SVC, the Special Verification Commission, would be the place to do this, that would say this is what is a prohibited intermediate-range ballistic missile, this is what is a permitted test missile. And then perhaps you could say, and either of the sides can have no more than X number of test missiles at any one time and they have to be limited to locations that are associated with missile defense tests. So, that's the kind of technical solution that you could work out that could solve the problem. Likewise, again, on the question of the SM-3 interceptors in Romania, are there are certain things that you could do at that site that would say this is a system that cannot contain a sea-launched cruise missile, or could you allow the Russians periodically to come and take a look and say, okay, there are 24 launch boxes there, open that box number 1 and 16, we get to choose and show us there's an SM-3 interceptor in there, not a sea-launched or not a cruise missile. So, I think those are the kinds of solutions. It's a little bit more difficult at this point in time on the outside to come up with potential solutions for the American charge because we don't yet have a lot of detail. But you could see possibilities for inspections, things like that that might at least begin to define exactly is there a problem here. And then, again, if there was a political decision in Washington and in Moscow to try to preserve this treaty, the people in the Special Verification Commission could come up with ways to do it. ROGOV: Let me add a few words. I basically agree with what Steve said. But I'd like to mention two factors. One is that with each arms control treaty, we always face some problems and some allegations, claims and we had the mechanism to resolve those problems and get rid of those accusations. With the INF Treaty, we face a very strange situation. When Russia was claiming that the United States is violating the INF treaty presented the facts, on American side, the position is unprecedented; the United States says Russia violated the INF Treaty. And when we asked what are the facts, the response is you know yourself, so we are not going to tell you. That's kind of a shell game. And unless the United States makes public what exactly it considers to be a violation by Russia, it's going to be very difficult to resolve the problem. The second factor is that when the treaty was negotiated and that was what, 30 years ago, some of the new technological developments have not been taken into account. Who, for instance, thought 30 years ago about unmanned aerial vehicles which can fly hundreds if not thousands of miles and carry a heavy payload? So, well, the treaty has some elements which have to be clarified. Besides, when the INF Treaty was signed, the Soviet Union and the United States had almost 3,000 medium range missiles and the rest of the world just a few dozen. Today, Russia and the United States don't have such missiles, land-based medium range missiles. But China has more than 1,000. Other countries like India, Pakistan, North Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel also have medium range missiles. And in terms of geography, that means that the missiles from those countries can attack targets on the Russian territory, but not on American territory since, as you know, there are no more medium-range Russian missiles on Cuba for, what, for 65 years, or 55. And it's very unlikely that Russia will deploy them in Cuba. So, well, we have to think how to engage other countries because, well, in a multipolar system in which we live, it's insufficient for Russia and the United States only to create legally binding arms control arrangements. We have to think how to engage China, how to engage the United Kingdom, India, France and others. And that is also a very important issue, since other nuclear weapon states say, "Oh, no, no. Well, we are not going to get into arms control regime because we're small guys. But you have thousands of nuclear warheads so why should we? Reduce to our level, then we shall think." And that, of course, creates a situation when we have more and more uncertainty about what can happen in the Page 9 of 17

future. In particular, for instance, when we think whether China will get engaged in nuclear buildup responding to what the Chinese perceive as an American provocation of deployment of American ballistic missile defenses like the THAAD system in Korea and other places. So, well, it's not just simply the question of the letter of the INF Treaty. We have to think about the entire set of issues related to the INF Treaty. KIMBALL: Ambassador Schmid, you had a comment on INF? SCHMID: A short remark. I think what Steve said and what Sergey said is very reasonable, but I wanted to make clear one point. In order to satisfy these needs, we shouldn't run the risk to lose the treaty, because if we lose it, then of course, we are reimporting the security problem we had to solve it by the treaty. And I think the advantage is we could have, vis-a-vis China or other countries you mentioned, would be much less than the problem we would create in Europe. KIMBALL: Right. Are there questions from our audience? We've answered all of your questions with U.S.-Russia relationship. That's amazing. Yes? Identify yourself and tell us. HERMAN: Yes, I'm Steve Herman from the Voice of America. Thank you, all, for coming here today. I'm just wondering, maybe a brief elaboration on the comments that Chris Ford made yesterday concerning the nuclear posture review, and that essentially everything is on table including moving CTBT over to the executive branch to effectively kill it I guess. And also, President Obama made a big deal of his goal which obviously a lot of people would consider to be utopian of zero nuclear weapons in the world. If this administration moves away from that, what is the symbolism that you interpret in that move? KIMBALL: All right. So just to repeat the question because we're recording it. Question is a response to Chris Ford's comments about the nuclear reviews underway and how that affects you U.S. policy including the goal of a world without nuclear weapons. Why don't we start with Steve? I actually have a thought on this, too, but as the American, why don't you respond to our American President's aide's comments for the VOA? PIFER: OK. Well, first of all, let me say that it was probably natural for Chris Ford to say we're doing the nuclear posture review and I believe he also said there's going to be a missile defense posture review and everything's on the table. I mean, that's where the administration is going to start so I would not read too much into that. The important question is where do they come out at the end 12 or 16 months down the road when they finish this? I also wouldn't read too much into the comment which did get some media play about him saying we might reconsider the end goal of world without nuclear weapons because I believe he qualified it, said, you know, is that a goal in the near to midterm? Is that realistic? I personally support a world without nuclear weapons. I actually think American security interests would be better off in that world and that the risk of the world, of that kind of world, there would be risks there but they are less than the risk of a nuclear world. But I would also admit that it would be very hard to get there. So I can see an outcome where the Trump administration might say, "Yes, that's our goal." And, in fact, President Trump said that pretty much three weeks ago. But they may come to a different conclusion than the Obama administration came to as to how realistic it is to make that a goal that drives your near and your medium term policy approaches. Page 10 of 17

KIMBALL: You know, let me just add a couple of observations, too. I mean when President Obama on April 5, 2009 gave his speech in Prague about steps towards a world without nuclear weapons, he was not talking about a, you know, a near-term objective of achieving global nuclear disarmament. But he was echoing the call from George Shultz, Sam Nunn, Bill Perry and Henry Kissinger issued about a year earlier, which is an echo of Ronald Reagan, of Jack Kennedy, of President Johnson, President Nixon, President Carter about the importance of pursuing the goal of nuclear disarmament. And that goal is a treaty obligation of the United States and all of the parties to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty under Article 6 of the treaty and the subsequent review conference statements and commitments made. And, in fact, in the year 2000, five years after the NPT was extended indefinitely, the five permanent members of the Security Council made a joint statement of an unequivocal commitment to achieving the goal of a world without nuclear weapons. It's a political statement, but it was important at the time. So I would say to Chris Ford, I'll remind him that U.S. support for the goal of a world without nuclear weapons is non-negotiable. This is not something up for review for President Trump to rethink as he sends out his next tweets. This is a serious matter that has had a lot of consideration, bipartisan support. And if United States does not commit to that in the long-term, it will have serious consequences across the system, particularly the nuclear nonproliferation treaty system. And then just quickly on the review, the nuclear posture review, yes, as Steve said, everything is under reconsideration. And I think what that should remind us about is that the policies that have been part of U.S. practice for several years, the 25-year long taboo on nuclear testing, no U.S. nuclear testing since September, 1992, the pursuit of further U.S.-Russian nuclear reductions, the policy that Obama put in place of no new nuclear weapons. All of that is up for grabs again. That does not mean that it's going to change, in fact, I think it'd be very difficult for Trump to change those things, but we should not take those policies for granted. ROGOV: Let me say a few words from a Russian point of view. I was not at this meeting with Chris Ford, but I pay attention, as Steve said, that he claimed that the United States will stick to the START II Treaty until February 2018. PIFER: At least. ROGOV: At least. But the treaty expires only in 2021, so should I interpret this as a hint, as a message that after nuclear posture review will be finished, is finished, the Trump administration may decide to withdraw from the New START Treaty like George W. Bush did with the ABM Treaty. That creates a lot of uncertainty, in particular since during the campaign Donald Trump made very contradictory statements about nuclear weapons. Sometimes he supported no first use. Sometimes he said, well, we shall win any nuclear arms race. We shall always be number one. Apparently, today there is no nuclear policy for the new administration, it's developing. But the problem is that the Republican Party has almost no arms controllers left. In 1972, it was Nixon and Kissinger and the Republicans who were launching to play the leading role in creating the arms control regime. After Dick Luger left the Senate, are there any Republican senators who are supporting arms control regime? And looking at the Republican platform, one gets the feeling that there is no arms control regime, arms control treaties the Republican Party will support. Of course, if the Republican president, and you have now the Republican president or a Republican president, will propose some arms control initiatives, Republicans will probably support him. But we see that the so-called defense hawks in the Senate and in the House already, well, threaten that they would not permit any arms control agreement, and that's in particular related to the bill which was introduced a month ago by Senator Cotton which suggests that the United States should deploy both defensive and defensive medium-range weapons and even give them to Page 11 of 17

American allies, presuming Germany and others. There is another element which creates uncertainty, and that, fundamental changes which the Republicans made in the National Missile Defense Act of 1999. It was in 1999 that this act defined the purpose of the BMD as limited defenses. So the word "limited" was dropped out last year and replaced by robust layered defenses including a suggestion that the United States should test and deploy space-based defenses. Of course, well, that's a big concern for Russia and many people in Russia are beginning to believe in the worst case scenario. Worst case scenario happens seldom, but the present uncertainty and the situation when we accuse each other of violation of legally binding obligations is not a very positive environment for preservation and strengthening of the arms control regime. KIMBALL: Ambassador Schmid? SCHMID: Coming back to your question, the zero option, I would (inaudible) what Daryl has just said. This is stated in Article 6 of the NPT, and that's why it's not the free choice of the member states to adhere to it or not. But there is something more to it. This was an obligation undertaken by the nuclear weapon states. In exchange for it, the non-nuclear weapon states renounced the acquisition of nuclear weapons. I think we should never forget this. This was the bargain. And, of course, everybody knew that this objective of a zero option could only be reached step by step and not tomorrow morning. But -- and I would recall what I've just said before, as soon as we face the risk that there would be no arms control instrument, of course, non-nuclear weapon states would see this as a noncompliance to the obligation of the other side under the NPT. PIFER: Just coming back to the point about what Chris Ford said yesterday, my assumption is that when he said at least through February 2018 an abundance of caution to preserve the flexibility for the administration. I personally am very confident that we'll observe the New START Treaty up through 2021 and the evidence I would offer is that we saw just a couple of days ago a press report saying that the Air Force intends to complete the removal of another 50 ICBMs by April, which would bring the U.S. ICBM force down to 400. That is the New START planned force. If, in fact, the Trump administration wanted to keep all options open after February of 2018, they might have slowed that program down to give themselves options to go beyond New START. So I'm not sure that the administration has a decision yet about what happens after 2021, but I have a fair degree of confidence that the administration would adhere to New START through 2021. KIMBALL: All right. Any other thoughts, questions? Yes, sir, in the back. QUESTION: (OFF-MIKE) KIMBALL: A good question. So the question I think was do the non-nuclear weapon states of the world, the majority, do they continue to believe in forswearing nuclear weapons given some of the difficulties that we now see with respect to the nuclear armed states not fulfilling their responsibilities on disarmament? SCHMID: As you -- as you can see, today I think the way that non-nuclear weapon states would go is not to rearm as well. But if you look at the ban initiative, they try to find ways and means in order to reinforce efforts to disarm nuclearly (ph). You can discuss if the ways and means they found so far are adequate ones, very helpful ones. We -- our German position, for instance, the government's position is that this is not very helpful. It could damage the NPD a well and that will sure speak for the step-by-step approach. But it's quite obvious that if even the step-by-step approach doesn't work, then there will be reactions of the new nuclear weapon states vis-a-vis the NPT. And I don't think, this is my personal view, that they would like to rearm, but I think they will try to find ways and means to circumvent the NPT. This could be a serious risk and this wouldn't be a positive news for all of us. Page 12 of 17

KIMBALL: Yes. Steve? PIFER: I would add that if you look at the two most significant nuclear proliferation challenges we seen now which would be North Korea and Iran, if the United States abandons its commitments to reduce nuclear weapons and ultimately move towards their elimination, if we move away from that, it will greatly diminish both the diplomatic and the moral authority of the United States to mobilize pressure on the part of third countries against Iran and North Korea. So there's a very big risk in terms of our ability to contain proliferation in those cases where it perhaps is moving forward. KIMBALL: And, yes, and I would agree with that and we should also remember that we can't judge the effects of this in the short-term very well. We need to think about the long term. And we have to remember, the NPT was created in 1968. There was a conference in 1995 about whether to extend it or not. It was decided that it would be extended indefinitely. We're now approaching the 50th anniversary of the NPT. We have to think in these long timelines. So what will happen 25 years from now if -- but I'll agree with Steve that it would diminish the U.S. moral authority, the Russians' moral authority if they're not making good faith progress on disarmament with respect to other states. Yes? QUESTION: (inaudible) and this is about North Korea. To what extent does North Korea's continuing development of ballistic missiles and the outcome of current confrontation over that program affect the U.S.-Russia issues, the U.S.-Russia agenda that you've been discussing? KIMBALL: Oh, I can take a crack at that, but if others want to contemplate that. I mean I would -I would say that, you know, if North Korea's nuclear missile program is not halted in the near term, and I think that requires pressure, more effective sanctions and engagement, if that does not occur they're going to have the ability to strike Japan, South Korea, even China and U.S. forces in the region with nuclear armed ballistic missiles. They may not have an ICBM for several years even if they begin testing it in 2017. What does that do? I don't that affects directly the U.S.-Russia dynamics. I think it would gravely affect U.S.-Chinese dynamics and that may, in the longer run, affect U.S.-Russia dynamics. And what I mean is that, you know, as, if North Korea advances its nuclear and missile capabilities, the U.S., South Korean and Japanese response is going to be to install ever more capable missile interceptor systems. Right now it's THAAD which is a relatively modest system. The radar there actually can't detect all North Korean ballistic missile launches. It's not the most effective system. But there are more effective systems that are available, the AEGIS system on destroyers. And if the North Koreans pursue an ICBM, I think one of the likely responses or impulses of the United States would be to bolster the ground-based ballistic missile interceptor capability in Alaska, which is actually quite minimal at the moment. So, you know, that is going to lead to a Chinese reaction, a very negative one. And, you know, if China begins to increase its nuclear capabilities, I think Russia will have to pay attention, and it will make Russia far less interested in deeper nuclear reductions with the United States because it will continue, as Sergey said, to remind the world that, "Well, we don't just have the United States and NATO to worry about, we have these third countries that happen to be on our border." So, you know, the North Korean proliferation challenge does have serious ramifications for in the long run, the U.S.-Russia risk reduction agenda we're talking about. Ambassador Schmid, you had some thoughts. SCHMID: Just adding a question to this. Of course, once you get North Korea with ICBMs, you need a missile defense against the ICBMs. And this would be a worldwide missile defense. Page 13 of 17