U.S. Deprtment of Justice Office of Justice Progrms Bureu of Justice Sttistics Bulletin Prisoners in 21 July 22, NCJ 195189 By Pige M. Hrrison nd Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. BJS Sttisticins The totl numer of prisoners under the jurisdiction of Federl or Stte dult correctionl uthorities ws 1,46,31 t yerend 21. During the yer the Sttes dded 3,193 prisoners, nd the Federl prison system dded 11,577 prisoners. Overll, the Ntion=s prison popultion grew 1.1%, which ws less thn the verge nnul growth of 3.8% since yerend 1995. During 21 the prison popultion rose t the lowest rte since 1972 nd hd the smllest solute increse since 1979. The rte of incrcertion in prison t yerend 21 ws 47 sentenced inmtes per 1, U.S. residents C up from 411 in 1995. Aout 1 in every 112 men nd 1 in every 1,724 women were sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl uthorities. Overll, the United Sttes incrcerted 2,1,146 persons t yerend 21. This totl represents persons held in C C Federl nd Stte prisons (1,324,465, which excludes Stte nd Federl prisoners in locl jils) C territoril prisons (15,852) C locl jils (631,24) C fcilities operted y or exclusively for the U.S. Immigrtion nd Nturliztion Service (8,761) C militry fcilities (2,436) C jils in Indin country (1,912) C juvenile fcilities (18,965 s of Octoer 1999). Highlights Decemer 31 Numer of inmtes Federl Stte 199 65,526 1995 1,25 1999 135,246 2 145,416 21 156,993 Not ville. 78,393 1,25,624 1,228,455 1,245,845 1,249,38 2 32 42 44 48 During 21, 1 Sttes experienced prison popultion decreses, led y New Jersey (down 5.5%), followed y Uth (-5.2%), (- 3.8%), nd Texs (-2.8%). Other Sttes hd increses, led y West Virgini (up 9.3%), Alsk (8.9%), Idho (8.5%), Oregon (8.3%), nd Hwii (7.9%). Between July 1, 21, nd Decemer 31, 21, the numer of inmtes under Stte jurisdiction declined y 3,75 inmtes (down.3%), repeting the sme pttern of decline first oserved in the lst 6 months of 2. The Federl Bureu of Prisons continued to grow rpidly, up 4,25 inmtes since midyer 21. At yerend 21, the Federl system ws the third lrgest prison system, ehind Texs (162,7) nd Cliforni (159,444). If growth rtes remin unchnged, the Federl system will e the lrgest y yerend 22. At yerend 21, privtely operted fcilities housed 91,828 inmtes (5.8% of Stte nd 12.3% of Federl inmtes); locl jils housed 7,681 Stte nd Federl inmtes (5.% of ll prisoners). Sentenced prisoners per 1, resident popultion Federl Stte 272 379 434 425 422 Popultion housed s percent of highest cpcity Federl Stte 126% 132 131 131 115% 114 11 1 11 On Decemer 31, 21, Stte prisons were operting etween 1% nd 16% ove cpcity, while Federl prisons were operting t 31% ove cpcity. At yerend 21, 93,31 women were in Stte or Federl prisons 6.6% of ll prison inmtes. Since 1995 the numer of mle prisoners hs grown 24% (reching 1,313, in 21), while the numer of femle prisoners hs incresed 36%. At yerend 2, 49% of Stte prisoners were serving time for violent offenses, up from 46% in 199. Violent offenders ccounted for 55% of the increse mong mle inmtes nd 33% of the increse mong femle inmtes. Among the more thn 1.3 million sentenced inmtes t yerend 21, n estimted 441,7 were lck mles etween the ges of 2 nd 39. At yerend 21, 1.% of lck mles ge 25 to 29 were in prison, compred to 2.9% of Hispnic mles nd 1.2% of white mles in the sme ge group.
More thn 1.96 million in prisons nd locl jils On Decemer 31, 21, 1,324,465 inmtes were in the custody of Stte nd Federl prison uthorities, nd 631,24 were in the custody of locl jil uthorities (tle 1). Since yerend 2 the totl incrcerted popultion hs incresed y 24,738. Including inmtes in pulic nd privtely operted fcilities, the numer of inmtes in Stte prisons incresed Percent chnge, 2-21 1.3% 7.%.4% during 21; the numer in Federl prisons, 7.%; nd in locl jils, 1.6%. During 21 the totl incrcerted popultion grew 1.3% C out third of the nnul verge (3.6%) since 1995. The rte of incrcertion in prison nd jil ws 686 inmtes per 1, residents in 21, up from 61 in 1995. At yerend 21, 1 in every 146 U.S. residents were incrcerted in Stte or Federl prison or locl jil..4% 1.6% Averge nnul increse, 1995-21 3.6% 8.2% 3.% 3.7% Note: Counts include ll inmtes held in pulic nd privte dult correctionl fcilities. Jil counts for 1995-21 exclude persons supervised outside of jil fcility. Numer of prison nd jil inmtes per 1, U.S. residents t yerend. Rtes for 2 hve een revised using estimtes sed on the 2 Census of Popultion nd Housing. In 1999, 15 Sttes expnded their reporting criteri to include inmtes held in privtely operted correctionl fcilities. For comprisons with previous yers, the Stte count 1,137,544 nd the totl count 1,869,169 should e used. c Totl counts include Federl inmtes in non-secure privtely operted fcilities (6,515 in 21 nd 6,143 in 2). Percent chnge during 6-month periods in the numer of prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte correctionl uthorities, 1995-21 Percent chnge 5% 4% 3% U.S. prison popultion rose 1.1% during 21 the smllest nnul growth rte since 1972 The 21 growth in the numer of inmtes under Stte or Federl jurisdiction (1.1%) ws lower thn the percentge increse recorded during 2 (1.3%) nd the lowest nnul rte recorded since 1972 (tle 2). The popultion under the jurisdiction of Stte nd Federl uthorities incresed y 14,77 inmtes during 21, lower thn the increse in 2 (up 18,191). Since Decemer 31, 1995, the prison popultion hs grown n verge of 41,919 inmtes per yer. Since 1995 the overll growth of the Ntion s prison popultion hs stedily slowed (figure 1). Annul growth rtes dropped from 6.7% in 1995 to 1.1% in 21. In solute numers, the nnul increse in prisoners under Stte or Federl jurisdiction fell from 71,172 in 1995 to 14,77 in 21. Tle 2. Chnge in the Stte nd Federl prison popultions, 1995-21 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 Averge nnul increse, 1995-21 37,57 Annul increse in the numer of prisoners Percent Custody Jurisdiction chnge* 88,395 71,172 6.7% 49,222 57,494 5.1 48,8 58,785 5. 47,95 58,42 4.7 36,957 43,796 3.4 25,182 18,191 1.3 14,275 14,77 1.1 41,919 3.8% Note: In yers in which Sttes chnged their reporting methods, counts sed on comprle methods were used to clculte the nnul increse nd percent chnge. See Methodology for chnges y Stte. *Chnge in the numer of prisoners under Stte nd Federl jurisdiction. 2% 1% % -1% Tle 1. Numer of persons held in Stte or Federl prisons or in locl jils, 199-21 Prisoners in custody on Totl inmtes Decemer 31 Inmtes in jil Incrcerin custody Federl Stte on June 3 tion rte 199 1,148,72 58,838 684,544 45,32 458 1995 1,585,586 89,538 989,4 57,44 61 1996 1,646,2 95,88 1,32,44 518,492 618 1997 1,743,643 11,755 1,74,89 567,79 648 1998 1,816,931 11,793 1,113,676 592,462 669 1999 1,893,115 125,682 1,161,49 65,943 691 2 c 1,937,482 133,921 1,176,269 621,149 684 21 c 1,962,22 143,337 1,181,128 631,24 686 Jn.- June July- Dec. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 Figure 1 2 Prisoners in 21
Twelve Sttes reported increses of t lest 5% during 21; 1 Sttes reported decreses Between Jnury 1 nd Decemer 31, West Virgini experienced the lrgest increse (up 9.3%), followed y Alsk (8.9%), Idho (8.5%), nd Oregon (8.3%) (tle 3). Ten Sttes experienced decline in prison popultions. New Jersey hd the lrgest decline (down 5.5%), followed y Uth (down 5.2%), (down 3.8%), Texs (down 2.8%), nd Cliforni (down 2.2%). The District of Columi (down 63.1%) trnsferred responsiility for sentenced felons to the Federl Bureu of Prisons. (See pge 4.) In solute numers of inmtes, 1 jurisdictions grew y t lest 1, inmtes. The Federl system (up 11,577), experienced the lrgest growth, followed y Georgi (up 1,75), nd Tennessee (up 1,55). Four Sttes hd decreses of t lest 1, inmtes. Texs (down 4,649) experienced the gretest decline, followed y Cliforni (down 3,557), (down 2,665), nd New Jersey (down 1,642). In the lst 6 months of 21, the Stte prison popultion declined out 3,7 inmtes Between July 1, 21, nd Decemer 31, 21, the numer of inmtes under Stte jurisdiction dropped.3% (from 1,252,743 t midyer to 1,249,38 t yerend). At the sme time the Federl popultion continued to grow (up 2.8% from midyer 21). In the lst 6 months of 21, the Federl popultion rose 4,25, compred to n increse of 7,372 inmtes in the first 6 months. Prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl correctionl uthorities, 1999-21 Dte Stte* Federl 6/3/99 1,224,44 13,378 12/31/99 1,228,455 135,246 6/3/ 1,248,414 142,53 12/31/ 1,245,845 145,416 6/3/1 1,252,743 152,788 12/31/1 1,249,38 156,993 *See Prison nd Jil Inmtes t Midyer 21 (NCJ 19172) for Stte counts for June 3, 2, nd 21. Tle 3. Prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl correctionl uthorities, y region nd jurisdiction, June 3, 2 to Decemer 31, 21 Region nd jurisdiction U.S. totl Federl Stte 12/31/1 1,46,31 156,993 1,249,38 6/3/1 Totl 12/31/ 1,45,531 1,391,261 152,788 145,416 1,252,743 1,245,845 6/3/ 1,39,944 142,53 1,248,414 12/31/- 12/31/1 Percent chnge 1.1% 8..3 Northest 172,614 172,925 174,826 177,965-1.3% -.2% Connecticut 19,196 18,875 18,355 18,616 4.6 1.7 Mine 1,74 1,693 1,679 1,715 1.5.6 Msschusetts 1,62 1,734 1,722 11,15-1.1-1.2 New Hmpshire 2,392 2,323 2,257 2,254 6. 3. New Jersey 28,142 28,18 29,784 31,81-5.5.1 67,534 69,158 7,199 71,691-3.8-2.3 Pennsylvni 38,62 37,15 36,847 36,617 3.3 2.6 Rhode Islnd 3,241 3,147 3,286 3,186-1.4 3. Vermont 1,741 1,782 1,697 1,655 2.6-2.3 Midwest 24,739 24,213 237,378 236,84 1.4%.2% Illinois 44,348 45,629 45,281 44,819-2.1-2.8 Indin 2,966 2,576 2,125 19,874 4.2 1.9 Iow 7,962 8,11 7,955 7,646.1-1.7 Knss 8,577 8,543 8,344 8,78 2.8.4 Michign 48,849 48,371 47,718 47,317 2.4 1. Minnesot 6,66 6,514 6,238 6,219 5.9 1.4 Missouri 28,757 28,167 27,543 27,292 4.4 2.1 Nersk 3,937 3,944 3,895 3,663 1.1 -.2 North Dkot 1,111 1,8 1,76 1,4 3.3 2.9 Ohio 45,281 45,684 45,833 46,838-1.2 -.9 South Dkot 2,812 2,673 2,616 2,571 7.5 5.2 Wisconsin 21,533 2,931 2,754 2,781 3.8 2.9 South 562,239 563,818 561,214 561,583.2% -.3% Alm 26,741 27,286 26,332 25,786 1.6-2. Arknss 12,159 12,332 11,915 11,559 2. -1.4 Delwre 7,6 7,122 6,921 7,43 1.2-1.6 Dist. of Columi,c 2,75 5,388 7,456 8,575-63.1-49. Florid 72,46 72,7 71,319 71,233 1.5.6 Georgi 45,937 45,363 44,232 43,626 3.9 1.3 Kentucky 15,424 15,4 14,919 15,444 3.4.2 Louisin 35,71 35,494 35,27 34,734 1.4.6 Mrylnd 23,752 23,97 23,538 23,74.9 -.9 Mississippi 21,46 2,672 2,241 19,264 6. 3.8 North Crolin 31,979 31,142 31,266 31,7 2.3 2.7 Oklhom 22,78 23,139 23,181 23,9-1.7-1.6 South Crolin 22,576 22,267 21,778 22,154 3.7 1.4 Tennessee 23,671 23,168 22,166 22,566 6.8 2.2 Texs 162,7 164,465 166,719 168,126-2.8-1.5 Virgini 31,63 3,473 3,168 29,89 4.8 3.7 West Virgini 4,215 4,13 3,856 3,8 9.3 2.1 West 273,446 275,787 272,427 272,62.4% -.8% Alsk 4,546 4,197 4,173 4,25 8.9 8.3 Arizon 27,71 27,136 26,51 26,287 4.5 2.1 Cliforni 159,444 163,965 163,1 164,49-2.2-2.8 Colordo 17,448 17,122 16,833 16,319 3.7 1.9 Hwii 5,454 5,412 5,53 5,51 7.9.8 Idho 6,6 5,688 5,535 5,465 8.5 5.6 Montn 3,328 3,25 3,15 3,39 7.2 2.4 Nevd 1,21 1,291 1,63 9,92 1.4 -.9 New Mexico 5,668 5,288 5,342 5,277 6.1 7.2 Oregon 11,455 11,77 1,58 1,313 8.3 3.4 Uth 5,343 5,44 5,637 5,45-5.2-1.8 Wshington 15,159 15,242 14,915 14,74 1.6 -.5 Wyoming 1,684 1,679 1,68 1,722.2.3 Prisons nd jils form one integrted system. Dt include totl jil nd prison popultion. Popultion figures re sed on custody counts. (See Jurisdiction notes.) c Responsiility for sentenced felons ws trnsferred to the Federl Bureu of Prisons. (See Jurisdiction notes.) 6/3/1-12/31/1.% 2.8 -.3 Prisoners in 21 3
Tle 4. Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl correctionl uthorities, yerend 2 nd 21 Region nd jurisdiction U.S. totl Federl Stte Northest 163,639 166,632-1.8% 34 Connecticut 13,276 13,155.9 387 Mine 1,641 1,635.4 127 Msschusetts 9,358 9,479-1.3 243 New Hmpshire 2,392 2,257 6. 188 New Jersey c 28,142 29,784-5.5 331 67,534 7,199-3.8 355 Pennsylvni 38,57 36,844 3.3 31 Rhode Islnd 1,926 1,966-2. 181 Vermont 1,313 1,313. 213 Midwest 239,678 236,458 1.4% 37 Illinois c 44,348 45,281-2.1 355 Indin 2,883 19,811 5.4 341 Iow c 7,962 7,955.1 272 Knss c 8,577 8,344 2.8 318 Michign 48,849 47,718 2.4 488 Minnesot 6,66 6,238 5.9 132 Missouri 28,736 27,519 4.4 59 Nersk 3,865 3,816 1.3 225 North Dkot 1,17 994 2.3 161 Ohio c 45,281 45,833-1.2 398 South Dkot 2,83 2,613 7.3 37 Wisconsin 2,751 2,336 2. 383 South 539,58 537,86.5% 526 Alm 26,138 24,123 584 Arknss 12,76 11,851 1.9 447 Delwre 4,34 3,937 2.5 54 Dist. of Columi d 795 5,8 Florid 72,398 71,318 1.5 437 Georgi 45,94 44,141 4. 542 Kentucky 15,14 14,919 1.2 371 Louisin 35,71 35,27 1.4 8 Mrylnd 22,842 22,49 1.6 422 Mississippi 2,476 19,239 6.4 715 North Crolin 27,632 27,43 2.2 335 Oklhom c 22,78 23,181-1.7 658 South Crolin 21,66 21,17 2.8 529 Tennessee c 23,671 22,166 6.8 411 Texs c 153,56 158,8-3.1 711 Virgini 31,194 29,643 5.2 431 West Virgini 4,164 3,795 9.7 231 West Alsk Arizon Cliforni Colordo Hwii Idho Montn Nevd New Mexico Oregon Uth Wshington Wyoming Sentenced prisoners Advnce 21 2 1,344,512 136,59 125,44 1,28,3 1,24,323 265,16 1,92 26,463 157,295 17,448 3,67 6,6 3,328 1,21 5,48 11,413 5,25 15,2 1,684 1,329,367 264,147 2,128 25,412 16,412 16,833 3,553 5,535 3,15 1,63 4,666 1,553 5,541 14,666 1,68 Percent chnge, 2-1 1.1% 9.2.3.4% -9.8 4.1-1.9 3.7 3.3 8.5 7.2 1.4 15.9 8.1-5.3 2.4.2 Incrcertion rte, 21 47 48 422 48 3 492 453 391 298 451 368 474 295 327 23 249 34 Not clculted. Prisoners with sentences of more thn 1 yer per 1, residents. The incrcertion rte includes n estimted 6,2 inmtes sentenced to more thn 1 yer ut held in locl jils or houses of corrections. c Includes some inmtes sentenced to 1 yer or less. d Responsiility for sentenced felons ws trnsferred to the Federl Bureu of Prisons. (See Jurisdiction notes.) Since Jnury 1, 1995, 6-month growth rtes for ll Sttes comined hve dropped shrply. In ddition, growth rtes in the first hlf of ech yer hve een sustntilly lrger thn rtes in the second hlf. At the sme time, Federl growth rtes rose, reching pek of 6.% in the first 6 months of 1999. Since then, growth in the first hlf of ech yer slowed (to 5.4% in 2 nd 5.1% in 21). 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 Federl growth rtes in 6-month intervls Jnury-June July-Decemer 4.7%.8% 3.5 1.8 4.4 2.6 5.3 3.5 6. 3.7 5.4 2. 5.1 2.8 Federl nd Stte growth ffected y the trnsfer of sentenced felons from the District of Columi The trnsfer of responsiility for sentenced felons from the District of Columi to the Federl system ws completed y yerend 21. Since June 3, 2, the inmte popultion in the District of Columi hs dropped y 5,825 inmtes (down 68% in 18 months). On Decemer 31, 21, the Federl system held 6,93 inmtes from the District of Columi, up from 4,486 on June 3, 21, nd 2,858 on Decemer 31, 2. Approximtely 58% of the growth in the Federl system in the lst 6 months of 21 ws the result of this trnsfer of responsiility. Excluding the shift of inmtes from the District of Columi to the Federl system, the overll drop in the Stte prison popultion in the lst 6 months of 21 totled 1,261 inmtes ( decline of.1%). Sentenced Federl inmte popultion rose 9.2% during the lst 12 months Prisoners with sentences of more thn 1 yer (Asentenced prisoners@) represented 97% of the totl Stte prison popultion nd 87% of the Federl prison popultion t yerend 21. During the 12-month period, the sentenced prison popultion grew 1.1% (tle 4). The remining prisoners hd sentences of yer or less or were currently unsentenced. While the Stte sentenced prison popultion rose.3% during 21, the sentenced Federl prison popultion grew 9.2%. The Federl prison system dded 11,465 sentenced prisoners C the equivlent of more thn 22 new inmtes per week. 4 Prisoners in 21
Prison incrcertion rtes continue to rise The incrcertion rte of Stte nd Federl prisoners sentenced to more thn 1 yer ws 47 per 1, U.S. residents t yerend 21, up from 469 t yerend 2. Rtes of incrcertion hve risen stedily. Previously pulished rtes hve chnged s result of shifting to popultion estimtes from the 2 decennil census. Estimtes (in 1, s) of U.S. resident popultion t yerend Numer of sentenced inmtes per 1, U.S. residents t yerend 199 Census 2 Census* 199 Census 2 Census 1999 274,51 281,89 476 463 2 276,578 283,461 481 469 21 286,2 47 Not clculted. *The resident popultion for yerend 1999 ws estimted y clculting the monthly growth rte from April 1, 2, to July 1, 2, nd ssuming constnt rte for the 3 months prior to the April count. Incrcertion rtes prior to yerend 2 were sed on popultion estimtes using the 199 Census of Popultion nd Housing. The rte t yerend 1999 ws 476 per 1,. However, if the 2 census hd een used to estimte the yerend 1999 resident popultion, the revised incrcertion rte would hve een 463. Of the 12 Sttes with rtes greter thn tht for the Ntion t yerend 21, 8 were in the South, 2 were in the West, nd 2 were in the Midwest. Two Sttes C Mine (127) nd Minnesot (132) C hd rtes tht were less thn third the ntionl rte. The District of Columi, wholly urn jurisdiction, ws not clculted due to the trnsfer of responsiility of sentenced felons to the Federl system. Since 1995 the numer of sentenced prisoners per 1, residents hs risen from 411 to 47. During this period, incrcertion rtes rose most in the South (from 483 to 526) nd West (from 358 to 48). The rte in the Midwest rose from 31 to 37, nd the rte in the Northest grew slightly from 31 to 34. The numer of sentenced Federl prisoners per 1, U.S. residents incresed from 32 to 48. Since 1995 the sentenced inmte popultion in Stte prisons hs grown 21% (tle 5). During this period 1 Sttes incresed their sentenced inmte popultions y t lest 5%, led y North Dkot (up 87%), Idho (up 81%), nd Oregon (up 75%). Between 1995 nd 21 the Federl system reported n dditionl 52,846 inmtes sentenced to more thn yer, n increse of 63%. Tle 5. Chnge in the numer of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl correctionl uthorities, 1995-21 Region nd jurisdiction U.S. totl Federl Stte 1995-21 Popultion Percent difference chnge 259,49 52,846 26,644 23.9% 63.2% 2.6 Averge nnul percent chnge 3.6% 8.5% 3.2 Northest 8,69 5.6%.9% Connecticut 2,857 27.4 4.1 Mine 315 23.8 3.6 Msschusetts, -1,69-1.3-1.8 New Hmpshire 377 18.7 2.9 New Jersey 1,76 4..7-952 -1.4 -.2 Pennsylvni 5,647 17.4 2.7 Rhode Islnd 93 5.1.8 Vermont 265 25.3 3.8 Midwest 47,51 24.7% 3.7% Illinois 6,69 17.8 2.8 Indin 4,837 3.1 4.5 Iow 2,56 34.8 5.1 Knss 1,523 21.6 3.3 Michign 7,737 18.8 2.9 Minnesot 1,76 36.3 5.3 Missouri 9,62 5.2 7. Nersk 859 28.6 4.3 North Dkot 473 86.9 11. Ohio 618 1.4.2 South Dkot 932 49.8 7. Wisconsin 1,414 South 93,89 2.8% 3.2% Alm 6,8 29.8 4.4 Arknss 3,556 41.7 6. Delwre 1,2 33.8 5. Dist. of Columi c -8,247 Florid 8,532 13.4 2.1 Georgi 11,736 34.3 5. Kentucky 3,44 25.2 3.8 Louisin 1,515 41.7 6. Mrylnd 2,392 11.7 1.9 Mississippi 8,225 67.1 8.9 North Crolin -282-1. -.2 Oklhom 4,629 25.5 3.9 South Crolin 2,591 13.6 2.2 Tennessee 8,465 55.7 7.7 Texs 25,29 19.8 3.1 Virgini 3,934 14.4 2.3 West Virgini 1,681 67.7 9. West 57,445 27.7% 4.2% Alsk -122-6. -1. Arizon 6,172 3.4 4.5 Cliforni 25,55 19.4 3. Colordo 6,385 57.7 7.9 Hwii 1,8 41.7 6. Idho 2,678 8.5 1.3 Montn 1,329 66.5 8.9 Nevd 2,488 32.3 4.8 New Mexico 1,483 37.8 5.5 Oregon 4,898 75.2 9.8 Uth 1,83 52.3 7.3 Wshington 3,412 29.4 4.4 Wyoming 289 2.7 3.2 Not clculted, ecuse of chnges in reporting procedures. Growth my e slightly overestimted due to chnge in reporting from custody to jurisdiction counts. Excludes sentenced inmtes held in locl jils or houses of corrections. c Responsiility for sentenced felons ws trnsferred to the Federl Bureu of Prisons. Prisoners in 21 5
Tle 6. The 1 highest nd lowest jurisdictions for selected chrcteristics of the prison popultion, yerend 21 Prison popultion 1 highest: Texs Cliforni Federl Florid Michign Georgi Ohio Illinois Pennsylvni Numer of inmtes 162,7 159,444 156,933 72,46 67,534 48,849 45,937 45,281 44,348 38,62 Incrcertion rtes, 21 Louisin Mississippi Texs Oklhom Alm Georgi South Crolin Missouri Delwre Arizon Rte per 1, Stte residents 8 715 711 658 584 542 529 59 54 492 1-yer growth, 2-21 West Virgini Alsk Idho Oregon Federl Hwii South Dkot Montn Tennessee New Mexico Percent chnge 9.3% 8.9 8.5 8.3 8. 7.9 7.5 7.2 6.8 6.1 Growth since 1995 North Dkot Idho Oregon West Virgini Montn Mississippi Federl Colordo Tennessee Uth Averge percent chnge 11.% 1.3 9.8 9. 8.9 8.9 8.5 7.9 7.7 7.3 1 lowest: North Dkot Wyoming Mine Vermont New Hmpshire South Dkot Rhode Islnd Montn Nersk West Virgini 1,111 1,684 1,74 1,741 2,392 2,812 3,241 3,328 3,937 4,215 Mine Minnesot North Dkot Rhode Islnd New Hmpshire Vermont Nersk Uth West Virgini Msschusetts 127 132 161 181 188 213 225 23 231 243 New Jersey Uth Texs Cliforni Illinois Oklhom Rhode Islnd Ohio Msschusetts -5.5% -5.2-3.8-2.8-2.2-2.1-1.7-1.4-1.2-1.1 Msschusetts Alsk Ohio New Jersey Rhode Islnd Mrylnd Florid South Crolin Virgini -1.8% -1. -.2.2.7.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 The numer of prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer per 1, residents in the Stte popultion. The Federl Bureu of Prisons nd the District of Columi re excluded. The verge nnul percent chnge from 1995 to 21 in sentenced prisoners. Louisin hd the highest incrcertion rte; Mine, the lowest At yerend 21 the 1 jurisdictions with the lrgest prison popultions hd under their jurisdiction 84,864 inmtes, 6% of the Ntion's totl prison popultion (tle 6). Texs (162,7), Cliforni (159,444), nd the Federl system (156,933) held third of the popultion. The 1 Sttes with the smllest prison popultions collectively held 1.8% of the Ntion=s totl prison popultion. Louisin hd the highest prison incrcertion rte (8 sentenced inmtes per 1, residents), followed y Mississippi (715), Texs (711), nd Oklhom (658). Six Sttes hd prison incrcertion rtes elow 2, led y Mine (127), Minnesot (132), nd North Dkot (161). Since 1995 two Sttes hd verge nnul prison popultion increses of t lest 1% C North Dkot (11%) nd Idho (1.3%). Msschusetts (-1.8%), Alsk (-1%), nd (-.2%) hd decreses. Mle nd femle incrcertion rtes stle from yerend 2 to 21 During 21 the numer of women under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl prison uthorities decresed y.2%, while the numer of men incrcerted in Stte or Federl prison rose 1.2% (tle 7). At yerend 21 there were 93,31 women nd 1,313, men in Stte or Federl prisons. Since 1995 the nnul rte of growth of the femle inmte popultion hs verged 5.2%, higher thn the 3.7% verge increse in the numer of mle inmtes. While the totl numer of mle prisoners hs grown 24% since 1995, the numer of femle prisoners hs incresed 36%. By yerend 21 women ccounted for 6.6% of ll prisoners, up from 6.1% in 1995. Reltive to their numer in the U.S. resident popultion, men were out 15 times more likely thn women to e incrcerted in Stte or Federl prison. At yerend 21 there were 58 sentenced femle inmtes per 1, women in the United Sttes, compred to 896 sentenced mle inmtes per 1, men. Tle 7. Prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl correctionl uthorities, y gender, yerend 1995, 2, nd 21 All inmtes Advnce 21 Finl 2 Finl 1995 Percent chnge, 2-21 Averge nnul 1995-21 Sentenced to more thn 1 yer Advnce 21 Finl 2 Percent chnge, 2-21 Incrcertion rte* 21 1995 Men 1,313, 1,298,27 1,57,46 1.2% 3.7 1,259,481 1,246,234 1.1% 896 789 Women 93,31 93,234 68,468 -.2% 5.2 85,31 85,44.% 58 47 *The numer of prisoners with sentences of more thn 1 yer per 1, residents on Decemer 31. 6 Prisoners in 21
Tle 8. Women under the jurisdiction of Stte or Federl correctionl uthorities,1995-21 Region nd jurisdiction U.S. totl Federl Stte Numer of femle inmtes 21 2 1995 93,31 1,973 82,58 93,234 68,468 1,245 7,398 82,989 61,7 Percent chnge 2 to Averge, 21 1995 to 1 -.2% 7.1-1.1 5.2% 6.8 5. Incrcertion rte, 21 Northest 9,111 9,82 8,41.3% 1.4% 29 Connecticut 1,447 1,46 975 2.9 6.8 46 Mine 59 66 36-1.6 8.6 8 Msschusetts c 716 663 656 8. 1.5 13 New Hmpshire 129 12 19 7.5 2.8 2 New Jersey 1,628 1,65 1,37-1.3 3.7 37 3,133 3,28 3,615-4.5-2.4 32 Pennsylvni 1,711 1,579 1,52 8.4 2.2 27 Rhode Islnd 193 238 157-18.9 3.5 1 Vermont 95 8 44 18.8 13.7 18 Midwest 14,878 14,598 1,864 1.9% 5.4% 45 Illinois 2,747 2,849 2,196-3.6 3.8 43 Indin c 1,542 1,452 892 6.2 9.6 49 Iow 635 592 425 7.3 6.9 43 Knss 497 54 449-1.4 1.7 36 Michign c 2,149 2,131 1,842.8 2.6 42 Minnesot 383 368 217 4.1 9.9 15 Missouri 2,124 1,993 1,174 6.6 1.4 73 Nersk 342 266 211 28.6 8.4 38 North Dkot 11 68 29 48.5 23.1 27 Ohio 2,829 2,88 2,793.7.2 49 South Dkot 222 2 134 11. 8.8 58 Wisconsin 1,37 1,367 52-4.4 17.3 47 South 39,138 39,652 27,366-1.3% 6.1% 68 Alm 1,783 1,826 1,295-2.4 5.5 74 Arknss 793 772 523 2.7 7.2 57 Delwre 591 597 358-1. 8.7 62 Dist. of Columi 189 356 494 Florid 4,281 4,15 3,66 4.3 2.6 5 Georgi 2,834 2,758 2,36 2.8 5.7 66 Kentucky 1,138 1,61 734 7.3 7.6 52 Louisin 2,262 2,219 1,424 1.9 8. 99 Mrylnd 1,27 1,219 1,79-1. 1.9 38 Mississippi 1,823 1,669 791 9.2 14.9 113 North Crolin c 2,15 1,93 1,752 5.9 2.4 35 Oklhom 2,29 2,394 1,815-4.3 4. 13 South Crolin 1,59 1,42 1,45 6.3 6.3 65 Tennessee c 1,468 1,369 637 7.2 14.9 5 Texs 12,369 13,622 7,935-9.2 7.7 96 Virgini 2,24 2,59 1,659 8.8 5.1 59 West Virgini 346 33 129 14.2 17.9 36 West 18,931 19,657 14,439-3.7% 4.6% 55 Alsk 376 284 243 32.4 7.5 53 Arizon 2,168 1,964 1,432 1.4 7.2 72 Cliforni c 9,921 11,161 9,82-11.1 1.5 55 Colordo 1,375 1,333 713 3.2 11.6 62 Hwii 616 561 312 9.8 12. 65 Idho 563 493 212 14.2 17.7 84 Montn 363 36 112 18.6 21.7 79 Nevd 839 846 53 -.8 8. 78 New Mexico 517 511 278 1.2 1.9 5 Oregon 663 596 465 11.2 6.1 37 Uth 316 381 161-17.1 11.9 26 Wshington 1,79 1,65 793 1.3 5.3 35 Wyoming c 135 156 16-13.5 4.1 54 58 6 52 Over third of ll femle prisoners were held in the 3 lrgest jurisdictions Texs (12,369), the Federl system (1,973), nd Cliforni (9,921) held more thn third of ll femle inmtes (tle 8). Oklhom (with 13 sentenced femle inmtes per 1, femle Stte residents), Mississippi (113), Louisin (99), nd Texs (96) hd the highest femle incrcertion rtes. Those with the lowest femle incrcertion rte were concentrted in the Northest: Mine (with 8 sentenced femle prisoners per 1, femle residents), Rhode Islnd (1), nd Msschusetts (13). Since 1995 the femle prisoner popultion hs grown t n nnul verge rte of t lest 1% in 13 Sttes. North Dkot reported the highest verge nnul increse in femle prisoners (23%), followed y Montn (22%), West Virgini nd Idho (oth up 18%), nd Wisconsin (17%). (-2.4%) ws the only Stte to report decrese in femle prisoners since 1995. Privtely operted prisons held nerly 92, Stte nd Federl inmtes in 21 At yerend 21, 32 Sttes, the District of Columi, nd the Federl system reported totl of 91,828 prisoners held in privtely operted fcilities (tle 9). These privte fcilities held 5.8% of ll Stte prisoners nd 12.3% of Federl prisoners. Among Sttes, Texs (with 16,331 Stte inmtes housed in privte fcilities) nd Oklhom (with 6,658) reported the lrgest numer in 2. Five Sttes C New Mexico (44%), Montn (33%), Alsk (32%), Oklhom (29%), nd Wyoming (28%) C hd t lest 25% of their prison popultion housed in privte fcilities. Except for Wisconsin (with 16% of its Stte inmtes in privte fcilities), North Dkot, Ohio, nd Indin (with 4%), nd New Jersey (with 9%), the use of privte fcilities ws concentrted mong Southern nd Western Sttes. Overll, 8.1% of Stte inmtes in the South nd 6.2% in the West were in privtely operted fcilities t the end of 21. Not clculted due to the trnsfer to the Federl system. The verge nnul percentge increse from 1995 to 21. The numer of femle prisoners with sentences of more thn 1 yer per 1, U.S. residents. c Growth from 1995 to 21 my e slightly overestimted due to chnge in reporting from custody to jurisdiction counts. Prisoners in 21 7
Tle 9. Stte nd Federl prisoners held in privte fcilities, locl jils, or other Sttes' fcilities, y jurisdiction, yerend 21 Region nd jurisdiction U.S. totl Northest 3,131 1.8% 2,593 1.5% 1,262.7% Connecticut 497 2.6 Mine 11.6 3.2 5 2.9 Msschusetts 42 4. 91.9 New Hmpshire 12.5 71 3. New Jersey c 2,62 9.3 2,19 7.2 71.3 139.2 Pennsylvni 5 1.3 45.1 Rhode Islnd c 46 1.4 Vermont c 391 22.5 Midwest Illinois Indin Iow Knss Michign Minnesot Missouri Nersk North Dkot Ohio South Dkot Wisconsin South Alm Arknss Delwre Dist. of Columi Florid Georgi Kentucky Louisin Mrylnd Mississippi North Crolin Oklhom South Crolin Tennessee Texs Virgini West Virgini Privte fcilities Numer ll inmtes 91,828 Federl 19,251 12.3 2,921 1.9 1,194.8 Stte 72,577 5.8 67,76 5.4 4,917.4 6,92 915 98 449 44 1,924 35 3,455 45,69 986 3,995 4,561 1,28 2,928 128 3,634 191 6,658 6 3,678 16,331 1,566 6.5% 2.9% 4.4 1.1.9 4 4.2 1.2 16. 8.1% 35.9 5.5 9.9 6.7 8.2.5 16.9.6 29.2 15.5 1.1 5. Locl jils Numer ll inmtes 7,681 2,192 1,32 237 184 21 16 414 57,782 61 951 4,682 4,76 16,5 14 3,736 93 446 6,23 15,158 3,44 739 5.%.9% 6.3.5 2.8 1.9.6 1.9 1.3% 2.2 7.8 1.2 3.5 44.9.6 17.4 4. 2. 26.3 9.4 1.9 17.5 In other Stte or Federl fcilities Numer ll inmtes 6,111 875 31 89 144 247 26 21 35 39 243 1,143 491 38 28 4 18 45 7 29 86 73.4%.4% 1. 2.2.9.7 1.9.1 1.4 1.1.2% 1.8.3.4.1.1.2.3 1.3.3 1.7 West 16,836 6.2% 5,193 1.9% 1,637.6% Alsk 1,441 31.7 1 Arizon 1,429 5.2 349 1.3 11.4 Cliforni 4,452 2.8 2,727 1.7 628.4 Colordo 2,39 13.7 129.7 Hwii 1,251 22.9 29.5 Idho 1,348 22.4 249 4.1 91 1.5 Montn 1,87 32.7 496 14.9 37 1.1 Nevd 478 4.7 188 1.8 25 2. New Mexico 2,484 43.8 18.3 Oregon 8.1 29 1.8 Uth 1,2 19.1 146 2.7 Wshington c 81.5 Wyoming 476 28.3 27 1.6 91 5.4 Locl jils held more thn 7, Stte prisoners At the end of 21, 33 Sttes, the District of Columi, nd the Federl system reported totl of 7,681 Stte nd Federl prisoners held in locl jils or other fcilities operted y county or locl uthorities. These inmtes held in locl jils represented 5% of ll prisoners in 21. Approximtely 11% of inmtes in locl jils were eing held for Stte or Federl prison uthorities. Louisin hd the lrgest percentge of its Stte inmte popultion housed in locl jils (45%). Two other Sttes C Kentucky (31%) nd Tennessee (26%) C hd t lest 25% of their popultion housed in locl jil fcilities. In ddition to housing inmtes in privtely operted fcilities nd locl jils (within their own Stte nd elsewhere), 38 Sttes nd the District of Columi reported plcing inmtes in Federl fcilities nd in other Stteoperted fcilities. On Decemer 31, 21, 6,111 prisoners ntionwide were held under such rrngements C representing less thn 1% of ll Stte prisoners. Cliforni plced the most inmtes (628), followed y Connecticut (497), Alm (491), nd Vermont (391). Vermont (23%) hd more thn 1% of its prison popultion housed in fcilities of other Sttes or the Federl system. Prison cpcity mesures vry Prison cpcity nd the extent of crowding re difficult to determine ecuse of the sence of uniform mesures for defining cpcity. Jurisdictions pply vriety of cpcity mesures to reflect oth the ville spce to house inmtes nd the ility to stff nd operte n institution. To estimte the cpcity of their prisons, jurisdictions were sked to supply three mesures for yerend 21: rted, opertionl, nd design cpcities. Not pplicle. Prison nd jils form n integrted system. Bsed on the totl numer of inmtes under Stte or Federl jurisdiction. Includes 6,515 Federl inmtes in non-secure privtely operted fcilities. C Inmtes held in other Stte fcilities include interstte compct cses. 8 Prisoners in 21
Tle 1. Reported Federl nd Stte prison cpcities, yerend 21 Region nd jurisdiction Federl Northest Connecticut Mine Msschusetts New Hmpshire New Jersey Pennsylvni Rhode Islnd Vermont Midwest Illinois Indin Iow Knss Michign Minnesot Missouri Nersk North Dkot Ohio South Dkot Wisconsin Type of cpcity mesure Opertionl Rted Design 1,199 1,428 2,419 61,844 33,757 3,692 1,311 34,575 15,411 6,772 8,816 6,582 1,5 39,65 1,641 2,238 64,492 33,757 3,692 1,361 34,575 2,528 6,772 49,324 6,582 29,162 3,923 952 2,713 13,772 1,46 8,926 2,213 17,122 54,527 26,186 3,93 1,22 29,791 6,772 6,582 3,331 1,5 11 % 114 1 137 15 11 86 13 128 % 91 118 97 98 97 98 1 13 113 12 126 131% 117% 114 19 137 124 142 91 115 149% 122 118 97 98 97 98 118 19 113 12 126 South Alm 24,248 12,46 12 % 2% Arknss c 12,46 11,382 1,647 95 18 Delwre 4,26 3,192 District of Columi 1,674 97 97 Florid 76,518 56,67 89 121 Georgi 46,526 89 89 Kentucky 11,68 11,43 92 94 Louisin 19,66 19,931 99 1 Mrylnd 23,874 99 99 Mississippi c 16,72 94 94 North Crolin 29,254 29,254 11 11 Oklhom c 23,34 93 93 South Crolin 23,325 21,861 93 99 Tennessee c 18,162 17,729 96 99 Texs c,d 156,738 153,99 156,738 95 97 Virgini 32,117 93 93 West Virgini 3,539 3,189 96 17 West Alsk e 2,63 2,691 2,63 19 % 113% Arizon 27,948 99 99 Cliforni 15,536 79,957 11 191 Colordo 12,922 11,748 115 127 Hwii 3,46 2,481 113 156 Idho 3,98 3,781 3,194 99 123 Montn 1,37 896 125 191 Nevd c 1,548 8,312 93 118 New Mexico c 6,16 6,16 5,986 93 95 Oregon 11,298 11,8 97 99 Uth 4,286 4,59 92 96 Wshington 9,898 12,793 12,793 119 154 Wyoming 1,114 1,52 1,141 89 97 Dt not ville. Not clculted. (See Jurisdiction notes.) Popultion counts re sed on the numer of inmtes held in fcilities operted y the jurisdiction. Excludes inmtes held in locl jils, in other Sttes, or in privte fcilities. Connecticut no longer reports cpcity ecuse of lw pssed in 1995. c Includes cpcity of privte nd contrct fcilities nd inmtes housed in them. d Excludes cpcity of county fcilities nd inmtes housed in them. e Cpcity counts for 2 were used s n estimte for cpcity for yerend 21. Custody popultion s percent of C Highest cpcity 131 % Lowest cpcity These mesures were defined s follows: Rted cpcity is the numer of eds or inmtes ssigned y rting officil to institutions within the jurisdiction. Opertionl cpcity is the numer of inmtes tht cn e ccommodted, sed on fcility s stff, existing progrms, nd services. Design cpcity is the numer of inmtes tht plnners or rchitects intended for the fcility. Of the 51 reporting jurisdictions, 28 supplied rted cpcity; 42, n opertionl cpcity; nd 33, design cpcity (tle 1). Nineteen jurisdictions provided only 1 mesure or the sme figure for ech mesure they reported. For the 28 jurisdictions with more thn 1 reported type of cpcity, estimtes of popultion s percent of cpcity re sed on the highest nd lowest figures provided. 22 Sttes nd Federl system operting t or ove highest cpcity Prisons generlly require reserve cpcity to operte efficiently. Dormitories nd cells need to e mintined nd repired periodiclly, specil housing is needed for protective custody nd disciplinry cses, nd spce my e needed to cope with emergencies. At yerend 21, 26 Sttes reported tht they were operting t or elow 99% of their highest cpcity (tle 1). Twenty-two Sttes nd the Federl prison system reported operting t 1% or more of their highest cpcity. Rhode Islnd, which ws operting t 86% of its highest cpcity, reported the lowest percent of cpcity occupied. Cliforni nd Montn operting t 91% over their lowest reported cpcity, hd the highest percent of cpcity occupied. Prisoners in 21 9
By yerend 21 the Federl prison system ws operting t 31% over cpcity, the sme s the numer reported in 2. Overll, Stte prisons in 21 were operting t etween 1% over their highest cpcity nd 16% ove their lowest cpcity (tle 11). Tle 11. Stte prison popultion s percent of cpcity, yerend 21 Highest cpcity Lowest cpcity Popultion s percent of cpcity Highest 199 1995 2 21 Stte prisons 1,14,412 991,17 115 114 1 11 Lowest 199 127 1995 125 2 115 21 116 Note: Dt reflect the highest nd lowest of the three cpcities reported. Cpcity figures were estimted for Connecticut in 2 nd 21. Excludes inmtes sentenced to prison ut held in locl jils nd inmtes in privte fcilities (unless included in the reported cpcity). See Jurisdiction notes. At yerend 21, 19,137 detinees were held y the Immigrtion nd Nturliztion Service The U.S. Immigrtion nd Nturliztion Service (INS) reported 19,137 detinees on Decemer 31, 21, down from 19,528 t yerend 2 (tle 12). Though mny of these detinees (1,376) were held in Federl nd Stte prisons nd locl jils, 4,55 were in INS-operted fcilities nd 1,947 in privte fcilities under exclusive contrct to the INS. Following the events of Septemer 11, 21, the numer of persons held under INS jurisdiction rose, peking Totl* 19,137 19,528 8,177 INS-operted fcilities 4,55 4,785 3,776 Privte fcilities under exclusive contrct to INS 1,947 1,829 652 Federl Bureu of Prisons 1,276 1,444 1,282 Other Federl fcilities 162 178 181 Intergovernmentl greements 11,21 11,281 2,286 Stte prisons 419 369 8 Locl jils 8,681 8,886 1,984 Other fcilities 2,11 2,26 294 *Detil does not sum to totl due to unknown fcility type for 1 detinee in 2 nd 21. t 21,226 on Septemer 25 (figure 2). Since tht time, despite weekly fluctutions, the popultion hs dropped stedily, reching low of 18,268 on Decemer 22. Among the 19,137 INS detinees for immigrtion violtions t yerend 21, 1,784 hd een convicted of criminl offenses, nd 1,589 hd pending criminl cses. Detinees convicted of violent offenses constituted the lrgest group under INS jurisdiction (32.5%), followed y those convicted of drug offenses (32.3%), property offenses (14.5%), nd pulic order offenses (11.%). Tle 12. Numer of detinees under the jurisdiction of the Immigrtion nd Nturliztion Service (INS), y type of fcility, yerend 1995, 2, nd 21 Fcility type Numer of detinees 21 2 1995 Percent chnge, 2-1 -2.% -4.9 6.5-11.6-9. -.7 13.6-2.3 3.7 ll detinees 21 1995 1% 23.8 1.2 6.7.8 58.5 2.2 45.4 11. 1% 46.2 8. 15.7 2.2 28..1 24.3 3.6 Dily counts of of detinees under INS jurisdiction, juridiction, August 1 to to Decemer 31, 21 Numer of detinees 22, 21, 2, 19, 18, 8/1 8/15 9/1 9/15 1/1 1/15 11/1 11/15 12/1 12/15 1/1 Figure 2 1 Prisoners in 21
At yerend 21 U.S. militry uthorities held 2,436 prisoners in 59 fcilities Aout 82% of prisoners held y the Army, Air Force, Nvy, nd Mrine Corps were convicted inmtes; 18% were unconvicted persons whose cses hd not een tried (tle 13). Fifty-five percent of the prisoners (1,332) hd sentences of 1 yer or more. At yerend 21 the Army s Disciplinry Brrcks, Fort Levenworth, Knss, nd five other locl or regionl Army fcilities held the lrgest shre (4%) of ll inmtes under militry jurisdiction. The 11 Nvy fcilities held nerly 37% of ll inmtes; the 6 Mrine Corps fcilities held 18% of ll inmtes; nd the 36 Air Force fcilities held 5% of ll inmtes. The opertionl cpcity of the 59 militry confinement fcilities totled 4,478 (not shown in tle). At yerend 21 these fcilities were operting t 54% of their opertionl cpcity. U.S. Territories held 15,852 inmtes in 21 The U.S. Territories nd Commonwelths C Americn Smo, Gum, Northern Mrin Islnds, Puerto Rico, nd Virgin Islnds C reported 15,852 inmtes under the jurisdiction of their prison systems t yerend 21, decrese of 1.7% since 2 (tle 14). Prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer totled 11,91 (or three-qurters of the totl territoril prison popultion). Since 1995 the numer of sentenced prisoners held in U.S. Territories hs grown 28%, compred to the 21% increse in the numer of sentenced Stte prisoners. Reltive to the resident popultions in the Territories, the rte of incrcertion ws 271 prisoners per 1, residents C less thn two-thirds of the comined rte of the 5 Sttes nd the District of Columi. Of the 5 Territories, the U.S. Virgin Islnds hd the highest prison incrcertion rte (339 inmtes per 1, residents), followed y Puerto Rico (with 278). Puerto Rico, the lrgest of the Territories, hd the most sentenced prisoners (1,997 t yerend 21), down from 11,75 in 2. In 21, 21 Sttes hd fewer sentenced inmtes thn Puerto Rico; 12 Sttes hd lower incrcertion rtes. Brnch of service To which prisoners elonged Totl Air Force Army Mrine Corps Nvy Cost Gurd Holding prisoners Totl Air Force Army Mrine Corps Nvy Totl 21 2 2,436 48 84 628 516 8 2,436 126 981 428 91 2,42 413 789 73 474 14 2,42 12 994 563 761 Percent chnge, 2-1.7% 16.2 1.9-14. 8.9-42.9.7% 23.5-1.3-24. 18.4 More lck mles thn white mles mong Stte nd Federl inmtes t yerend 21 prisoners under Stte or Federl jurisdiction* 199 2 Totl 1.% 1.% White 35.6 36.1 Blck 44.5 46.3 Hispnic 17.4 15.6 Other 2.5 2. *Bsed on inmtes with sentences of more thn 1 yer. Tle 13. Prisoners under militry jurisdiction, y rnch of service, yerend 2 nd 21 At yerend 21 lck non-hispnic inmtes represented n estimted Sentenced to more thn 1 yer 21 2 1,332 267 6 236 226 3 1,332 14 822 77 419 Tle 14. Prisoners in custody of correctionl uthorities in the U.S. Territories, yerend 2 nd 21 U.S. Territory Totl Advnce 21 15,852 Totl Finl 2 16,13 Percent chnge, 2-1 -1.7% Advnce 21 11,91 Finl 2 11,916 Americn Smo 155 14 1.7 125 114 Gum 585 684-14.5 297 323 Commonwelth of the Northern Mrin Islnds 12 97 5.2 72 51 Commonwelth of Puerto Rico 14,516 14,691-1.2 1,997 11,75 U.S. Virgin Islnds 494 518-4.6 419 353 Not clculted. *The numer of prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer per 1, persons in the resident popultion. Midyer popultion estimtes were provided y the U.S. Bureu of the Census, Interntionl Dt Bse. 1,346 253 585 28 222 6 1,346 11 831 134 37 Percent chnge, 2-1 Percent chnge, 2- -.1% 9.6-8. 41.2 -.7 18.7-1.% 5.5 2.6-15.7 1.8-5. -1.% 27.3-1.1-42.5 13.2 Sentenced to more thn 1 yer Incrcertion rte, 21* 271 182 185 93 278 339 Prisoners in 21 11
46% of ll inmtes with sentences of more thn 1 yer, while white non-hispnic inmtes ccounted for 36% nd Hispnic inmtes, 16%. Although the totl numer of sentenced inmtes rose shrply (up 82% etween 199 nd 21), there were only smll chnges in the rcil nd Hispnic composition of the inmte popultion. At yerend 21, lck mles (585,8) outnumered white mles (449,2) nd Hispnic mles (199,7) mong inmtes with sentences of more thn 1 yer (tle 15). More thn 43% of ll sentenced inmtes were lck mles. 18-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-54 55 or older Note: Bsed on custody counts from Ntionl Prisoners Sttistics (NPS-1A) nd updted from jurisdiction counts y gender t yerend. Estimtes y ge derived from the Surveys of Inmtes in Stte nd Federl Correctionl fcilities, 1997. Estimtes Age Totl 18-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-54 55 or older 35,6 214,6 241,8 238,6 214,5 145,9 124,8 38,4 896 838 2,199 2,624 2,41 1,96 1,286 685 149 8,9 6, 71, 85,1 81,9 58,4 59,5 23,3 462 321 941 1,173 1,267 1,29 699 422 11 17,4 16,5 122,5 11,7 12, 64,3 48,4 1,8 3,535 2,858 7,91 1,28 8,791 7,536 4,932 2,652 512 Note: Bsed on estimtes of the U.S. resident popultion on July 1, 2, nd djusted for the 199 census undercount. Includes Americn Indins, Alsk Ntives, 7, 4,6 42,1 39,1 28,9 21,2 16,1 1,177 1,92 2,627 2,946 2,681 2,3 1,786 1,32 25 An estimted 1% of lck mles, ge 25-29, in prison in 21 When incrcertion rtes re estimted seprtely y ge group, lck mles in their twenties nd thirties re found to hve high rtes reltive to other groups (tle 16). Expressed in terms of percentges, 1.% of lck non-hispnic mles ge 25 to 29 were in prison on Decemer 31, 21, compred to 2.9% of Hispnic mles nd out 1.2% of white mles in the sme ge group. Although incrcertion rtes drop with ge, the percentge of lck mles ge 45 to 54 in prison in 21 ws still Tle 15. Numer of sentenced prisoners under Stte or Federl jurisdiction, y gender, rce, Hispnic origin, nd ge, 21 Age Totl Totl 1,259,481 Numer of sentenced prisoners Mles Femles White Blck Hispnic Totl White Blck 449,2 585,8 199,7 4,1 85,31 1,3 8,5 15,2 21,1 18,6 1,1 8, 1,8 were rounded to the nerest 1. Includes Americn Indins, Alsk Ntives, Asins, Ntive Hwiins, nd other Pcific Islnders. Excludes Hispnics. Tle 16. Numer of sentenced prisoners under Stte or Federl jurisdiction per 1, residents, y gender, rce, Hispnic origin, nd ge, 21 Numer of sentenced prisoners per 1, residents of ech group Mles Femles Totl White Blck Hispnic Totl White Blck Hispnic 58 31 91 164 211 165 88 42 6 36,2 7 3,7 5,6 8,7 8, 4,2 3,9 1,3 36 25 61 94 13 12 51 27 5 36,4 199 83 225 483 682 561 32 136 18 5 3,2 6,6 9,4 8,4 4,7 3, 5 Asins, Ntive Hwiins, nd other Pcific Islnders. Excludes Hispnics. Hispnic 61 23 15 15 176 147 88 61 7 1,2 1 1,5 2, 2,4 2, 1, 1, 1 nerly 2.7% C only slightly lower thn the highest rte (2.9%) mong Hispnic mles (ge 25 to 29) nd more thn twice the highest rte (1.3%) mong white mles (ge 3 to 34). Femle incrcertion rtes, though sustntilly lower thn mle incrcertion rtes t every ge, revel similr rcil nd ethnic disprities. Blck non-hispnic femles (with n incrcertion rte of 199 per 1,) were more thn 3 times s likely s Hispnic femles (61 per 1,) nd 5 times more likely thn white non- Hispnic femles (36 per 1,) to e in prison on Decemer 31, 21. These differences mong white, lck, nd Hispnic femles were consistent cross ll ge groups. Growth linked to incresing numer of inmtes in Stte prison for violent nd drug offenses Between 199 nd 2 the distriution of the four mjor offense ctegories C violent, property, drug, nd pulic-order offenses C chnged slightly mong Stte prisoners. The percent held for property nd drug offenses dropped while the percent held for violent nd pulic-order offenses rose. sentenced Stte inmtes 199 2 Totl 1% 1% Violent 46 49 Property 25 2 Drug 22 21 Pulic-order 7 1 In solute numers, n estimted 589,1 inmtes in Stte prison t yerend 2 were held for violent offenses, 158,7 for roery, 156,3 for murder, 116,8 for ssult, nd 113,9 for rpe nd other sexul ssults (tle 17). In ddition, 238,5 inmtes were held for property offenses, 251,1 for drug offenses, nd 124,6 for pulic-order offenses. 12 Prisoners in 21
Overll, the lrgest growth in Stte inmtes etween 199 nd 2 ws mong violent offenders. During the decde the numer of violent offenders grew 273,2, while the numer of drug offenders grew 11,4 (tle 18). As percentge of the totl growth, violent offenders ccounted for 53% of the growth; drug offenders 2%; property offenders 12%; nd pulicorder offenders 15%. Sources of growth differ mong men nd women nd mong white, lck, nd Hispnic inmtes The incresing numer of violent offenders ccounted for 55% of the totl growth mong mle inmtes nd 33% mong femle inmtes. Drug offenders ccounted for lrger portion of the totl growth mong femle inmtes (33%), compred to 19% mong mle inmtes. The incresing numer of property offenders ccounted for slightly higher percent of the growth mong femle inmtes (19%) thn mle inmtes (12%). Although the numer of pulic-order offenders rose shrply, they ccounted for only 15% of the totl growth mong mle inmtes nd 16% of the growth mong femle inmtes. The sources of popultion growth lso differed mong white, lck, nd Hispnic prisoners. Overll, the incresing numer of drug offenses ccounted for 27% of the totl growth mong lck inmtes, 7% of the totl growth mong Hispnic inmtes, nd 15% of the growth mong white inmtes (tle 19). Violent offenders ccounted for the lrgest source of growth for ll groups C mong white Stte inmtes (49%), lck inmtes (52%), nd Hispnic inmtes (69%). Tle 17. Estimted numer of sentenced prisoners under Stte jurisdiction, y offense, gender, rce, nd Hispnic origin, 2 Offense Totl Violent offenses 589,1 565,1 24, 212,4 273,4 87,1 Murder 156,3 148,1 8,2 53, 77,2 23,4 Mnslughter 17,3 15,4 1,8 6,6 6,8 2,9 Rpe 3,8 3,4 3 15,4 12,1 2,3 Other sexul ssult 83,1 82,2 9 5,5 2,7 1,4 Roery 158,7 153,4 5,3 35,8 96, 22,8 Assult 116,8 111,2 5,7 39,4 51,1 21,4 Other violent 26,1 24,4 1,7 11,8 9,6 3,9 Property offenses Burglry Lrceny Motor vehicle theft Frud Other property Drug offenses Pulic-order offenses 1,26,4 238,5 111,3 45,7 18,8 32,5 3,1 251,1 124,6 Mle 1,13,1 219,3 17,8 39,9 18,1 24,8 28,6 226,4 116,4 Other/unspecified c 3,2 2,9 Note: Dt re for inmtes with sentence of more thn 1 yer under the jurisdiction of Stte correctionl uthorities. The numer of inmtes y offense were estimted using the 1997 Survey of Inmtes in Stte Correctionl Fcilities nd rounded to the nerest 1. Offense Totl Violent Property Drug Pulic-order Increse, 199-2 516,8 273,2 63,5 11,4 78,8 All All prisoners totl 1% 53 12 2 15 Femle 76,4 19,2 3,6 5,8 7 7,6 1,5 24,7 Increse, 199-2 8,2 3 White 436,7 18,6 5,8 17,9 7,7 17,3 14,8 58,2 56,6 7 Blck 562, 96,8 45,1 21,1 7,1 12,6 1,9 145,3 44,9 1,6 Hispnic 178,5 28,4 13,2 5,3 3,7 2,5 3,8 43,3 19, 7 Includes nonnegligent mnslughter. Includes wepons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercilized vice, morls nd decency chrges, liquor lw violtions, nd other pulic-order offenses. c Includes juvenile offenses nd unspecified felonies. Tle 18. Prtitioning y gender nd offense the growth of the sentenced prison popultion under Stte jurisdiction, 199-2 Totl Violent Property Drug Pulic-order 193,3 94,8 33,4 28,6 36,9 1% 49 17 15 19 Mle prisoners 477,3 26,3 56, 88,5 72,5 247,3 127,3 25,9 65,5 28,3 totl 1% 55 12 19 15 1% 52 1 27 11 Femle prisoners Increse, Percent 199-2 of totl 39,7 1% 12,9 33 7,5 19 12,9 33 6,3 16 Tle 19. Prtitioning y rce, Hispnic origin, nd offense the growth of the sentenced prison popultion under Stte jurisdiction, 199-2 Offense White prisoners Increse, 199-2 totl Blck prisoners Increse, 199-2 totl Hispnic prisoners Increse, Percent 199-2 of totl 63,2 1% 43,4 69 4,2 7 4,6 7 1,7 17 Prisoners in 21 13
Tle 2. Numer of sentenced inmtes in Federl prisons, y most serious offense, 199, 1995, nd 2 Offense Totl Property offenses Burglry Frud Other property Drug offenses Pulic-order offenses Immigrtion Wepons Other pulic-order Other/unknown Numer of sentenced inmtes in Federl prisons 199 1995 2 56,989 7,935 442 5,113 2,38 3,47 8,585 1,728 3,73 3,784 442 88,11 Violent offenses 9,557 11,321 12,973 35.7% 4.7% Homicide 1,233 966 1,124-8.8.2 Roery 5,158 6,341 9,45 83.2 5.9 Other violent 3,166 4,14 2,399-24.2-1.1 7,524 164 5,629 1,731 51,737 15,762 3,612 7,519 4,631 1,757 Note: All dt re from the BJS Federl justice dtse. Dt for 199 nd 1995 re for Decemer 31. Dt for 2 re for Septemer 3. Dt re sed on ll sentenced inmtes, regrdless of sentence length. Chnging Federl prison popultion relted to drugs, wepons, nd immigrtion violtions Prisoners sentenced for drug offenses constitute the lrgest group of Federl inmtes (57%) in 2, up from 53% in 199 (tle 2). On Septemer 3, 2, the dte of the ltest ville dt in the Federl Justice Sttistics Progrm, Federl prisons held 73,389 sentenced drug offenders, compred to 3,47 t yerend 199. Between 199 nd 2, the numer of Federl inmtes held for immigrtion offenses incresed 691%, nd the numer held for wepons offenses incresed 247%. The numer of immigrtion offenders rose from 1,728 in 199 to 13,676 in 2; wepons offenders rose from 3,73 to 1,652. By Septemer 3, 2, wepons offenders represented 8.2% of Federl inmtes nd immigrtion violtors 1.6%. Although the numer of roers showed n increse of 83% etween 199 nd 2, the increse ws offset y decline of nerly 9% mong offenders held for homicide nd 24% mong other violent offenders (such s inmtes held for ssult nd sex offenses). 129,329 9,849 28 7,497 2,72 73,389 31,855 13,676 1,652 7,527 1,263 Includes murder, nonnegligent mnslughter, nd negligent mnslughter. Includes offenses not clssifile. Overll, the percentge of violent Federl inmtes declined from 17% to 1%. While the numer of offenders in ech mjor offense ctegory incresed, the numer incrcerted for drug offense ccounted for the lrgest percentge of the totl growth (59%), followed y pulic-order offenders (32%). Methodology Percent chnge, 199-2 126.9% 24.1% -36.7 46.6-12.9 14.9% 271.1% 691.4 246.6 98.9 185.7% totl growth, 199-2 1.% 1.2% -.2 3.3 -.4 59.3% 32.2% 16.5 1.5 5.2 1.1% Ntionl Prisoner Sttistics The Bureu of Justice Sttistics (BJS), with the U.S. Census Bureu s its collection gent, otins yerend nd midyer counts of prisoners from deprtments of correction in ech of the 5 Sttes, the District of Columi, nd the Federl Bureu of Prisons. In n effort to collect comprle dt from ll jurisdictions, Ntionl Prisoner Sttistics (NPS) distinguishes prisoners in custody from those under jurisdiction. To hve custody of prisoner, Stte must hold tht person in one of its fcilities. To hve jurisdiction mens tht Stte hs legl uthority over the prisoner. Prisoners under Stte=s jurisdiction my e in the custody of locl jil, nother Stte=s prison, or other correctionl fcility. Some Sttes re unle to provide oth custody nd jurisdiction counts. (See NPS jurisdiction notes.) Excluded from NPS counts re persons confined in loclly dministered confinement fcilities who re under the jurisdiction of locl uthorities. NPS counts include ll inmtes in Stte-operted fcilities in Alsk, Connecticut, Delwre, Hwii, Rhode Islnd, nd Vermont, which hve comined jil-prison systems. Militry Corrections Sttistics BJS otins yerend counts of prisoners in the custody of U.S. militry uthorities from the Deprtment of Defense Corrections Council. In 1994 the council, comprised of representtives from ech rnch of militry service, dopted stndrdized report (DD Form 272) with common set of items nd definitions. This report provides informtion on persons held in U.S. militry confinement fcilities inside nd outside the continentl United Sttes, y rnch of service, sex, rce, Hispnic origin, conviction sttus, sentence length, nd offense. It lso includes dt on the numer of fcilities, nd their design nd rted cpcities. NPS jurisdiction notes Alsk C Prisons nd jils form one integrted system. All NPS dt include jil nd prison popultions. Counts exclude individuls in electronic nd specil monitoring progrms. Arizon C Popultion counts re sed on custody dt. Counts exclude 332 sentenced mles nd 27 sentenced femles housed in locl jils who were witing trnsfer to the DOC. The definition of opertionl cpcity hs chnged to include temporry eds nd doule unks used in situtions of crowding. Arknss C During the yer, the DOC took control of two fcilities previously mnged y privte compny. Cliforni C Popultion counts include felons nd civil ddicts who re temporrily sent, such s in court, jil or hospitl. Colordo C Popultion counts include 266 mle nd 7 femle inmtes in the Youthful Offender System nd 113 mle nd 16 femle inmtes housed in locl jils 14 Prisoners in 21