1865 to 1898
Economic reasons Markets Investment Political reasons Competition with Europe Africa, China, Latin America Monroe Doctrine? Japan
Social reasons Racism Religion Psychological Frontier was gone (Turner thesis) Manifest Destiny (part two)
Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Seapower upon History (1890) World powers have controlled seas Foreign markets for goods Naval power Inter-oceanic canal
Harrison and Cleveland increased naval size Venezuela crisis Cleveland invoked Monroe Doctrine America: protector of Western Hemisphere America becoming recognized as world power
Refueling station Islands split with Germany
Natural resources Sugarcane Refueling station Pearl Harbor Others interested Britain Japan France U.S. treaties with Kingdom of Hawaii 1875 no tariff on sugar imports 1887 naval rights to Pearl Harbor
Constitutional monarchy under King Kalakaua dies in 1891; replaced by sister Queen Liliuokalani McKinley Tariff (1890) tariffs on sugar Ruined Hawaiian economy Queen Lil takes power (hurts Americans)
KING KALAKAUA QUEEN LILIUOKALANI
1893 Marines landed to protect American interests Queen overthrown & arrested Provisional government set up Sanford Dole president
Dole (and Harrison) want annexation Cleveland refuses Overthrow was illegal
Republic of Hawaii established Sanford Dole president McKinley supports annexation 1898: Republic of Hawaii dissolved Territory of Hawaii annexed Dole territorial governor
1898
Spanish possession American interest Cubans had revolted 1896: new governor Valeriano Wyler (brutal)
concentration camps About 200,000 Cubans died Looked to U.S. for help Cuban immigrants New York City Florida
Competing newspapers New York Journal (William Randolph Hearst) New York World (Joseph Pulitzer) Use headlines to inflame public
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST JOSEPH PULITZER
Inflammatory headlines (true or not) = yellow journalism Jingoism Aggressive foreign policy due to extreme patriotism We are right no matter what Hearst and Pulitzer sent reporters/artists to Cuba Artist Frederick Remington to Hearst, There is no war. Request to be recalled." Hearst s reply, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war."
Cleveland No war but protect American interests sugarcane protect future canal Cleveland s message to Spain Get Cuba under control or we may have to!
McKinley: doesn t want war Protect American interests Less tolerant of Spanish Push for war from Press Jingoistic Republicans (Theodore Roosevelt, etc.)
Recalled Governor Weyler Cuba: eventual self-rule, not independence Spanish loyalists didn t want Cubans in charge Cuban rebels demanded full independence
DeLome letter (February 9, 1898) McKinley weak Spanish not taking Americans seriously Published in Journal U.S.S. Maine American battleship anchored in Havana harbor Explodes night of February 15 th 262 died 52 injured Only 89 survived
Explosion blamed on Spanish mines Battle cry: Remember the Maine! 1977: coal dust ignited; setoff gunpowder
March 27 U.S. ultimatum Six month armistice Eliminate concentration camps Mediate with rebels (U.S. mediator) Cuban independence April 9 Spanish reaction Agreed to armistice and camps Refused mediation and independence April 11 McKinley asked Congress to authorize sending troops
April 19 Congress passed joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence Teller Amendment (U.S. won t take Cuba) Demanded Spanish withdrawal Authorized President to use military force April 20 McKinley signed resolution April 21 Spain broke off diplomatic relations U.S. navy blockaded Cuba April 23 Spain declared war on U.S. April 25 Congress declared war on Spain
How would south react? Many volunteered Helped heal Former Confederate Joe Wheeler as a commander Boys we ve got those damn Yankees on the run! First time U.S. troops fight overseas
Base: Tampa, Florida Army NOT prepared 28,000 regular troops (mostly Indian fighters) No tropical uniforms; heavy wool McKinley: 125,000 volunteers; 200,000 showed Theodore Roosevelt and Roughriders Lack of weapons, food, sanitation, uniforms No plans to get troops to Cuba Navy Much better prepared than army New battleships play a key role
April 23 Commodore George Dewey ordered to Philippines May 1 American fleet destroys Spanish fleet (Manila Bay) One sailor died June 20 Captain Henry Glass takes Guam July Congress annexes Hawaii August 13 Manila falls
Cuba American troops land in June Initial Spanish victories Santiago key July 1 American troops take key fortifications (San Juan Hill, Kettle Hill) July 3 American navy destroys Spanish navy in Santiago harbor August 7 Army leaves Cuba; occupation force left behind
Puerto Rico May 10 American ships shell San Juan June 25 San Juan harbor blockaded; American troops land Series of battles: June to August August 12 Spain sued for peace
John Hay: A splendid little war New possessions The Philippines Puerto Rico Guam American casualties Battlefield deaths = 332 Battlefield wounded = 1,641 Death from disease (yellow fever and malaria) = 2,957
Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898 Ratified by Senate (one vote) February 10, 1899 Provisions $20 million to Spain for Philippines Cuban independence (Platt Amendment) Cuba couldn t sign treaties endangering it U.S. has right to intervene if necessary Guantanamo Bay naval base End of Spanish Empire
1898-1917
Anti-imperialist sentiment Hypocrisy Constitutionality Citizenship Mugwumps (Anti-Imperialist League) Labor (competition) Jane Addams (maternal instincts) William Jennings Bryan (morally wrong)
Not independent; from one imperial power to another Led by Emilio Aguinaldo led guerilla forces against Spanish (pro-american) Began revolution against Americans February 4, 1899
Atrocities on both sides American Concentration camps scorched earth Water torture Filipino Torture of Americans Mutilation Burying captives alive
Aguinaldo captured April 1, 1901; swore loyalty oath to U.S. General Miguel Malvar took over; defeated April, 1902 William H. Taft governor; set up legal system, legislative body Guerilla fighting until 1913 1916: eventual independence 3,216 Americans killed Over 200,000 Filipinos killed? Cost about $600 million Worth it?
Theodore Roosevelt (new President) believed in military strength U.S. and Europe policemen controlling backwards peoples Established strong ties with Britain
Speak softly and carry a big stick Back up policy with force if necessary Believed in Mayhan s ideas Built naval strength 1907 Great White Fleet goodwill tour
Panama Canal Needed during war USS Oregon Obstacles Purchase assets from French attempt Negotiate with Colombia
Colombia refused Philippe Bunau-Varilla Negotiating French sale Panamanian independence movement
Roosevelt sent warships Three days later, (Nov. 7, 1903) U.S. recognized Panamanian independence Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty; U.S. paid $10 million
Successful because Eliminated malaria and yellow fever (mosquito) Cleared swamps Engineering wonder 48 miles long Completed August, 1914
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine U.S. policeman of Latin America U.S. interventions Cuba 1906-09, 1917-22 Nicaragua 1909-10, 1912-25 Mexico 1914-17 Haiti 1915-34 Dominican Republic 1916-24
Taft s Foreign Policy Focus on U.S. investment Protect American interests Use money to influence positive outcomes Sugar cane & fruit companies Banana Republic
Wilson s Foreign Policy Promote American democratic principles Unfair to economically exploit Sent troops to restore order
1910 Revolution Dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown Francisco Madero pushing democratic reforms 1913 Madero murdered; replaced by Victoriano Huerta
Wilson refused to recognize Huerta 1914 American sailors detained in Veracruz Wilson sends Marines; U.S. occupies Veracruz until Huerta is removed
1915 Emiliano Zapata (south) and Pancho Villa (north) share power U.S. supports Alvaro Obregon Villa raids across border into U.S. Columbus, NM kills 16 Americans
General John Pershing sent to Mexico to find Villa One year & 500 miles later, Pershing can t find Villa Because of European war Wilson withdraws troops
Trade opportunities in China Britain, Germany, France, Japan, and Russia carved out spheres of influence Trade controlled by Europeans U.S. fears being shut out
1899 U.S. Sec. of State John Hay issued Open Door Notes All countries have access to China 1900 Boxer Rebellion Chinese revolted U.S. sent troops; aided Europeans Open Door Policy Respect Chinese territory Equal access of trade European nations didn t agree but don t fight it U.S. took as acceptance
Japan Quickly becoming military power Defeated China (1894-95) and Russia (1904-05) Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize 1907 Gentlemen s Agreement Japanese highly insulted Led to competition and mistrust Any other powers in Pacific?