BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) AUSTRALIA GENERAL Area... 7,704,000 sq. km. Population (vi. 1930)... 6,439,000 Density per sq. km... 0.8 Length of railway system (vi. 1929)... 43,861 km 1. Army. A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS I. MILITARY BOARD. The military forces of Australia are administered by a Military Board similar to the Army Council in Great Britain. It has been constituted to impose on it a full measure of responsibility. The Military Board consists of: the Minister for Defence (President), Chief of the General Staff, Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-General, Finance Member, Associate Member and Secretary. The Department of the Chief of the General Staff includes: (i) Directorate of Military Operations and Intelligence; (2) Directorate of Military Training; (3) Directorate of Physical Training and Cadet Services. The Department of the Adjutant-General comprises: (i) Directorate of Organisation and Personnel Services; (2) Directorate of Mobilisation ; (3) Directorate of Medical Services; (4) Directorate of Hygiene; (5) Inspectorate of Dental Services. The Department of the Quartermaster-General comprises: (i) Directorate of Equipment and Ordnance Services; (2) Directorate of Supplies and Transport, Movements and Quartering; (3) Directorate of Veterinary Services and Army Remounts; (4) Directorate of Railways. To deal with aviation policy the Minister of Defence is assisted by a War Council, which includes officers of the Navy, Army and Air Board and an independent Controller of Civil Aviation.
i86 BRITISH EMPIRE 2. COUNCIL OF DEFENCE. The powers and functions of the Council of Defence are: (i) to ensure that the whole policy of the defence of Australia by the Naval, Military and Air Forces is consistent generally with Imperial plans, and especially with such of those plans as directly concern Australia, and to issue such instructions in connection therewith as are necessary; (ii) to act as the medium of communications with the Committee of Imperial Defence or any other body of a similar nature formed by the Government of the United Kingdom; (iii) to effect such supervision of the approved defence policy in the Naval, Military, Air and Munition Branches as will ensure its efficient and economical application; (iv) to co-ordinate the activities of the Naval, Military, Air and Munition Branches with each other as well as with those of other Commonwealth Departments and the commercial and manufacturing activities of Australia in so far as is necessary to ensure, in case of need, the mobilisation of all resources for the defence of Australia; and (v) to advise upon and supervise the total expenditure upon defence and the distribution of that expenditure. The Council of Defence for the purpose of general meetings, consists of: The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth (President of the Council); The Treasurer of the Commonwealth; The Minister of State for Defence, and such additional Ministers as are from time to time summoned by the Prime Minister; The First and Second Naval Members of the Naval Board; Another Senior Naval Officer, nominated by the Minister for Defence; The Inspector-General of the Military Forces; The First Military Member of the Military Board ; and Two other Senior Military Officers of the Active List, nominated by the Minister of State for Defence; and The Chief of the Air Staff. 3. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE. The Department of Defence consists of: Minister of State for Defence ; Secretary to the Department of Defence; Assistant Secretary; Finance Secretary; Controller-General, Munitions Supply; Director of Works; Director of Rifle Association and Clubs. The Department of Defence is divided into 3 Service Boards (Naval, Military and Air Boards) and 4 Civilian Branches (the Munitions Supply Board, the Civil Aviation Branch, a Directorate of Rifle Associations and Clubs, and a Secretariat).
AUSTRALIA I87 4. COMMONWEALTH SECTION OF THE IMPERIAL GENERAL STAFF. A Commonwealth Section of the Imperial General Staff has been formed at Headquarters, Melbourne. 5. THE STAFF CORPS AND INSTRUCTIONAL CORPS. The Staff Corps and Instructional Corps, into which have been absorbed the old Administrative and Instructional Staff, are a permanent body of officers and N.C.O.s. In addition to providing officers to fill appointments on the Headquarter and District Staffs, it furnishes officers and N.C.O.s for the instruction of Citizen Forces. 6. RADIOTELEGRAPH BOARD. A Radiotelegraph Board has been established, with representatives from the Army and Navy and Postmaster-General's Department, with a view to securing close co-operation between technical officers and the Departments dealing with wireless, which is necessary to prevent overlapping of effort and expenditure. 7. WAR RAILWAY COUNCIL. This Council consists of the Quartermaster-General, President, and 12 military and railway officers. Its chief duties are to furnish advice and information regarding railway transport for military purposes, and to secure co-operation between the Defence Department and the Railway Department in regard to concentration and mobilisation of troops. 8. MUNITIONS SUPPLY BOARD. Owing to the necessity for the creation of Australian sources for the supply of munitions of war, authority was given for the establishment of a Munitions Supply Board consisting of a Controller-General and two Controllers. B. MILITARY DISTRICT AREA Australia is divided for administration into six Military Districts, which correspond with the six States, viz., Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. C. HIGHER UNITS 2 Cavalry Divisions, comprising 6 Cavalry Brigades and 3 Divisional Troops. 5 Infantry Divisions, comprising 17 Infantry Brigades (including 3 mixed ones) and 7 Divisional Troops.
i88 BRITISH EMPIRE D. CONSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION OF MILITARY FORCES I. GENERAL. The Military Forces of Australia consist of a Permanent Force and the Citizen Force. All male inhabitants who have resided in Australia for six months and are British subjects and are between the ages of i8 and 60 are, in time of war, liable to serve in the Citizen Force. All boys on attaining the age of 12 years have to be registered, and they undergo cadet training at school. In March of the year in which they attain the age of 14 years they have to register again, and they are then trained 1 in battalions as senior cadets. At the age of i8 years, senior cadets, except those residing outside a training area or those who are physically unfit, join units of the Citizen Force. On an average about I7,ooo are transferred annually. The Citizen Force is maintained for home defence only, but the Act permits individuals to volunteer for service overseas. In time of war the force becomes subject to the Army Act where not inconsistent with the local enactments. 2. PERMANENT FORCE. The Divisional Organisation came into operation on May Ist, I921. Under this system, a War Organisation is being applied to peace conditions with a minimum of Permanent Staffs and Force. The Permanent Force is organised in such a manner as to enable it to carry out administrative and instructional duties, and form the nucleus of the technical services required. Permanent Units (Field and Garrison Artillery and Engineers) retain their own identity, but their organisation and distribution has been adjusted so that their principal function, viz., the instruction of the Citizen Force, is given its proper degree of prominence. The period of enlistment in the Permanent Force is five years, with re-engagement for periods of three years up to the maximum age of 6o years. On completion of service, N.C.O.s and men pass into the Reserve in the same way as men of the Citizen Force (see paragraph 4 below). Officers, except graduates of Duntroon Military College, who must serve for ten years or buy their discharge, can resign at any time by giving three months' notice. 3. CITIZEN FORCE. The Citizen Force consists of 2 Cavalry Divisions and 5 Infantry Divisions. 1 Owing tp financial reasons, training is restricted to Senior Cadets of 17 years of age, and to members of the Citizen Force of 18, 19 and 20 years of age.
AUSTRALIA I89 The 2 Cavalry Divisions each comprise 3 Cavalry Brigades and Divisional Troops. Each Cavalry Brigade is composed of' 3 Regiments. The total number of Regiments belonging to Cavalry Brigades is i8. The Divisional Troops ot ist and 2nd Cavalry Division are composed of: 5 Field Artillery Batteries ; 2 Field Engineer Squadrons; 2 Cavalry Divisional Signal Troops; 7 Cavalry Divisional Train Companies; 5 Field Ambulances, and 2 Hygiene Sections of Medical Corps; 5 Army Veterinary Corps Sections. Each of 5 Infantry Divisions consists of 3 Infantry Brigades (except the 5th Division, which comprises 2 Infantry Brigades and 3 Mixed Brigades). Each Infantry Brigade has 4 Battalions. The Divisional Troops of the first 4 Divisions have the following units each: 9 Field Artillery Batteries (the 4th Division has io batteries); 3 Engineer Companies; 3 Signal Companies; 4 Companies of Train (the 4th Division has 3 companies); 3 Field Ambulances (the 4th Division has 2 ambulances); i Hygiene Section of the Medical Corps; i Veterinary Corps Section. The 3 Divisional Troops of the 5th Division have the following units each: 3 Batteries of Field Artillery; i Engineer Company; I Supply and Transport Company of Service Corps; i Signal Troop; i Field Ambulance and I Hygiene Section of the Medical Corps. The Garrison troops of the Permanent and Citizen Forces are divided into 6 District Bases. The forces of permanent and citizen troops consist of Garrison Artillery and Engineers (with addition of services of Army Medical Corps, Army Service Corps, etc., of Permanent Troops). The Garrison Artillery of permanent troops consist of 9 heavy Batteries and i Field Artillery Battery. The Garrison Artillery of citizen forces counts 12 heavy batteries, 6 medium batteries and I antiaircraft battery. The Australian Engineers of citizen forces are composed of 6 Fortress Companies.
Igo BRITISH EMPIRE CITIZEN FORCES. - REGISTRATIONS, QUOTAS NOT IN TRAINING (1900 to I904 QUOTAS), AS AT JUNE 30TH, I927. Total Registrations Military Districts in Training Areas ist.................. 20,703 2nd... 55,403 3rd....... 41,69 4th... 1... I4,686 5th... 8,701 6th............... 6,201 Total... 147,385 ALLOTMENT OF UNITS TO AREAS, FEBRUARY IST, I929. Battalion Areas Providing the undermentioned units N. -w.a[ 5 ^ Engin- Signal- a A. A. a S i I a j a [ eers lers - M.C. State 5 o mh aly, f" a ^ a s ^ ^ s6i &a.2 ^ > N. S.Wales 52021 717 3 4 i 3 223 510 7 3 2 436 Victoria... 5 20 21 6 117 3 I 2 _ 7 3 1 [22 5 10 7 3 2 4 25 Queensland 2 8 8 4 7 2 2 6 1 4i 3 i S. Australia I 4 4 4 W.Australia i 3 3 i 4 3- - 2 - i i 1 i o 4-2 I i i -- 6 il Tasmania.2 i 4-2 i i I7 4 Total...1558602350 612119866212312110 6io88 4. RESERVES. Theoretically, each man, on attaining the age of 26, passes into the Reserve, but no record kept of ois his movements, and he is not required to report himself at any time. There exists, in fact, theerefore,'only the Reserve of Officers. 5. RIFLE CLUBS. There were (June 3oth, 1928) 1,137 Civilian Rifle Clubs with a membership of o 40,187 and 79 Miniature Rifle Clubs with a membership of 2,74. Their maintenance as a Reserve Force being no longer considered a military necessity, with the exception of certain guards on mobilisation, they, in August 1921, ceased to be part of the Army organisation. The administration of rifle clubs is under the control of the Secretary for Defence. 6. CADETS. The Cadet organisation has been developed in order that all boys may be given, first, physical training, and, secondly, an introduction to military work. The reorganisation of the senior cadet battalions has been completed. An increase in the normal establishment of a battalion to 1,914 all ranks was necessary. 1 Latest particulars available, as no training is required of these quotas.
AUSTRALIA i9g SENIOR CADETS 1. - REGISTRATIONS AND NUMBER ACTUALLY IN TRAINING, JUNE 30TH, 1928 (1910 to 1914 Quotas). Total Number Military Formations and Districts Registrations - actually Senior Cadets training Senior - Cadets Ist Division (2nd M. D.)... 15,508 2,331 2nd, (2nd M. D.)... 27,213 4,33 3rd (3rd M. D.)... 20,817 3,076 4th (3rd M. D.)... I0,420 1,372 4th (4th M. D.). 13,788 1,517 iith Mixed Brigade (ist M. D.)....... 10,416 1,329 i2th,, (6th M. D.)... 6,324 830 i3th (5th M. D.). 3,359 367 3rd District Base (5th M. D.).... 83 25 Total... 108,028 14,980 7. ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE. (a) Organisation. The Royal Australian Air Force is an autonomous arm of the Defence Forces. It is administered by a Board consisting of 2 Air Force members and a Finance member. The present establishment of the Force (Permanent and Citizen Forces) includes the following units : (a) Headquarters, Royal Australian Air Force, with representation at the Air Ministry in London; (b) A Flying Training School, a Stores Depot, two composite squadrons and one flight; (c) An Experimental Section. In deciding all matters of policy the Minister is assisted by a representative Air Council, which includes officers of the Navy, Army and Air Force, and the Controller of Civil Aviation. (b) Establishment. The approved establishment of the Permanent Air Force is iio officers and 860 airmen, and of the Citizen Air Force, 54 officers and 285 airmen. (c) Budgetary Effectives. 1930-31 Air Commodore... I Group Captain..... I Wing Commanders... Squadron Leaders.. 20 Flying Lieutenants... 31 Flying Officers and Pilots.... 42 Flying Officers, Pupils and Cadets... 48 Total Officers (including cadets)... i47 Sergeants, Quartermasters, Corporals and Airmen. 793 Total Officers and other ranks... 940 The establishment of Senior Cadets has been reduced in 1930 to 7,000.
I92 BRITISH EMPIRE (d) Civil Aviation Branch. The Civil Aviation Branch consists of a Controller, a Deputy-Controller, 3 Superintendents, I Inspector (of flying operations, aircraft and aerodromes) and 13 minor officials. (e) Aerial Routes. Aerodromes and alighting sites have been prepared between the capital cities and on certain parts of the coast for service and civil purposes. The total number prepared was i64 in I926. E. MILITARY POPULATION The total number at cadet age, i.e., between 12 and i8, at the Census of I92I (April 4th) was about 300,000; at citizen soldier age, i.e., between i8 and 26, 354,000; these latter, with 409,000 at ages between 26 and 35, give 763,000 as the total males at the best period for military service. It is estimated that 529,000 of those available between the ages of i8 and 35 were not married or widowers without children, and 233,000 were married or widowers with children. In addition, there were about 768,000 between the ages 35 and 60. F. TRAINING I. PERMANENT FORCES. The Permanent Forces train throughout the year similarly to units of the Regular Army in Great Britain. 2. CITIZEN FORCE. (a) The members of the Citizen Force between the ages of i8 and 22 years are required annually to train as under : 4 days' home training and 8 days' continuous training in camp in each year. Training in the Citizen Force commences on July ist in the year in which the persons liable reach the age of i8 years, and continues for three years. A course of musketry similar to that laid down for the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom is also completed annually. From 25 to 26 years of age, one registration and attendance at one muster parade only are required. Recruits will join the Force at i8 years of age, about i8,ooo, including those who for some reason become exempt from training, reaching that age annually. Men will be liable to serve for eight years. (b) The length of these periods may be curtailed according to circumstances. (c) The general method by which the instruction of the Citizen Force is carried out is: (i) By the allotment of a small permanent instructional staff to each training area, battalion area and brigade area. (ii) By holding at convenient times and places classes of instruction for officers and N.C.O.s of the various arms.
AUSTRALIA 193 3. CADETS. Senior Cadet training was completely revived during the year 1920-21, more attention being given to the physical, mental and moral development of the youth than to his military training, of which he only received sufficient to enable him to take his place in the Citizen Force. The development of organised games and athletics has been taken in hand. Senior Cadet training as from July Ist, 1925, is confined to one day instead of 4 days. Training commences on ist July of the year in which 'Senior Cadets reach the age of 17 years, and on ist July of the following year they are allotted to the Citizen Forces, in which training continues until the 3oth June of the year in which the trainee attains the age of 21 years. Musketry training on a systematic' progressive basis is carried out. The training of the Junior Cadets (12 and 13 years) is no longer under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence. Total strength of Senior Cadets (1930) Attached to militia... At educational establishments........ 4,636 350 Total...................... 4,986 4. TRAINING STRENGTH OF MILITARY FORCES. The training strength of military forces in Australia was 47,93I in I929. G. SCHOOLS i. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE. A Military College was established at Duntroon (Federal Territory) to educate candidates for commissions in all arms of the Commonwealth Military Forces. A certain number of Cadets from New Zealand are also admitted each year. The establishment of the College on the I9th March, 1930 was 102 officers, N.C.O.s, artisans and cadets. The normal course lasts 4 years, divided into 8 terms. The State Senior Public Examinations take the place of an entrance examination. All Cadets at the College join a "Corps of Staff Cadets ", which is part of the Permanent Military Forces of the Commonwealth. This Corps, which has an establishment of I50, including Cadets from New Zealand, is organised on the lines of a battalion of infantry. Australian graduates are commissioned in the Staff Corps, and are immediately sent abroad to England or India for further training with a regular regiment. No fees are charged for equipment, instruction or maintenance of Cadets at the College. 2. ARTILLERY SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION. The Artillery School of Instruction is situated at South Head, Sydney. It is divided into three main branches, viz.: (a) Technical Artillery School. (b) School-of Artillery for practical instruction of all artillery of the Field Army, including anti-aircraft artillery. (c) Coast Artillery - to carry out instruction in Coast Artillery and Coast Defence work generally, including electric lighting. I3
I94 BRITISH EMPIRE 3. SMALL-ARMS SCHOOL, A Small-Arms School is located at Randwick, Sydney, where are held : Rifle course, machine-gun course, light-gun course, bombing course, range-finding course, refresher course in weapons, special course in weapon training and senior officers' course. 4. CENTRAL TRAINING DEPOT. The functions of the Central Training Depot are: (a) The training of applicants for appointment to the Australian Instructional Corps and refresher courses for members of this Corps. (b) The recruit training for all arms of the Permanent Forces. (c) Such other courses as may be considered necessary. H. MUNITION SUPPLY, ETC. The following factories have been established so far: Explosives Factories at Maribyrnong, Victoria (explosives for cartridge and artillery ammunition). Cordite Factory, Maribyrnong, Victoria. Acetate of Lime Factory, established at Bulimba, Brisbane. Small-Arms Factory at Lithgow, New South Wales (rifles, pistols and machine guns). Defence-Small Arms Ammunition Factory, Footscray, Victoria (rifle and pistol ammunition). Clothing Factory at Melbourne. I. EFFECTIVES i. PERMANENT FORCES. (Budgetary Effectives.) 1930-3 I Officers... 281 Warrant Officers... 599 N.C.O.s... 332 Privates, etc.... 402 Total...... 1,614 2. DISTRIBUTION OF LAND FORCES, FEBRUARY IST, I929. Branch of Service ' Total Permanently employed 2. i8 9 2 14 8 6 6 5 4 7 8 8 6 2 4 65 1,7 5 5 I Citizen soldiers... 8 5462 8,1 60 I4,632 4, I48 2,476 1,290 46,176 Unattached list of officers 7 43 103 88 30 49 23 340 Reserve of officers.. -. 967 2,900 2,630 736 640 282 8,155 Chaplains.7 52 125 III 37 25 17 374 Total..... 211 6,672 21,953 I7,939 5,037 3,314 1,674 56,800 1 Excluding civilian staff. 2 Including cadets at Royal Military College of Australia and Staff Corps Officers stationed abroad and training with other Commonwealth Departments.
AUSTRALIA 195 3. CITIZEN FORCES REGISTRATIONS, QUOTAS IN TRAINING (1907, 1908 and I9o9 QUOTAS), AS AT JUNE 30TH, I928. Military Formations and Districts ist Division (2nd M. D.)... 11,720 2nd Division (2nd M. D.).... '21,455 3rd Division (3rd M. D.)..15,774 4 th Division (3rd M. D.)... 8,838 iith Mixed Brigade (ist M. D.)... 11,624 Field Troops ( 4 th M. D.)........ 8, 69 Field Troops ( 5 th M. D.)... 5,193 Field Troops (6th M. D.)..... 2,753 5 th District Base.. 86 Total... 85,612 4. CITIZEN FORCES REGISTRATIONS, QUOTAS NOT IN TRAINING (1902 TO 190o6 QUOTAS), AS AT JUNE 30TH, 1928. Military Districts ist Ist.20,462.......................... 20,462 2nd..... ~2nd............................ 57,907 ~. 3rd... 43,639 4 th....................... 14,758 5th....... 9,234 6th..................6,142 152,142 5. MILITIA TRAINING. Officers 1930-31 Commanders.. 30... Staff officers... 17 Colonels..................... 6 Lieutenant-Colonels.... 139 Majors. M........................ 365 Captains... 86i Lieutenants...,528 Total of officers.... 2,946 Sergeants and Quartermasters....... 3,578 Corporals and Men... 28,444 Total... 34,968
196 BRITISH EMPIRE 6. ARMS OF THE COMMONWEALTH MILITARY FORCES, FEBRUARY IST, I929. Light Horse... 4,275 Corps of Staff Cadets. 75 Royal Australian Artillery 491 Staff Corps.. 271 Field Artillery... 5,763 Australian Instructional Garrison Artillery.... 2,344 Corp s... 575 Royal Australian Engineers 144 Ordnance (including Ord- Field Engineers... 2,448 nance Officers and Arti- Signals... 1,785 ficers)... 261 Fortress Engineers.. 390 Provost Staff... 15 Infantry..... 24,870 Legal Department... Army Service Corps.. 2,146 Engineer and, Railway 36 Army Medical Corps.. 1,654 Staff Corps... 62 Army Veterinary Corps. 240 Headquarters Staffs... 86 Grand Total... 47,93I II. Navy ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY Nota. - The first date in brackets gives the date of the launching of the ship the second that of its completion. The dash - signifies that the.construction has not yet been completed or that the date of completion is not known. A. LIST OF UNITS. (February ist, I93I). Cruisers: i. Australia (1927-1928) Displacement, io,ooo tons. Length, 630 feet. Beam, 2. Canberra (I927-I928) 68 13 feet. Draught (mean), 6 1/4 feet. H. P. 80,000 = 31.5 kts. Guns : 8 8-inch, 4 4-inch A.A., 24 smaller guns. 8 torpedo-tubes. 3. Adelaide (1918-1922) Displacement, 5,100 tons. Length, 4622/3 feet. Beam, 495/6 feet. Max. draught, 1734 to 19 feet. H.P. 25,000 = 25.3 kts. Guns: 9 6-inch, I 3-inch A.A., 17 smaller guns. 2 torpedo-tubes submerged (2I-inch). 4. Brisbane (1915-1916) Displacement, 5,120 tons. Length, 457 feet. Beam, 495/6 feet. Max. draught, I73/4 to i8/ feet. H.P. 25,000 = 25.5 kts. Guns : 8 6-inch, i 3-inch A.A., 17 smaller guns. 2 torpedo-tubes (2i-inch). Aircraft-carriers. Albatross (1928-1929) Displacement, 5,000 tons. Length, 443 /4 feet. Beam, 6o0 5/ feet. Draught, I6 14 feet. H.P. 12,000 21.0 kts. Guns : 4-4.7-inch; 32 smaller guns.
AUSTRALIA 97 6 Destroyers. Date of Displace- s 1 p Speed Oil Tb Max. No. Type completion ment '.P (knots) Oil ues draught Tons Tons Feet i Anzac (Flot. leader) 1917 1,310 36,000 34.0 416/515 4 12 5 Admiralty "S".. 1919 905 27,000 36.o 254/301 4 I2 Submarines: i. Oxley (I927) 354-34 tons. H. P. Speed 5 knots. 2. Otway 1,835 1,350 9 Miscellaneous: 9 units (sloops, surveying vessels, etc.). SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS. Number Tonnage Total TonnageD I/ 193II//193I I930 Cruisers and light cruisers... 4 35,320 20,663 Aircraft-carriers..I 5,000 4,500 Destroyers... 6 5,835 35 Submarines... 2 2,703 2,027 Miscellaneous craft...... 3 3,5 15 937 Total........ 52,373 28,162 1 The depreciated tonnage is calculated as follows: (i) For battleships, battle-cruisers, coast-defence ships, monitors, aircraft-carriers and miscellaneous craft, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of I/20 per annum from date of completion. (2) For cruisers and light cruisers, a reduction of I/I7 per annum from date of completion. (3) For torpedo craft and submarines, a reduction of I /12 per annum from date of completion. 2 On February ist, I931- a Sloops. B. EFFECTIVES OF THE NAVY (on February I5th, 1929). Officers Men Sea-going personnel... 450 4,409 Auxiliary personnel... 42 80o Naval reserve (Sea-going personnel)... 4. - Fleet reserve... 121 Naval reserve... 253 6,919 Naval volunteer reserve... 47 20 III Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. (i) The financial year covers the period from July ist to June 3oth. The estimates are voted in the autumn several months after the beginning of the financial year, the intervening period being provided for by permanent and temporary authorisations. The budget submitted to Parliament contains information regarding the results of the financial year just expired. Supplementary estimates contain, as a rule, only insignificant amounts.
I98 BRITISH EMPIRE (2) The Government receipts and outgoings are shown in three distinct funds : (i) the Consolidated Revenue Fund, which is credited with all cash receipts of real revenue and debited with all expenditure to be paid out of such revenue; (ii) the Loan Fund, which is credited with proceeds of loans and debited with expenditure to be met out of them ; (iii) the Trust Funds, which consist of funds administered by the State outside the annual budget. Defence expenditure proper is charged to the Consolidated Revenue Fund and, as regards a part of the outlay for new works and buildings, to the Loan Fund. Charges remaining from the war (war expenses, repatriation, land settlement) are to a great extent accounted for in the Trust Fund Accounts. In addition to these accounts, which are voted by Parliament, a table showing the cost of each department is attached to the budget and to the closed accounts. It should, however, be noted that both the capital outlay and the interest on the liability incurred for defraying the outlay are included in the cost of the department concerned. Receipts collected by the departments are shown on the revenue side of the budget, except in a few insignificant cases when they are set off against the corresponding expenditure. The Military and Naval receipts do not usually amount to much. (3) Under the terms of the Constitution Act, 1900oo, the Commonwealth took over the control of all defence matters in March 1901 ; and its expenditure on armaments, etc., may now be broadly divided into: (a) Normal expenditure for the defence of Australia; and (b) Expenditure connected with the Great War. B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. I. Summary of Defence Expenditure. TABLE 'I 1927-28 1i928-29 i i929-30 1930-31 Closed Accounts Esti- I. Expenditure from Revenue: 's ( A. Department of Defence. 3,712 3,64 4,001 3,609 Special defence provision for development programme... 996 948 - - Defence expenditure charged to other budgets 86 20 24 28 B. Additions, New works and Buildings: Department of Defence... 69 129 97 18 Naval construction and Reserve for defence 3,020 Total expenditure from Revenue... 7,983 4,711 4,122 3,655 II. Expenditure from Loan Fund: Works and other purposes... 305 203 230 130 Total Defence expenditure... 8,288 4,914 4,352 3,785 Index numbers of: % % % Wholesale prices (1913 = Ioo)... 171 163 I60 138 2 Retail prices: Cost of living (November 1914 0oo1) 146 148 147 14I 3 1 Base I913-I927 = ioo converted to November I914 = ioo. 2 Average, July 1930 to January 193I. 3 Month of September 1930.
AUSTRALIA i99 II. Analysis of Normal Defence Expenditure. (a) Department of Defence: Expenditure from Revenue. TABLE 2. 1927-28 I928-29 1x929-30 1930-31 Closed Accounts Estimates 's (ooo's) I. Central Administration... 27 28 25 25 II. Naval expenditure : Naval Administration. 84 83 80 71 Permanent Naval Forces (sea-going)... 941 919 1,004 892 Maintenance of ships and vessels... 568 482 540 462 Medical Services... 12 14 12 II Royal Australian Naval College... 6o 60 40 Royal Australian Naval Reserve.93 102 107 96 Royal Australian Naval Reserve (sea-going)... I I I I Royal Australian Fleet Reserve... 2 2 3 4 Naval Establishments... 184 183 176 I64 To credit of Trust Fund: Uniform, clothing and necessaries (Naval) Account... 5 5 Repairs, maintenance, etc.... 43 46 39 33 General Services... 61 38 42 31 Less amount estimated to remain unexpended.. - 45 TOTAL II... 2,055 1,935 2,064 1,760 III. Military expenditure Permanent Forces... 397 371 528 558 Royal Military College.. 42-12 38 34 Professional, clerical and general staffs... 74 70 66 6 Ordnance Branch... 123 122 121 115 Rifle range staff... 9 9 9 9 Finance and Accounts branch... 35 34 32 31 Universal military training... I34 I40 148 290 Training. I... 96 97 67 86 Maintenance of existing arms and equipment. 3 I8 40 32 General contingencies and services... o i o 6 113 Repairs, maintenance, etc.... 26 33 46 26 Less amount estimated to remain unexpended at close of year.....- - 70 TOTAL III : Military expenditure... I,059 I,046 1,211 1,184 IV. Rifle Clubs and Associations... 48 48 40 34 V. Royal Australian Air Force: Royal Australian Air Force... 202 227 237 253 General contingencies... 74 79 83 82 General stores and maintenance.35 32 81 65 Repairs, maintenance, etc.... 8 9 Io I I Less amount estimated to remain unexpended at close of year..... - i15 TOTAL, V... 3I 34 4II 1 396 VI. Munitions Supply Branch... 204 210 250 212 Less amount estimated to remain unexpended at close of year....- - 2 TOTAL, VI... 204 210 250 210 Total, Defence Department excluding Civil Aviation 3,712 3,614 4,001 3,609 Civil Aviation.72 74 103 140 TOTAL, Department of Defence.... 3,784 3,688 4,104 3,749
200 BRITISH EMPIRE (b) The Special Defence Provision included in Expenditure from Revenue is for increased personnel, arms, armaments, munitions, aircraft equipment, storage and other accommodation, and for the general development of the defences of the Commonwealth. (c) Additions, new works, buildings, etc. The expenditure under this heading is met partly from Revenue, and partly from Loan Funds TABLE 3 (a). 1927-28 1928-29 1929-30 1930-31 Closed Accounts Estimates 's (ooo's) From Revenue.... 3,189 129 97 18 From Loan Funds.... 305 203 230 130 Total... 3,494 332 327 I48 A further analysis shows the amounts spent under this heading on Army, Navy and Air Forces: TABLE 3 (b). 1927-28 1928-29 I929-30 j I930-31 Naval: 's (ooo's) From Revenue... 3,124 73 Io 2 From Loan Funds.. 62 37 93 8 Total Naval... 3,186 o 103 10io Military: From Revenue... i i 7 6 From Loan Funds... 37 33 21 2 Total Military.... 38 34 28 8 Air Force: From Revenue... 8 55 55 Io From Loan Funds... 105 40 33 72 Total Air Force.... 113 95 88 82 Munitions Supply: From Revenue..... 56-25 - From Loan Funds... 1. 93 83 48 Total Munitions Supply 157 93 io8 48 Grand total... 3,494 332 327 148 III. Receipts in connection with Military Expenditure. Defence revenue, including balance of Defence Trust Accounts, and excluding the proceeds of civil aviation, amounted to : 1927-28 } { 127,575 1928-29 Closed Accounts... 110,487 I929-30 J 81,869 1930-31 Estimates... 45,500
AUSTRALIA 20I IV. Expenditure referring to Previous Years. (i) Debt Service. - No interest on or amortisation of public debt is charged to the ordinary vote for the Department of Defence. The Budget Papers of the Commonwealth for 1930-31 contain a, table showing the following amounts as coming under the total cost of the Defence Department: TABLE 4. 1927-28 1928-29 1929-30 1930-3I Closed Accounts Estimates Interest (on other than War Loans) allocated to the Department of Defence : Military and Munitions Supply Interest on loans... Interest on transferred properties... 81,326 I20,39I 89,170 120,39I 96,812 120,391 98,700 I20,400 Total... 201,717 209,561 217,203 219, 100 Naval : Interest on loans... Interest on transferred properties... 52,744 I5,49 55,519 1I5,49I 61,418 I5,49I 61,460 15,490 Total..... 68,235 7I,010 76,909 76,950 Air Services: Interest on Loans... 18,533 22,226 25,767 27,380 Total Interest : Department of Defence 288,485 302,797 319,879 323,430 Sinking Funds (on other than War Loans) allocated to the Department of Defence : Military and Munitions Supply..... 9,985 20,404 21,203 22,600 Naval... 6,056 6,179 6,893 7,130 Air Services... 2,391 2,526 2,776 4,800 Total Sinking Funds : Department of Defence... 28,432 29,109 30,872 39,530 Grand Total : Interest and Sinking Funds... 316,917 331,906 350,751 357,960 The Consolidated Revenue Fund shows, further, the following amounts under " War Services " i927-28 I928-29 1 I929-30 I930-3 I Closed Accounts Estimates War Debt: Interest... 17,240, 89 I7,885,682 17,175,893 I7,380,8o08 Sinking Fund... 2,980,589 3,185,320 3,403,163 3,570,363 Total... 20,220,778 21,071,002 20,579,056 20,951,171 (2) Pensions are not included in the estimates of the Department of Defence. In so far, however, as they form part of the total cost of the Department, as given in the Budget Papers for 1930-3I, they are indicated below :
202 BRITISH EMPIRE TABLE 5. I927-28 1 I928-29 1 I929-30 I930-31 Closed Accounts Estimates Pensions and Retiring Allowances: & & Military.... 1,282 1,I93 -,I17 1,300 Naval....... 1,292 1,25 1,251 1,400 Government contributions under the Superannuation Act Military... 15,269 I9,160 22,782 25,000 Naval...... 1,252 1,200 1,556 2,934 Total.... I9,095 22,804 26,706 30,634 War Pensions, paid under the item "War Services payable out of Revenue ", amounted to the following sums for the last four years: 1927-28 } 7,607,281 1928-29 Closed Accounts... 7,755,774 1929-30 7,897,29I 1930-31 Estimates... 7,957,000 (3) War and Repatriation Services. The amounts under this heading, payable from Revenue and from Loan Funds, were as follows: 1927-28 I I928-29 1 I929-30 1 I930-3I Closed Accounts Estimates 's (ooo's) Expenditure from Revenue Fund... 29,008 30,098 30,100 30,327 Expenditure from Loan Fund... 729 i,66o Total... 29,737 31,758 30, 100oo 30,327 The general policy of the Commonwealth Government has been to pay from Con'solidated Revenue all recurring charges for interest, sinking fund, pensions and other charges consequent upon the war and part of the expense of repatriation. On the other hand, the whole direct cost of the war and the larger proportion of the cost of repatriation have been paid from loans. The sums paid and payable for interest and sinking funds for war debt and for war pensions have been shown below Tables 4 and 5 respectively. The four main principles on which the Department of Repatriation (organised in I918) are based are : (i) to secure the re-establishment of returned soldiers in the industrial life of the community to the fullest extent that circumstances permit ; (2) to sustain these soldiers until an opportunity for such re-establishment is assured; (3) to provide for the care and education of the dependents of soldiers who died on active service, as well as the dependents of soldiers who, on account of injuries sustained, are unable to provide for those formerly dependent on them; and (4) to provide medical treatment after discharge for returned nurses, sailors and soldiers who are suffering from disabilities 0 caused or aggravated 0~~~~~~~~=T~lP by t war a~ service. pvr