Consultants Maude H. Alston, RN, PhD Assistant Professor of Nursing University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina Betty J. Carmack, RN, EdD Assistant Professor University of San Francisco School of Nursing San Francisco, California Doris K. DeVincenzo, PhD Professor Lienhard School of Nursing Pace University Pleasantville, New York Mary Jo Gorney-Fadiman, RN, PhD Assistant Professor San Jose State University School of Nursing San Jose, California Mary E. Martucci, RN, PhD Associate Professor and Chairman Saint Mary s College Notre Dame, Indiana Sheridan V. McCabe, BA, BSN, MSN, PhD Assistant Professor of Nursing University of Virginia School of Nursing Charlottesville, Virginia Elizabeth Anne Rankin, PhD Psychotherapist and Consultant University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland vii
viii CONSULTANTS Judith M. Saunders, DNS, FAAN Postdoctoral Research Fellow University of Washington School of Nursing Seattle, Washington Gail Stuart, RN, CS, PhD Associate Professor Medical University of South Carolina College of Nursing Charleston, South Carolina
Reviewers Susan Atwood Faculty Antelope Valley College Lancaster, California Jaynee R. Boucher MS, RN St. Joseph s College of Nursing Syracuse, New York Sherry Campbell Allegany College of Maryland Cumberland, Maryland Lorraine Chiappetta Professor Washtenaw Community College Ann Arbor, Michigan Ileen Craven Instructor Roxborough Memorial Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Marcy Echternacht College of St. Mary Omaha, Nebraska Susan Feinstein Instructor Psychiatric Nursing Cochran School of Nursing Yonkers, New York Mavonne Gansen Northeast lowa Community College Peosta, lowa ix
x REVIEWERS Diane Gardner Assistant Professor University of West Florida Pensacola, Florida Jo Anne C. Jackson, EdD, RN Middle Georgia College Cochran, Georgia Elizbeth Kawecki South University Royal Palm Beach, Florida Florence Keane DNSc, MSN, BSN Assistant Professor Florida International University Miami, Florida Gayle Massie MSN, RN Professor Shawne, State University Portsmouth, Ohio Mary McClay Walla Walla University Portland, Oregon Judith Nolen Clinical Assistant Professor University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Pamela Parlocha California State University - East Bay Hayward, California Joyce Rittenhouse Burlington County College Pemberton, New Jersey Phyllis Rowe, DNP, RN, ANP Riverside Community College Riverside, California Georgia Seward Baptist Health Schools Little Rock Little Rock, Arkansas
REVIEWERS xi Anna Shanks Shoreline Community College Seattle, Washington Rhonda Snow Stillman College Tuscaloosa, Alabama Karen Tarnow, RN, PhD Clinical Associate Professor University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas Shirley Weiglein South University Tampa, Florida Tammie Willis Penn Valley Community College Kansas City, Missouri
xiv CONTENTS Contents How to Use This Book xxvii Index of DSM-IV-TR Psychiatric Diagnoses xix UNIT ONE THE FOUNDATION FOR PLANNING PSYCHIATRIC NURSING CARE CHAPTER 1 Nursing Process: One Step to Professionalism 1 UNIT TWO ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION CHAPTER 2 Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence 14 CHAPTER 3 Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic Disorders 54 CHAPTER 4 Substance-Related Disorders 71 CHAPTER 5 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 105 CHAPTER 6 Mood Disorders: Depression 125 xiv
CONTENTS xv CHAPTER 7 Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorders 145 CHAPTER 8 Anxiety Disorders 161 CHAPTER 9 Somatoform Disorders 176 CHAPTER 10 Dissociative Disorders 191 CHAPTER 11 Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders 201 CHAPTER 12 Eating Disorders 218 CHAPTER 13 Adjustment Disorder 236 CHAPTER 14 Impulse Control Disorders 256 CHAPTER15 Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition 264 CHAPTER 16 Personality Disorders 275 UNIT THREE SPECIAL TOPICS IN PSYCHIATRIC/ MENTAL HEALTH NURSING CHAPTER 17 Problems Related to Abuse or Neglect 310 CHAPTER 18 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 320 CHAPTER 19 HIV Disease 329
xvi CONTENTS CHAPTER 20 Homelessness 341 CHAPTER 21 Psychiatric Home Nursing Care 348 CHAPTER 22 Forensic Nursing 358 CHAPTER 23 Complementary Therapies 370 CHAPTER 24 Loss and Bereavement 390 UNIT FOUR PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS CHAPTER 25 Antianxiety Agents 406 CHAPTER 26 Antidepressants 417 CHAPTER 27 Mood-Stabilizing Drugs 447 CHAPTER 28 Antipsychotic Agents 472 CHAPTER 29 Antiparkinsonian Agents 502 CHAPTER 30 Sedative-Hypnotics 511 CHAPTER 31 Agents Used to Treat Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder 522 APPENDIX A Comparison of Development Theories 538 APPENDIX B Ego Defense Mechanisms 545
CONTENTS xvii APPENDIX C Levels of Anxiety 548 APPENDIX D Stages of Grief 552 APPENDIX E Relationship Development and Therapeutic Communication 557 APPENDIX F Psychosocial Therapies 570 APPENDIX G Electroconvulsive Therapy 580 APPENDIX H Medication Assessment Tool 583 APPENDIX I Cultural Assessment Tool 588 APPENDIX J The DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Evaluation System 590 APPENDIX K Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale 592 APPENDIX L DSM-IV-TR Classification: Axes I and II Categories and Codes 595 APPENDIX M Mental Status Assessment 610 APPENDIX N Assigning Nursing Diagnoses to Client Behaviors 618 APPENDIX O Brief Mental Status Evaluation 622
xviii CONTENTS APPENDIX P U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pregnancy Categories 624 APPENDIX Q U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Controlled Substances Schedules 626 APPENDIX R Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) 628 Bibliography 631 Subject Index 639 Drug Index 683 Nursing Diagnoses Index 691