EVOLUTION OF NURSING THEORIES
Terminology Metaparadigm is the most abstract level of knowledge. It specifies the main concepts that encompass the subject matter and the scope of a discipline. Powers and Knapp have noted, There is general agreement that nursing metaparadigm consists of the central concepts of person, environment, health and nursing. Philosophy is the next knowledge level; it specifies the definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing.
Conceptual models are frameworks or paradigms that provide a broad frame of reference for systematic approaches to the phenomena with which the discipline is concerned. Conceptual models provide different views of nursing according to the characteristics of the model. Theory is a groups of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice Nursing Theory is a group of related concepts that derived from the nursing models. Some nursing theories also derive from other disciplines such as Leininger s work, which comes from anthropology, or Peplau s work, which draws from psychiatric sources.
Science is performing the processes of observation, idenitification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena. It is also a body of knowledge; both unified body of knowledge concerned with specific subject matter and as the processes and methodologies. Concept is an idea or complex mental image of a phenomenon (object, property, or event). Concepts are the major components of theory. Abstract concepts are independent of time or place and they are indirectly observable. Hope is an example of an abstract concept.
Concrete concepts are specific to time and place and are observable. A person s features such as eye color, height or weight. Paradigm is another term for conceptual framework or conceptual model. Term used to denote the prevailing schema or approaches within a discipline.
Evolution of Nursing Theory within Types of Works PHILOSOPHIES Nightingale Wiedenbach Henderson Abdellah Hall Watson Benner
Evolution of Nursing Theory within Types of Works CONCEPTUAL MODELS AND GRAND THEORIES Orem Levine Rogers Johnson Roy Neuman King Roper, Logan, and Tierney
Evolution of Nursing Theory within Types of Works THEORIES AND MIDDLE-RANGE NURSNG THEORIES Peplau Baranard Orlando Leininger Travelbee Parse Kolcaba Mishel Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain Newman Mercer Adam Pender
Significance of Theory for Nursing As a Discipline and Profession Discipline-specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of knowledge. Profession-refers to a specialized field of practice, which is founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that discipline and the accompanying practice abilities.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THEORY FOR NURSING AS A DISCIPLINE To develop knowledge as a basis for nursing practice. Baccalaureate programs proliferated, master programs in nursing were developed and the curricula began to be standardized through the accreditation process. Advocated nursing as an applied science and others proclaimed nursing as a basic science.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THEORY FOR NURSING AS A PROFESSION 1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and wellorganized body of specialized knowledge [that] is in the intellectual level of the higher learning. 2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service by the use of the scientific method. 3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education. 4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical services [that] are vital to human and social welfare.
5. Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of the professional policy thereby. 6. Attracts individuals or intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work. 7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by protinuous professional growth, and economic security.
Nursing Theory and the Practicing Nurse Theory assists the practicing nurse to: Organize patient data Understand patient data Analyze patient data Make decisions about nursing interventions Plan patient care Predict outcomes of care Evaluate patient outcomes.
PHILOSOPHIES Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale s work is closely related to her philosophical orientation of the patient environment interaction and the principles and rules on which nursing practice was founded. Nightingale believed that disease was a reparative process. Patient s surroundings-ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness and noise-would contribute to the reparative process and the health of the patient. Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not.
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