from 22 November to 4 December 1998 CPT/Inf (2000) 5

CPT/Inf (2000) 5 Report to the Spanish Government on the visit to Spain carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 22 November to 4 December 1998 The Spanish Government has requested the publication of this report and of the interim report drawn up in response. The Government's response is set out in document CPT/Inf (2000) 6. Strasbourg, 13 April 2000

Report to the Spanish Government on the visit to Spain carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 22 November to 4 December 1998

- 3 - CONTENTS Copy of the letter transmitting the CPT s report...5 I. INTRODUCTION...7 A. Dates of the visit and composition of the delegation...7 B. Establishments visited...8 C. Consultations held by the delegation...9 D. Cooperation between the CPT and the Spanish authorities...9 II. FACTS FOUND DURING THE VISIT AND ACTION PROPOSED...11 A. Law enforcement agencies...11 1. Preliminary remarks...11 2. Ill-treatment...12 3. Safeguards against the ill-treatment of detained persons...14 a. introduction...14 b. access to a lawyer...14 c. notification of custody...15 d. access to a doctor...16 e. inspection procedures...17 f. rules on police procedures...18 4. Conditions of detention...19 a. introduction...19 b. situation in the establishments visited...20 c. cellular accommodation aboard the vessel Juan J Sister...22 B. Prisons...24 1. Preliminary remarks...24 2. Ill-treatment...25 3. Prisoners who are considered to be "dangerous" or "unadapted to an ordinary prison regime"...28 4. Conditions of detention...30 a. material conditions...30 b. regime activities...30

- 4 - c. assessment...31 5. Health care services...33 a. introduction...33 b. health care in general...33 c. psychiatric care...34 d. the role of prison health care services in the prevention of ill-treatment...36 6. Other issues...37 a. discipline...37 b. information to prisoners...38 c. contact with the outside world...38 d. drugs...39 C. San Juan de Dios Psychiatric Hospital...40 1. Preliminary remarks...40 2. Treatment of patients...41 3. Patients living conditions...42 4. Means of restraint...43 5. Safeguards in the context of involuntary placement...43 a. initial placement...43 b. during placement...44 c. discharge...45 III. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSIONS...47 A. Law enforcement agencies...47 B. Prisons...48 C. San Juan de Dios Psychiatric Hospital...51 D. Action on the CPT s recommendations, comments and requests for information...52 APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF THE CPT'S RECOMMENDATIONS, COMMENTS AND REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION...53 APPENDIX II: LIST OF THE AUTHORITIES AND ORGANISATIONS WITH WHICH THE CPT S DELEGATION HELD CONSULTATIONS...61

- 5 - Copy of the letter transmitting the CPT s report Strasbourg, 5 August 1999 Dear Sir, In pursuance of Article 10, paragraph 1, of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, I have the honour to enclose herewith the report to the Government of Spain drawn up by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) following its visit to Spain from 22 November to 4 December 1998. The report was adopted by the CPT at its 39th meeting, held from 6 to 9 July 1999. I would like to draw your attention to paragraph 140 of the report, in which the CPT requests the Spanish authorities to provide an interim and a follow-up report on the measures taken upon its report. The CPT would ask, in the event of the responses being forwarded in Spanish, that they be accompanied by an English or French translation. It would also be most helpful if the Spanish authorities could provide a copy of the responses in a computer-readable form. I am at your entire disposal if you have any questions concerning either the CPT s report or the future procedure. Finally, I would be grateful if you could acknowledge receipt of this letter. Yours faithfully, Ivan ZAKINE President of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Mr Rafael RAMOS GIL Technical General Secretary Ministry of the Interior E 28071 MADRID

- 7 - I. INTRODUCTION A. Dates of the visit and composition of the delegation 1. In pursuance of Article 7 of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (hereinafter referred to as the Convention ), a delegation of the CPT carried out a visit to Spain from 22 November to 4 December 1998. The visit formed part of the CPT s programme of periodic visits for 1998 and was the Committee s third periodic visit to Spain (the first two having taken place in April 1991 and April 1994). 1 2. The visit was carried out by the following members of the CPT: - Ms Ingrid LYCKE ELLINGSEN, First Vice-President of the CPT (Head of the delegation); - Mr Mario BENEDETTINI; - Mr Ole Vedel RASMUSSEN; - Mr Safa REISOĞLU; - Mr Florin STĂNESCU. They were assisted by: - Mr Daniel GLEZER, Head of the Regional Psychiatric and Psychological Medical Service at Marseilles Les Baumettes Prison (expert); - Mr James McMANUS, Scottish Prisons Complaints Commissioner (expert); - Ms Charo BAQUERO (interpreter); - Ms Christine BOURGOIN-DIEZ (interpreter); - Ms Danielle GREE (interpreter); - Mr Felix ORDEIG-COLE (interpreter) (from 28 November to 2 December 1998); - Ms Melanie ROE (interpreter); 1 The Committee has also carried out three ad hoc visits to Spain, in June 1994, January 1997 and April 1997.

- 8 - and were accompanied by the following members of the CPT s Secretariat: - Mr Mark KELLY; - Mr Jan MALINOWSKI. B. Establishments visited 3. The delegation visited the following places: Law enforcement agency establishments National Police stations Police Headquarters, Via Laietana, Barcelona Police Headquarters, Calle Arquitecto Bergés, Jaén Police Headquarters, Calle Luis Doreste Silva, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Central Duty Inspection, Calle la Tacona, Moratalaz, Madrid Provincial Brigade of the Judicial Police, Plaza de Pontejos, Madrid Police Station, Avenida Gatassa, Mataró Santa Catalina District Police Station, Calle Dr. Miguel Rosas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Police Station at the Port of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Civil Guard establishments Civil Guard Headquarters, Travessera de Gràcia, Barcelona Civil Guard Headquarters, Calle Alicante, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Other establishments Catalan Autonomous Police (Mossos d Esquadra) Station, Calle Bolivia, Barcelona Municipal Detention Facility, La Riera, Mataró Prisons Barcelona Prison for Men (Modelo) Jaén Prison Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Prison (Salto del Negro) Madrid V Prison (Soto del Real) Psychiatric hospitals Centro San Juan de Dios Psychiatric Hospital, Ciempozuelos

- 9 - * * * In addition, the CPT's delegation visited the cellular accommodation aboard the vessel Juan J Sister, in which prisoners are transported between the Canary Islands and mainland Spain. C. Consultations held by the delegation 4. In addition to meeting with the local officials in charge of the places visited, the delegation held consultations with national authorities and representatives of non-governmental organisations active in areas of concern to the CPT. A list of the authorities and organisations with which the delegation held consultations is set out in Appendix II to this report. D. Cooperation between the CPT and the Spanish authorities 5. The CPT wishes to underline that its delegation enjoyed excellent cooperation at all levels, both before and during the visit. At the outset of the visit, the CPT's delegation was received by the Minister for the Interior 2, Mr Jaime MAYOR OREJA, and the Minister for Health, Mr José Manuel ROMAY BECCARÍA. Further, it had meetings with senior officials from both Ministries at the beginning and the end of the visit and, in particular, with Mr Ricardo MARTÍ FLUXÁ, Secretary of State for Security, Mr Leopoldo CALVO-SOTELO y IBÁÑEZ-MARTÍN, Under-Secretary for the Interior, Mr Rafael RAMOS GIL, Technical General Secretary of the Ministry of the Interior, and Mr Angel YUSTE CASTILLEJO, Director General of the Prison Service, as well as with Mr Rafael MATESANZ ACEDOS, Director General of Primary and Specialist Care in the Ministry of Health, and Mr Rafael PEÑALVER, Legal Adviser in the Ministry of Health. The delegation also held consultations with Mr Ignasi GARCÍA I CLAVEL, Director General of the Catalan Prison and Rehabilitation Services. Further, the delegation had fruitful discussions with the Ombudsman (Defensor del Pueblo), Mr Fernando ÁLVAREZ de MIRANDA y TORRES, and senior members of his staff, as well as with the President of the General Council of the Judiciary, Mr Francisco Javier DELGADO BARRIO, and two members of the Council, Ms Manuela CARMENA CASTRILLO and Mr Teofilo ORTEGA TORRES. 2 The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for the law enforcement agencies under the authority of the national Government (i.e. the National Police and the Civil Guard). Since 1996, it has also had responsibility for prisons (with the exception of those situated in Catalonia).

- 10-6. It should be added that the delegation received a very satisfactory reception at - and in particular rapid access to - all of the establishments visited, including places which had not been notified in advance of the CPT s intention to carry out a visit. Indeed, it would appear that the management of all of the places of detention visited had been informed of the possibility of a visit by the Committee and were reasonably knowledgeable about its mandate. The CPT also wishes to express its sincere appreciation of the efforts of the liaison officers appointed by the Spanish authorities and, in particular, Mr Antonio CERROLAZA GÓMEZ of the Ministry of the Interior, to facilitate the delegation s task. 7. In short, the degree of cooperation which prevailed during the visit was fully in compliance with Article 3 of the Convention. Moreover, taken as a whole, the content of the ongoing dialogue between the CPT and the Spanish authorities and the delegation s findings during the 1998 visit indicate that those authorities are committed to taking positive action to implement the Committee s recommendations. 8. Notwithstanding this broadly positive situation, particular reference should be made to the fact that the Spanish authorities have yet to implement the CPT's 1994 and 1997 recommendations that a general investigation of a thorough and independent nature be carried out into the methods used by members of the Civil Guard when holding and questioning persons arrested as presumed participants in one or more of the offences referred to in Article 384 bis of the Code of Criminal Procedure (cf. paragraph 34 of document CPT/Inf (96) 9, Part III and paragraph 51 of document CPT/Inf (2000) 3). In July 1997, the CPT held high-level talks in Madrid with the Spanish authorities with a view to clarifying the nature of the action required to implement those recommendations. On that occasion, it was agreed that, in the context of the production of a new manual on police procedures, an analysis would be made of the methods actually employed by law enforcement officials when detaining, interrogating and transferring detained persons. The body charged with drawing up that manual (the Technical Commission of the National Coordination Commission of the Judicial Police) reviewed an extensive range of documents (legislative provisions; judicial pronouncements, including by the Supreme and Constitutional Courts; relevant instructions issued by authorities in charge of the law enforcement agencies); however, there has as yet been no on-the-spot scrutiny of the manner in which detained persons are being treated by law enforcement officials. To comply with the above-mentioned recommendations requires that there be such scrutiny (cf. also paragraph 13).

- 11 - II. FACTS FOUND DURING THE VISIT AND ACTION PROPOSED A. Law enforcement agencies 1. Preliminary remarks 9. In the course of the third periodic visit to Spain, the CPT s delegation revisited certain National Police facilities and carried out visits to a number of other National Police and Civil Guard establishments. Further, the delegation visited an establishment of the Catalan Autonomous Police (Mossos d Esquadra), an agency under the authority of the Catalan Autonomous Government which is progressively being deployed in Catalonia. It also visited a municipal detention facility under the responsibility of the local authority. Such establishments are used to hold persons detained by the law enforcement agencies (whilst waiting to be brought before a judge), inmates remanded in custody by a judge and persons sentenced to very short terms of imprisonment or to weekend detention. 10. The legislation concerning detention by the law enforcement agencies has been summarised in the CPT's reports following its previous visits. However, particular reference should be made to the 1995 Criminal Code, which has introduced a more developed framework penalising the offences of torture/ill-treatment and "violations of constitutional safeguards" by an authority or public official. Under the heading "torture and other offences against moral integrity", the Code foresees penalties of up to 4 years imprisonment and up to 4 years ineligibility for public office/civil service for offences committed by an authority or public official which involve a violation of a person's moral integrity, and up to 6 years imprisonment and up to 12 years ineligibility for public office/civil service for the offence of torture. The same penalties apply to an authority or public official who, in breach of their official duties, allow others to perpetrate such offences. Further, when a violation of a person's moral integrity is compounded by a violation of the rights to life, physical integrity, health, sexual freedom or property, those offences are to be the subject of separate penalties. 3 It is also noteworthy that the Code includes the offences of unlawfully prolonging detention or incommunicado detention, the undue application of sanctions or restrictions to prisoners, or the use of unnecessary rigour, and obstructing the exercise of the right to legal assistance or not complying with the duty to inform detained persons of their rights. 4 3 4 cf. Articles 173 to 177 of the Criminal Code. cf. Articles 529 et seq. of the Criminal Code.

- 12-2. Ill-treatment 11. In the course of the visit, the CPT s delegation received no allegations of torture from persons interviewed who were or who had recently been detained by the Spanish law enforcement agencies. Further, comparatively few allegations were heard of other forms of physical ill-treatment of detained persons by law enforcement officials. The allegations which were heard from detained persons concerned principally the National Police and mostly involved the use of excessive force at the time of arrest. Reference might be made to the case of a person interviewed at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria National Police Headquarters, who alleged that, at the time of his arrest, a police officer had pistol-whipped him. An examination by a medical member of the delegation revealed a recent 3 cm long wound on the scalp, which was consistent with his allegation. 12. However, both before and during the visit, the CPT received reports from other sources containing a considerable number of allegations of ill-treatment by the National Police, the Civil Guard and the Basque Autonomous Police (the Ertzaintza) relating to periods of custody during 1997 and 1998. Those allegations involved blows to various parts of the body and, in some cases, more serious forms of physical ill-treatment, including sexual assault of female detainees by male police officers, and asphyxiation by placing a plastic bag over the head. In certain cases, the reports included medical certificates recording injuries or conditions consistent with the allegations made by the persons concerned. Many of the above-mentioned reports related to persons detained in the Basque Country or the Navarre region as terrorist suspects or in connection with terrorist-linked public order offences. It would appear that, in a number of those cases, the persons concerned or their relatives have lodged formal complaints, including before the relevant judicial authorities, about the manner in which they have been treated. 13. The persistence of allegations of ill-treatment by the law enforcement agencies highlights the need for the Spanish authorities to remain particularly vigilant in this area and, more specifically, to engage in the on-the-spot scrutiny referred to in paragraph 8. As regards the alleged use of excessive force at the time of arrest, the CPT fully recognises that the arrest of a criminal suspect is often a hazardous task, in particular if the person concerned resists arrest and/or is someone whom the law enforcement officials have good reason to believe represents an immediate danger. The circumstances of an arrest may be such that injuries are sustained by the person concerned (and by law enforcement officials) without this being the result of an intention to inflict ill-treatment. However, no more force than is strictly necessary should be used when effecting an arrest. Furthermore, once arrested persons have been brought under control, there can be no justification for them being struck by law enforcement officials. The CPT recommends that law enforcement officials be reminded of these precepts.

- 13-14. It is axiomatic that one of the most effective means of preventing ill-treatment by law enforcement officials lies in the diligent examination by the competent authorities of all complaints of such treatment brought before them and, where evidence of wrongdoing emerges, the imposition of appropriate disciplinary and/or criminal penalties. Even in the absence of an express complaint, action should be taken if there are other indications (e.g. lesions recorded in a forensic medical report; a person's general appearance) that ill-treatment might have occurred. 15. In Spain, every complaint which may involve the commission of a criminal offence must be examined by the judicial authorities. Detained persons can lodge a complaint about their treatment with the examining judge responsible for their case and are systematically offered the possibility to be examined by a state-employed doctor. The examining judge may refer the matter to another competent judge, or take the necessary steps to preserve evidence and initiate proceedings to investigate the allegations. A complaint can also be lodged before the judicial authorities at later stages. In all such cases, the public prosecutor has a key role to play. In particular, it is the task of the prosecution service to instigate legal action in defence of the rights of citizens, both motu proprio and following a complaint or at the request of an interested party. It also lies with the prosecution service to ensure that other judicial authorities exercise their functions in conformity with the law. Further, in the context of criminal proceedings, prosecutors are required to call upon the judicial authorities to take the steps required to establish the facts of a case. 5 However, in the course of the delegation's discussions with members of the General Council of the Judiciary, it emerged that examining judges and prosecutors may not always be displaying due diligence when allegations of ill-treatment are brought to their attention. The CPT's own findings during the 1998 visit suggested that judges and public prosecutors could be more proactive when they receive such allegations. The CPT would like to receive the comments of the Spanish authorities on this subject. 16. The CPT would also like to receive the following information in respect of 1997 and 1998: - the number of complaints of ill-treatment by law enforcement officials lodged and the number of disciplinary and/or criminal proceedings initiated as a result of those complaints; - an account of those complaints and the outcome of the proceedings (allegations, brief description of the findings of the relevant court or body, verdict, sentence/sanction imposed). 5 cf. Articles 124 of the Spanish Constitution, 435 of the Organic Law on the Judiciary, 105 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and 3 (1) of the Law governing the Prosecution Service.

- 14-17. Developing and strengthening the formal safeguards afforded to detained persons and filling any gaps which may exist in the legal framework governing those safeguards can also make a significant contribution to the prevention of ill-treatment, as can systems for the inspection of law enforcement agency establishments by a judicial or another independent authority. report. The Committee will return to these matters in some detail in the following section of this 3. Safeguards against the ill-treatment of detained persons a. introduction 18. The CPT has been engaged, for a number of years, in a dialogue with the Spanish authorities on the issue of the safeguards against ill-treatment to be offered to persons detained by the law enforcement agencies. The Committee has placed particular emphasis on three fundamental rights, namely the right of detained persons to have access to a lawyer, to inform a close relative or another third party of their choice of their situation, and to have access to a doctor. b. access to a lawyer 19. The CPT has repeatedly recommended that persons detained by the law enforcement agencies in Spain be granted the right of access to a lawyer as from the outset of their custody. In this respect, the CPT wishes to reiterate that, in its experience, the period immediately following deprivation of liberty is when the risk of intimidation and ill-treatment is greatest. Consequently, the possibility for persons taken into police custody to have access to a lawyer during that period is a fundamental safeguard against ill-treatment. The existence of that possibility will have a dissuasive effect on those minded to ill treat detained persons; moreover, a lawyer is well placed to take appropriate action if ill-treatment actually occurs. The right of access to a lawyer as from the outset of custody must include the right to talk to the lawyer in private. The person concerned should also, in principle, be entitled to have a lawyer present during any interrogation conducted by the police (whether this be during or after the initial period of police custody). Naturally, this should not prevent the police from questioning a detained person on urgent matters, even in the absence of a lawyer, nor rule out the replacement of a lawyer who impedes the proper conduct of an interrogation; however, the latter possibility should be strictly circumscribed by appropriate safeguards. The Committee has recognised that, in order to protect the interests of justice, it may exceptionally be necessary to delay for a certain period a detained person s access to a particular lawyer chosen by him. However, this should not result in the right of access to a lawyer being totally denied during the period in question. In such cases, access to another, independent lawyer who can be trusted not to jeopardise the legitimate interests of the police investigation should be arranged.

- 15-20. In their responses, the Spanish authorities have indicated that, in their view, "every person has from the very outset of their detention the right to legal assistance". Nevertheless, CPT delegations have repeatedly found that, in practice, many detained persons spend some considerable time in police custody before having access to a lawyer. This would appear to be because the Spanish authorities consider that "the essence of a detained person's right to legal assistance...[relates to the] effectiveness of the defence [in the form of] the help provided by the lawyer during detention". 6 In consequence, the first moment at which detained persons have access to legal assistance is when making a formal statement to the police. 21. In the course of the 1998 visit, the delegation again stressed that the raison d être of the CPT's recommendation on this subject is to enhance the protection of detained persons against illtreatment. The Committee s concerns are therefore quite distinct from the issues of criminal procedure (including the right to a defence and the evidential value of statements given by detained persons) which have been raised by the Spanish authorities in their responses to this recommendation. It emphasised that - in the interests of the protection of detained persons against ill-treatment whilst in the custody of the law enforcement agencies - the introduction of such a fully-fledged right of access to a lawyer is essential. The CPT was pleased to learn that, following this exchange of views with its delegation, the Spanish authorities now intend to take steps, in consultation with the relevant professional bodies, with a view to implementing the CPT s recommendation that persons detained by the law enforcement agencies in Spain be granted the right of access to a lawyer as from the outset of their detention. The CPT would like to receive full details of the concrete action being taken with a view to implementing that recommendation. c. notification of custody 22. As regards notification of custody, the CPT has previously expressed concern regarding the period during which certain categories of persons detained by the law enforcement agencies can be denied the right to have the fact of their detention and the place in which they are being held made known to a relative or other person of their choice (as provided for in Article 520 (2) (d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure). In practice, the relatives of detained persons may, on occasion, be aware of the arrest and whereabouts of the persons concerned. Further, the CPT has noted that the competent judge can - and often does - set at less than five days the period of time during which a given person is to be denied the right to have the fact of his custody notified to a third party. Nevertheless, the legal position remains unsatisfactory. The CPT fully recognises that the denial of the exercise of this right for a brief period may exceptionally be necessary in order to protect the interests of justice. However, in the Committee s view, to deny for up to five days the exercise of the right to have the mere fact of one s custody notified to a third party (i.e. to hold a person in secret for such a period insofar as his family and friends are concerned) is not justifiable. 6 cf. pages 3 and 5 of the comments of the Spanish authorities, dated 20 November 1998, in response to a letter sent by the CPT on 17 November 1998.

- 16-23. In this respect, the delegation which carried out the 1998 visit recalled the Committee's recommendation that the period of time for which the exercise of the above-mentioned right may be denied should be substantially shortened (e.g. to a maximum of 48 hours). The CPT welcomes the commitment given in response by the Spanish authorities to seek to shorten the period of time for which persons detained by the law enforcement agencies may be denied the right to have the fact of their detention and the place in which they are being held made known to a relative or other person of their choice. The CPT would like to receive full details of the concrete action being taken on this subject. d. access to a doctor 24. Concerning the right of access to a doctor, the CPT has noted that, on 16 September 1997, a standardised form for recording the findings of forensic doctors was introduced by order of the Minister for Justice. In line with one of the CPT's previous recommendations on this subject, the form requires that a detailed record be made of the doctor s objective medical findings; however, it does not explicitly foresee the recording of statements made by detained persons which are relevant to the medical examination, nor does it provide for the recording of the doctor s conclusions (and in particular his opinion as to the degree of consistency between any allegations of ill-treatment and the objective medical findings). In practice, the delegation's doctors found that doctors performing medical examinations on police premises noted when detained persons displayed recent traumatic lesions, but did not systematically record statements by such persons of relevance to the medical examinations concerned or their own conclusions as to the likely origin of those injuries. 25. In the course of the visit, the Spanish authorities agreed to give further consideration to the manner in which the recording of information by forensic doctors could be brought fully into line with the CPT's recommendations. More specifically, they invited the Committee to propose a suitable wording for inclusion on the form used by doctors performing forensic functions. In this connection, the CPT recommends that: - in section 2 of the form (clinical history), the following words of guidance be added after the heading "current situation": (include statements made by the person concerned which are relevant to the medical examination, e.g. description by the person examined of his state of health and any allegations of ill-treatment); - a further heading - 3 bis - entitled "doctor's conclusions in the light of the patient's current situation (section 2), and the results of the medical examination (section 3)", be added to the form, and that the following words of guidance be added after that heading: (in the event of allegations of illtreatment being made, indicate whether - and to what extent - those allegations are consistent with the results of the medical examination).

- 17-26. Whilst detained persons who are not being held incommunicado have the right to be examined by a doctor of their own choice, those being held incommunicado do not have such a right. Further, although an examination by a doctor appointed by detainees held incommunicado or their relatives is on occasion authorised by the competent judge, it tends to take place towards the end of - or after - the period of custody by the law enforcement agencies. The CPT is not suggesting that the right of access to a doctor of one's own choice should replace a medical examination by a forensic doctor or another doctor employed by the State. The purpose of any such second examination is to provide an additional safeguard against ill-treatment, rather than to supplant the role of the officially-appointed doctor. Moreover, such a second examination could be carried out at the detained person's own expense. The Committee recommends that persons held incommunicado be guaranteed the right to be examined by a doctor of their own choice, it being understood that such a second examination may take place in the presence of a State-appointed forensic doctor. 27. The CPT has previously recommended that detained persons be expressly informed of their right of access to a doctor of their own choice. However, at the time of the 1998 visit, the form used to inform detained persons of their rights still contained no reference to this right. The CPT recommends that the form currently being used to inform detained persons of their rights be amended in order to ensure that all detained persons (i.e. including those being held incommunicado) are expressly informed of their right to be examined by a doctor of their own choice. 28. Finally, CPT has noted with interest that members of the Catalan Autonomous Police interviewed by the delegation stated that they themselves request a medical examination of detained persons whenever force has been used at the time of arrest or during detention, and whenever the person in question is to be transferred to the custody of another agency. Similarly, instructions issued to the Ertzaintza (cf. also paragraph 31) provide for the medical examination of detained persons in certain cases, even in the absence of a request by them, with a view to the proper attribution of responsibility for injuries sustained before or during arrest and while in custody. The Committee welcomes this approach. e. inspection procedures 29. Systems for the inspection of law enforcement agency detention facilities by an independent authority are capable of making a significant contribution towards the prevention of ill-treatment of persons held in custody and, more generally, of ensuring satisfactory conditions of detention. To be fully effective, visits by such an authority should be both regular and unannounced, and the authority concerned must be empowered to discuss in private with detained persons.

- 18-30. In previous visit reports, the CPT has discussed the potential role of the judicial and prosecuting authorities in the supervision of the situation of persons detained by the law enforcement agencies 7. However, during the 1998 visit, the CPT's delegation found no evidence to suggest that such authorities are regularly exercising such on-the-spot supervision of places of detention. Consequently, the CPT invites the Spanish authorities to establish a system of regular visits to law enforcement agency establishments by an independent authority, having regard to the remarks made in the foregoing paragraph. f. rules on police procedures 31. Reference has already been made to the new manual on the procedures to be applied by law enforcement officials (cf. paragraph 8). The manual essentially summarises the existing legal provisions which govern the treatment of detained persons and, in respect of certain points (for example, information on rights, appointment of a lawyer and notification of custody), provides an account of the manner in which those provisions ought to be applied in practice. The CPT is particularly impressed by one of the documents examined by the National Coordination Commission of the Judicial Police in the context of the production of the abovementioned manual, namely Instruction No. 29, issued on 10 April 1997 by the Deputy Counsellor for Security of the Basque Government. This is a detailed and comprehensive set of rules concerning the manner in which persons detained by the Ertzaintza should be treated. The Committee would like to receive copies of any instructions or guidelines on the treatment of detained persons which may have been issued to law enforcement agencies under the authority of other autonomous governments. 32. The CPT welcomes the existence of such detailed rules on police procedures; however, it would also be desirable for all relevant manuals and/or instructions to include guidance on the conduct of police interviews, including as regards: the systematic informing of the detained person of the identity (name and/or number) of those present at the interrogation; the permissible length of an interrogation; rest periods between interrogations and breaks during an interrogation; places in which interrogations may take place; whether the detained person may be required to remain standing while being questioned; the questioning of persons who are under the influence of drugs, alcohol or medicine, or who are in a state of shock. It should also be stipulated that a systematic record must be kept of the times at which interrogations start and end, the persons present during each interrogation and any request made by the detained person during the interrogation. The position of especially vulnerable persons (for example, the young, those who are mentally disabled or mentally ill) should be subject to specific safeguards. The CPT recommends that such guidance be included in the rules on police procedures to be applied by all law enforcement agencies in Spain. 33. Finally, having regard to the remarks set out in paragraphs 19 to 27, the CPT recommends that, in due course, all relevant rules on police procedures be amended to take account of developments concerning access to a lawyer, notification of custody and medical examinations of detained persons. 7 cf., in particular, paragraphs 72 and 73 of the report of the Committee's April 1994 visit, CPT/Inf (96) 9.

- 19-4. Conditions of detention a. introduction 34. In the light of its delegation s findings during the 1991 and 1994 periodic visits, the CPT recommended that conditions of detention in the law enforcement agency establishments visited be reviewed. More generally, it recommended that the Spanish authorities take appropriate steps to ensure that the conditions of detention in all such establishments meet the criteria established by the Committee. 8 In the course of the April 1997 visit to Spain, the CPT s delegation found that material conditions of detention in the National Police and Civil Guard establishments visited still left much to be desired and, more particularly, displayed many of the shortcomings already criticised in the reports drawn up after the Committee's previous visits. Consequently, the CPT recommended that the Spanish authorities establish standards for National Police and Civil Guard detention facilities in general, taking into account the criteria applied by the CPT. At the outset of the 1998 visit, the Spanish authorities informed the delegation that the Committee's recommendation that standards be established had yet to be implemented; however, they indicated that the general criteria set out by the CPT in its previous visit reports were being taken into account in the building of new police and Civil Guard facilities. 35. As regards the Ertzaintza, in its report on the April 1994 visit, the CPT made reference to standards (dated 5 May 1993) for the construction of new cellular accommodation. Moreover, the CPT is pleased to note that the Basque authorities have established further detailed rules concerning detention by the Ertzaintza 9. The standards and rules inter alia provide for: reasonably-sized cells equipped with a means of rest (a plinth); wherever possible, cells should benefit from access to natural light; access to sanitary facilities, including access to a shower, the possibility to change clothes on a daily basis and the provision of hygiene items; the provision of cooked meals at appropriate times. Moreover, they establish the general principle that restrictions should be kept to the minimum necessary and that persons in the custody of the Ertzaintza may obtain certain other facilities at their own expense (e.g. additional food). In the course of the 1998 visit, the delegation was informed that there are plans to transfer to new premises the only two remaining Ertzaintza stations in which cellular accommodation does not comply with those standards. Taken together, these two instruments meet many of the CPT's criteria concerning the conditions to be offered to persons held in the custody of a law enforcement agency; however, it would be desirable if the rules were to provide that all persons held on Ertzaintza premises overnight are to be provided with a mattress. 8 9 Those criteria are set out, inter alia, in paragraph 49 of the report on the April 1997 visit (document CPT/Inf (98) 9). cf. Heading III of Instruction No. 29 of the Deputy Counsellor for Security, relating to the stay and custody of detained persons in Ertzaintza establishments, and more particularly sub-headings 3 et seq. thereunder.

- 20 - b. situation in the establishments visited 36. Conditions of detention were acceptable in a number of the National Police establishments visited. In particular, cells in the Police Headquarters in Jaén and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the Central Duty Inspection in Madrid, and the police stations in Mataró and at the Port of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria were on the whole clean, of a reasonable size for the number of persons they were used to accommodate, and equipped with a means of rest (a plinth) and a mattress. However, artificial lighting on occasion left something to be desired (e.g. at the Jaén Headquarters and Mataró Police Station). 37. By contrast, the Police Headquarters in Barcelona, the Provincial Brigade of the Judicial Police in Madrid (which forms part of the former Puerta del Sol holding centre), and the Santa Catalina District Police Station in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria offered less satisfactory conditions. The cells were dirty and in a poor state of repair. Artificial lighting was dim, access to natural light was at best very limited and, in many of the cells, ventilation was poor. Moreover, although persons obliged to stay overnight were provided with a mat and blankets, such items tended to be rather dirty. It might be added that, at the Barcelona Police Headquarters, not all cells were equipped with a means of rest (some detainees being obliged to sleep on the floor) and certain cells were, in view of their limited size (4 to 4.5 m²), barely appropriate for overnight stays. The facts found at the Barcelona Police Headquarters and the former Puerta del Sol cells are all the more unsatisfactory given that both establishments have previously been the subject of criticism by the CPT (cf. paragraphs 41 and 44, second sub-paragraph, of the report on the April 1994 visit to Spain). 38. As for the Civil Guard establishments visited, the comparatively new cells at the Barcelona Headquarters had good artificial lighting (but no access to natural light) and ventilation and, at the time of the visit, were impeccably clean. However, they displayed a fundamental defect, namely that they were extremely small (3 to 3.5 m²). Cells of such a size are only fit to be used for temporary holding purposes (i.e. detention for a maximum of a few hours); they should not be used to accommodate persons kept in custody overnight. Regrettably, the cells in question were being used for overnight stays; moreover, persons held overnight were not provided with a mattress. The six cells at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Headquarters were larger (5.5 m²); however, as at the Barcelona Headquarters, persons held overnight were not provided with mattresses. Moreover, one of the cells (which was equipped with double security doors) was ventilated only through an aperture leading directly into an underground garage; this was a most unsatisfactory arrangement. 39. As regards the Catalan Autonomous Police, cellular accommodation at the Mossos d'esquadra Station in Barcelona consisted of an area comprising two 6 m² cells and sanitary facilities (wash basin and lavatory) for detained minors, and two separate units for detained adults comprising four and seven cells respectively. The cells were of an adequate size, were clean and had adequate artificial lighting and ventilation; however, the cells used to accommodate adult detainees did not have access to natural light.

- 21-40. The Municipal detention facility in Mataró, situated in the former Mataró jail, offered satisfactory conditions for short-term detention (a maximum of several days). In particular, the cells were clean, of a reasonable size for the number of persons they were intended to accommodate, had access to natural light, as well as good artificial lighting and ventilation, and were suitably equipped (including in-cell sanitation with, in the case of the cell for women detainees, a shower). It is also noteworthy that men detained at the municipal facility were granted access to an outdoor exercise area. 41. The CPT wishes to make certain additional remarks concerning law enforcement agency detention facilities in general. With few exceptions (e.g. the Civil Guard Headquarters in Barcelona and the former Mataró jail), cells in the law enforcement agency establishments visited were not equipped with a call system, and it was not always evident that there would be police officers within earshot when the cells were occupied. Certain of the cells at the Mossos d'esquadra Station in Barcelona were intended for persons affected by the body-pack syndrome; they were equipped with a semi-partitioned lavatory fitted with a system for the recovery of substances concealed within the body. In this context, the CPT would stress once again 10 that, given the risks involved - namely of perforation of the packaging of the substance resulting in acute poisoning or intestinal obstruction - persons affected by the bodypack syndrome should be placed under close medical supervision. The state of cleanliness of sanitary facilities for detainees on occasion left something to be desired, and some complaints were heard about delays when a request was made to have access to a lavatory. Further, few of the establishments visited had showers for detainees and, even where they existed, the CPT's delegation was not convinced that detained persons were being allowed to use them. As regards the question of food provided to detained persons, in certain of the establishments visited they were offered warm meals. However, in other establishments (e.g. the Mossos d'esquadra Station), detainees were only offered sandwiches and water. * * * 42. By letter of 11 January 1999, the Spanish authorities informed the CPT of measures taken to address certain of the above-mentioned shortcomings (plans have been drawn up for the complete renovation of the detention facility at the Barcelona Police Headquarters; the Santa Catalina District Police Station and the Provincial Brigade of the Judicial Police in Madrid are shortly to be relocated; instructions have been issued concerning the availability of mattresses and blankets in Civil Guard facilities). 10 cf. also paragraph 177 of the report on the CPT's April 1994 visit.

- 22 - The CPT recommends that these measures be implemented as a matter of urgency and that, in so doing, full account be taken of the remarks made in paragraph 37. It further recommends that: - steps be taken to remedy the shortcomings in the conditions of detention in the other establishments visited which are identified in paragraphs 36, 38 and 39. As regards, more particularly, the cells at the Barcelona Headquarters of the Civil Guard, they should not be used for overnight stays until such time as they are enlarged; - action be taken to address the shortcomings highlighted in paragraph 41 concerning call systems, the management of persons affected by the body-pack syndrome, sanitary facilities, and the provision of food. 43. Lastly, the CPT welcomes the fact that account is being taken of the criteria applied by the CPT when new police detention facilities are built (cf. paragraph 34). However, it remains of the view that it would be useful to produce more detailed standards on conditions of detention which should apply in law enforcement agency establishments. Such standards could, in particular, provide a benchmark against which to measure cellular accommodation currently available and serve to clarify the minimum standards which ought to apply in newly-built facilities. The aforementioned standards for the construction of new cellular accommodation used by the Ertzaintza, together with the relevant parts of Instruction No. 29 of the Deputy Counsellor for Security of the Basque Government (cf. paragraph 31), could provide a useful starting point from which to develop such a set of comprehensive standards for other law enforcement agencies in Spain. The CPT recommends that the Spanish authorities give renewed consideration to the production of such standards for all law enforcement agencies in Spain. c. cellular accommodation aboard the vessel Juan J Sister 44. In the report on its April 1994 visit, the CPT made reference to complaints received from prisoners about the conditions of their transport between the Canary Islands and mainland Spain, and requested the comments of the Spanish authorities on this matter (cf. paragraph 27 of document CPT/Inf (96) 9, Part II). The response of the Spanish authorities indicated that these transfers, which are the responsibility of the General Directorate of the Civil Guard, "must be carried out in such a manner that the inmates' dignity and rights, as well as the safety of transportation, are respected " 11. The 1998 visit to the Canary Islands afforded an opportunity for the CPT's delegation to examine the conditions of detention in the cellular accommodation aboard one of the ships which the Civil Guard use for this purpose - the vessel Juan J Sister. 11 cf. page 39 of document CPT/Inf (96) 10.

- 23-45. The Juan J Sister is a Neptuno series passenger/cargo ferry owned and operated by the Transmediterranea Company. Commissioned in 1993, she is some 150 m long, displaces a maximum of around thirteen and half thousand metric tonnes, and can accommodate up to 550 passengers. The two cells aboard the vessel are located in a secure area close to the centre of the ship. Each measures some 4.5 m² and is fitted with a bunk bed (equipped with two mattresses and bedclothes), an unpartitioned lavatory and a wash basin. The cells have ventilation and artificial light, but no access to natural light. The delegation was told that prisoners spend the entire voyage between the Canary Islands and Cádiz - which takes some 44 hours - in these cells. 46. In the view of the CPT, a cell measuring some 4.5 m² is barely adequate as temporary overnight accommodation for one prisoner, let alone for two. Moreover, the negative effect upon prisoners of being held in such cramped conditions can only be exacerbated by the fact that they share an unpartitioned lavatory, have no access to natural light or fresh air, and cannot take exercise during a sea voyage lasting almost two days. The CPT recommends that conditions of detention aboard the Juan J Sister - and on any other vessels where similar conditions obtain - be upgraded, having regard to the above remarks and to the criteria referred to in paragraph 34.

- 24 - B. Prisons 1. Preliminary remarks 47. The CPT's delegation carried out a follow-up visit to Barcelona Prison for Men (Modelo), which is under the authority of the Catalan Autonomous Government, and visited for the first time three other establishments under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior, namely Jaén Prison, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Prison (Salto del Negro), and Madrid V Prison (Soto del Real). 48. The general characteristics of the 94 year-old Modelo Prison were described in the report on the CPT's April 1994 visit. At the time of the previous visit, the prison was accommodating more than 2000 inmates, whereas by 26 November 1998 the population had been reduced to 1325 prisoners, of whom 739 were on remand and 586 were sentenced. The prison's capacity continued to be set at 1100, calculated on the basis of two inmates per cell. 49. Jaén Prison (commonly known as Jaén II) was brought into service in 1991. It is situated some 10 km from the city. On the basis of one prisoner to a cell, it could accommodate 453 inmates, although it has been attributed a capacity of 710 (on the basis of two inmates per cell in ordinary accommodation). At the time of the visit, Jaén Prison was holding 678 inmates (including some 40 women), around 75 % of whom were sentenced. 50. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Prison (Salto del Negro) is located on a hilltop site just outside the city. It could accommodate 688 inmates on the basis of one prisoner per cell, but is regarded as having an operational capacity of between 1200 and 1300 prisoners. At the time of the visit it was holding 1273 inmates, including 85 women. As was the case for Jaén Prison, the majority of inmates were sentenced prisoners. 51. Madrid V Prison, which is situated in the municipal district of Soto del Real, some 40 km north of Madrid, was brought into service in 1995. As with other prisons of recent construction, its 1008 cells are designed in principle to accommodate one prisoner, but may accommodate up to two inmates. Following the closure of the Carabanchel Prison Complex, the establishment serves as Madrid's main remand centre. It is currently considered undesirable by the Spanish authorities to exceed an occupancy rate of 1600, the transfer of prisoners to other establishments being triggered when a figure of around 1550 is reached. On the first day of the delegation's visit, Madrid V Prison was holding 1552 inmates. Although primarily a remand establishment, a sizeable proportion (30 %) of prisoners were sentenced; about one quarter of the prison's population were women.