1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Title: Training Simulation Software (TSS) Background The Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Combined Arms Center for Training (CAC-T) is seeking a comprehensive technology solution for the Synthetic Training Environment (STE). The STE will enable Soldiers and Units to access a wide range of training capabilities and Operational Environment (OE) representations anytime, anywhere. Active, Reserve, and Guard Units and civilians will use the STE for multi-echelon, collective training at the Point of Need (PoN) in the operational, self-development and institutional training domains. The PoN can include Home Stations (e.g., administrative buildings, motor pools, training buildings, local training areas [LTAs], combat training centers [CTCs], armories, reserve centers, Regional Collective Training Centers [RCTCs]), deployed locations, and training and educational institutions. The STE concept envisions delivering training content from the cloud to the PoN using the Department of Defense Information Network (DoDIN) and operational networks. This Synthetic Training Environment (STE) Statement of Need (SoN) is focused on three STE key aspects: Architecture, Training Simulation Software (TSS), and Training Management Tools (TMT). The STE architecture will converge today s Live, Virtual, Constructive, and Gaming training environments into one common synthetic environment, providing new opportunities for enterprise management of Army collective training. Convergence will help overcome the challenges of multiple terrain databases, and reduce costly hardware at fixed sites with a solution that has the right levels of affordable fidelity and realism. This architecture will set the conditions for training in a multi-domain, Joint, Combined Arms environment. It will also enable training across warfighting functions (WfF; i.e., Mission Command, Protection, Intelligence, Fires, Sustainment, Movement and Maneuver) in a realistic, multi-echelon environment from Soldier/Squad through Army Service Component Command (ASCC). The architecture will use the cloud to dynamically scale. The architecture will be modular and extensible, serving as an enabler for the maintenance and modernization of product-line components while facilitating new technology insertions over the lifecycle of the STE. The architecture should identify non-proprietary, open, and complete interfaces; and data models to foster interoperability among internal native components and external services. The architecture should support an environment that allows execution of realistic, Joint, expeditionary, multi-national, multi-echelon, combined arms multi-domain operations (MDO) collective training. The Army requires an architecture that: Avoids proprietary interfaces Complies with the Risk Management Framework (RMF) Natively communicates with the Common Operating Environment (COE) computing environments (i.e. command post [CP CE], mobile/hand-held [M/HH CE], real-time safety-critical [RTSC CE], enterprise [ECE], mounted [M CE], and sensor [S CE]) and Mission Command Information Systems (MCIS). Retrieves data from authoritative and other data sources Natively communicates with the Live instrumentation systems Interoperates with current and future Joint service models As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 1 of 49
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 The TSS, the core STE simulation engine, provides a realistic Common Synthetic Environment (CSE) that enables collective training from Soldier/Squad through ASCC. The CSE is a dynamic, digital representation of the operational environment and the military capabilities in the scenario. The TSS provides entity, aggregate, and common services. The TSS adjudicates CSE interactions at the entity level (e.g., Computer-Generated Forces (CGF), and synthetic equipment). It also represents environment, weather, and weapons effects on the operation. The TSS will have an aggregation capability that allows for better management of Brigade and above training events. The TSS will provide information to and receive information from the TMT, COE, MCIS, and platforms. This will facilitate mission command and collective training of all WfFs from Soldier/Squad through ASCC levels in accordance with Army published training strategies and models. TMT capabilities enable commanders, staffs, and support personnel to plan, prepare, execute, assess, and monitor collective training events. The capability must be consistent with FM 7-0 Train to Win in a Complex World, FM 5-0 Army Operations Process, TRADOC Pamphlet 350-70-1 Training Development in Support of the Operational Domain, TC 7-101 Exercise Design Guide, and Combined Arms Training Strategy (CATS) tasks. It must interface with authoritative (e.g., Army Training Management Capability [ATMC], Digital Training Management System [DTMS], Medical Protection System [MEDPROS], Global Combat Support System-Army [GCSS-A], and the Integrated Personnel and Pay System-Army [IPPS-A]) and other data sources. Problem Statement The current Integrated Training Environment (ITE) non-system Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations (TADSS) lack the ability to conduct realistic, multi-echelon, collective training, seamlessly from Soldier/Squad to ASCC echelons, anywhere in the world. They require significant training overhead (time, money, people) to operate. The stove-piped collective training capabilities use an inefficient and expensive bridging strategy to form the ITE. ITE capabilities do not fully stimulate and communicate with MCIS in real-time. Soldiers in the Live Environment cannot physically see virtual or constructive objects and effects. The Army developed non-system TADSS individually using 1980/90 s technologies. Non-system TADSS use multiple different simulation engines, data models, and have duplicative capabilities. Existing collective trainers are thick client solutions that are touch labor intensive and expensive to maintain and update. The different simulation engines and data formats create fair fight issues during collective training events. This reduces training value and decreases unit readiness. Current collective trainers use unique tools that require long lead times to plan, prepare, and assess events. Access to authoritative data sources is inefficient and a manual process. Simulated terrain used for training typically has long development times and is not reusable across the different non-system TADSS. Available simulated terrain constrains Unit training, both in what terrain is available and in the size of the terrain box. Current systems require significant contractor overhead to design and execute events. Development of training support packages (TSP), initialization of the training environment, event control, and training assessment are largely manual processes that lack automation. Automating these activities will reduce overhead support needed, increase training throughput, and will exponentially improve Unit proficiency and readiness. As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 2 of 49
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Solutions We Seek TSS solutions must: 1. Be delivered from the cloud over the DoDIN in accordance with the Secretary of the Army Memo 2016-038 Army Data Center Consolidation Program (ADCCP) policies. 2. Comply with DoD and Army cybersecurity policies and best practices to include the ability to obtain a risk management framework (RMF) authority to operate (ATO). 3. Provide open, non-proprietary, data models, and interfaces that mirror commercial industry and optimize performance. 4. Use existing authoritative data sources (e.g., Army Org Server, Force Management Server [FMS], Army training management systems), other data sources, models, and provide the ability to incorporate new sources/models as they become available. 5. Implement the interface standards and specifications for the six COE CEs. 6. Define the interface standards and specifications for external systems that will interoperate with the STE. 7. Support established Army collective training models (e.g., Sustainable Readiness Model, Objective-T). 8. Support delivery of training content to the Point of Need (PoN). 9. Support the six WfFs. 10. Support the established format for the Warrior Training Support Package (WTSP) (i.e. TRADOC Publication 350-70-1, TRADOC Circular 7-101). 11. Support the established warfighting symbology (i.e., MIL-STD 2525C). 12. Support operations in denied, disconnected, intermittent, and low-bandwidth (D-DIL) environments. 13. Use both supporting and organic Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Tutoring, and Big Data capabilities that reside within the STE Architecture and the TSS. Intelligent Tutoring will increase the rate of task acquisition by providing the ability to capture and rapidly learn from each repetition. Big Data techniques will be used for automated After-Action Review (AAR) and improving AI; drawing from training data repositories and records of past individual and unit performance. Architecture The architecture is a critical and fundamental capability of the STE. It enables the integration of the STE TSS, TMT, OWT, and other critical components to deliver the training capability required to conduct training of Soldier/Squad through ASCC. The architecture should support the integration / interface of non-organic components of the STE, while providing synchronization of data across all components of the STE. The architecture must seamlessly support integration / modification / removal of modules / component within the STE. The convergence of training capabilities on the architecture will open new opportunities for enterprise collective training. The STE architecture will also support the breadth of training activities with all STE components. The vision is for an architecture that supports real-time As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 3 of 49
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 situational awareness across all modules / components, modularity, scalability, security, integrity, accessibility, interoperability, and extensibility. The architecture will also provide a framework to support AI for intelligent tutors; intuitive processes; Joint, Multinational and Multi-Domain interoperability (technical, planning etc.); support all levels and multi-classifications simultaneously (Unclassified, Secret, etc.); interfaces with live training systems; support ATO that addresses the STE operational concept; natively communicates with MCIS; and adaptive learning for both human and machine behaviors. STE solution architectures shall include the following critical attributes: 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 STE solution architectures shall support automatic and on-demand resource provisioning to enable Soldiers to train in a realistic, multi-echelon environment that scales from Soldier/Squad to ASCC. STE solution architectures shall enable units to train all WfF through the COE CEs. STE solution architectures shall allow units to train with their MCIS. STE solution architectures shall enable units to train in a multi-domain, Joint Combined Arms environment. STE solution architectures shall implement a Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA). STE solution architectures shall converge the Virtual, Constructive, and Gaming (VCG) environments into a Common Synthetic Environment using a global One World Terrain. STE solution architectures shall allow units to train at the PoN. STE solution architectures shall reduce the training support overhead in terms of people, time, and money required. STE solution architectures shall enable common data services with compatibility to import and/or interface with authoritative and other data sources, use an infrastructure for data collection and storage to include event data and system logs, and provide analysis and metrics in real-time for after action review (AAR). STE solution architectures may provide an interface to LVC-IA that enables existing non-system TADSS to interface with the STE. STE solution architectures shall fit and operate within existing Army and DoD regulatory, architecture, and training methodology constraints. 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 Training Simulation Software The TSS is the core simulation of the STE that acts as the source of, and provides synthetic representations of, the military capabilities and operational environment necessary to support collective training from squad through ASCC echelons. It works in concert with OWT to provide a global representation of warfare delivered in the form necessary for the user interface devices required to perform the collective training tasks supported by STE; the TSS acts as the "tool chest" that is pulled from to compose the necessary simulation environment for the collective training task. The TMT provides the Cooperative Content Creation Capability that configures the TSS with authoritative and other data sources while the TSS provides the TMT the necessary data required to support training As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 4 of 49
157 158 159 160 161 162 163 analytics and adaptivity. The TSS leverages available computing and network resources to deploy, configure, execute and manage the composed simulation at the Point of Need, specifically being built to handle three paradigms: remote only, hybrid and local only. The TSS provides adjudication of the interactions of live systems with synthetic representations and provides the synthetic data in the form required by the Architecture to interface with these systems. Ultimately, the TSS is the "brain" of STE that is modular and malleable to the collective training task required. The STE TSS shall include the following critical operational attributes and functionality: 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 The TSS shall be the core simulation engine across all STE components. The TSS shall be accessible Army-wide using Department of Defense Information Network (DoDIN), operational networks, and infrastructure. The TSS shall be modular enabling capabilities to be removed, modified or added as necessary. The TSS shall represent a full range of military operations (FM 3-0), systems, unit behaviors, environmental conditions and other aspects of global warfare. The TSS shall accurately represent Combat Arms, Combat Support, and Combat Service Support activities. The TSS shall represent operational (PMESII-PT) and mission (METT-TC) variables and their effects. The TSS shall represent dynamic multi-domain operations (i.e., land, air, maritime, space, and cyber domains). The TSS shall scale the CSE to support training from Soldier/Squad to ASCC. The TSS CSE shall represent current and future forces; Joint, Inter-organizational, Multinational (JIM); Coalition; Unified Action Partners; Opposing Forces; and Host Nation capabilities. The TSS shall be modular, scalable, and composable to deliver the environment complexity necessary to accomplish training objectives. TSS modules size shall vary based on complexity and what aspect of warfare is being represented. The TSS shall provide a dynamic CSE that realistically represents the OE. The TSS shall provide two and three dimensional (2D and 3D) representations of the OE. The TSS shall realistically adjudicate all interactions in the CSE. The TSS shall adjudicate live and synthetic interactions to ensure fair fight outcomes. The TSS shall provide realistic common movement models. The TSS shall provide realistic common visual models. The TSS shall provide realistic common behaviors. The TSS shall provide perceived and ground truth in real-time to TMT for event control. The TSS shall use TMT provided digital WTSP and initialization data. The TSS shall provide each Soldier in a training event with the same representation of the OE As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 5 of 49
193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 based on the Soldier s role and activities. The TSS shall represent Dense Urban Terrain (DUT)/Megacities. The TSS shall fully stimulate the Common Operating Environment (e.g., Mission Command Information Systems [MCIS]). The TSS shall bi-directionally communicate with MCIS and platforms. The TSS shall comply with the Risk Management Framework (i.e. operate or comply with current information and cyber security regulations). The TSS will provide realistic battlefield effects to include but not limited to: o Effects and reactions on Soldier and platform movements in the battlespace. o o o o o o o Effects from munitions (to include precision guided munitions), communications, cover & concealment, and line of sight. Runtime deformation from weapons effects and traffic (e.g., building rubble, road degradation, collapsed bridges and tunnels, etc.). Lighting effects on the terrain to include global time zone effects (day, night, and levels of night-time illumination based on celestial objects). Atmospherics, including light scattering, air pressure and turbulence, and their impact munitions, platforms, aircraft flight dynamics, and visibility. Seasonal and weather effects on terrain, infrastructure, and vegetation. Authoritative Probability of Hit/Probably of Kill (Ph/Pk) for munitions, sensors and weapons that are common for both Synthetic and Live events. Sounds and audio from the battlespace. The TSS shall represent military capabilities such as operations in the cyber domain, the use of directed energy weapons, and non-lethal weapons effects (e.g. Supervisory control and data attacks [SCADA]). The TSS shall support training delivery to the PoN (e.g., Home Station, Armories, Combat Training Centers, deployed locations, and during professional military education). The TSS shall enable Live-Synthetic convergence, allowing real-time entity interactions between live systems and synthetic representations. The TSS shall track all Live and Synthetic Forces (entities and aggregate Unit icons) and battlefield objects. The TSS shall provide simulation data to support After Action Review and Analysis. The TSS shall provide the ability to conduct simultaneous, Multi-Level Security Simulation Exercises. The TSS shall provide the ability to support editing/authoring systems characteristics during event execution (e.g., weapons systems, sensors, ammunitions and platforms characteristic). The TSS shall provide a semi-immersive interface for training enablers ( pucksters ) and maintainers. As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 6 of 49
230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 o The semi-immersive interface shall be intuitive to use. o The semi-immersive interface shall enable the training enabler to control many entities comprising entire formations of the military hierarchy. o The semi-immersive interface shall enable the maintainer to update TSS, apply patches, and perform scheduled and unscheduled TSS maintenance. The TSS shall provide aggregated services that enable the control of multiple entities as a unit formation. The TSS shall enable a few personnel to run large formations in a realistic manner without constant technical support. The TSS shall provide realistic automated human behavior for autonomous forces. The TSS shall provide high-fidelity, semi-autonomous decision-making capabilities informed by command structure and available doctrine to reduce the requirement for operators to micromanage the actions of the many forces they are expected to control. The TSS shall provide realistic automated behaviors for autonomous Human, Friendly Forces, Opposing Forces, Neutral Forces, civilians/noncombatants entities on the battlefield. 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Training Management Tool Training Management Tool is a capability that enables units to quickly plan collective training events, prepare training events; execute and monitor events, and assess event results. This is consistent with the Army Operations Process found in FM 5-0 (The Army Operations Process). The capability must integrate with the Army Training Management Capability (ATMC). ATMC, currently being developed by TRADOC Capability Manager, Army Training Information System (TCM ATIS), will consolidate our current training information management systems in order to deliver training content to Soldiers when and where they need it. TMT will allow greater visibility of training metrics that support Objective-T and the Sustainable Readiness Model. Intelligent tutors will reduce help desk support needed and the time and manpower needed to plan, prepare, and assess a training event. TMT capabilities include: 256 257 258 259 260 261 Plan TMT shall provide an intuitive, easy to use interface that is accessible via the DoDIN from Unit computers. TMT shall provide intelligent tutors that assist Commanders, Soldiers, Training Developers, Exercise/Training Directors and Support Staffs (Technical Control) in planning, preparing, executing, and assessing training events. 262 263 264 265 266 267 Units need to plan training events without external support. Commanders and Training Developers will use TMT plan capabilities to determine training objectives, to design a scenario that will meet the training objectives, and to schedule training resources for the training event. This capability will exchange information with ATMC to schedule resources and to access Unit and Soldier training records. This capability will also retrieve authoritative and other data needed to create the digital training support package (TSP). Plan capabilities include: As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 7 of 49
268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 Prepare TMT Plan shall use ATMC capabilities to identify, request, and reserve TADSS for the training event (coordinate training event resources). TMT Plan shall use enterprise ATMC capabilities to identify and retrieve Combined Arms Training Strategy (CATS), Mission Essential Tasks, Army Universal Task Lists (AUTL), and Universal Joint Task List (UJTL) relevant to the training objectives. TMT Plan shall provide a capability to access and reuse, clone and modify, and create new TP 350-70-1 compliant TSP and Exercise Support Packages (ESPs; non-standard TSPs). TMT Plan shall develop initialization data for the training event. TMT Plan shall provide a capability to access and reuse existing, clone and modify, and create new scenarios. TMT Plan shall provide a capability to access, query, and retrieve authoritative and other data needed to create a TSP. This includes but is not limited to including force structure data (Blue, Forces, Red Forces, Green Forces, etc.) and terrain data. TMT Plan shall provide a capability to dynamically restructure (edit) authoritative data and create new data (e.g., force structure, terrain, weather, etc.). TMT Plan shall provide the ability to develop graphics. TMT Plan shall receive graphics developed on a MCIS (Digital OPORD). TMT Plan shall create player biographies and scripts based on user requirements. TMT Plan shall provide a capability to access real-world data and reuse existing, clone and modify, and create new MSEL/scripts. TMT Plan shall provide a MSEL synchronization tool and decision support matrix that Exercise/Training Directors and Support Staff (Technical Control) can use to manage the training event. TMT Plan shall recommend event parameters to achieve current Army training model goals. Commanders and Training Developers will use TMT prepare capabilities to manage collective training preparation activities, manage Army training resources, and develop the event assessment plan. TMT prepare capabilities provide Commanders and Training Developers a roadmap to ensure the collective training event is ready for execution. Prepare capabilities include: 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 TMT Prepare shall provide a checklist management tool for the collective training exercise. TMT Prepare shall provision the simulation environment/cloud resources. TMT Prepare shall provide a capability to develop the training event assessment plan. TMT Prepare shall initialize the training scenario and establish the CSE (STARTEX). TMT Prepare shall provide a capability to test the training system to ensure the system is ready to execute the collective training event. TMT Prepare shall provide a capability to correlate METL and Subtasks for the training and evaluation outline (T&EO). As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 8 of 49
305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 Execute Exercise/Training Directors and Support Staff (Technical Control) use TMT execute capabilities to begin the training event, manage event execution activities, make on-demand modifications, conduct a checkpoint restart, to provide master scenario event list (MSEL) injects, and manage data. The training audience executes a training event in the Common Synthetic Environment TMT execute capabilities allow Exercise/Training Directors and Support Staff (Technical Control) to control and monitor the training event. Execute capabilities include: TMT Execute shall provide a capability to make dynamic scenario adjustments to include: o Modification of operational and mission variables o Autonomously inject MSELs into the training event o Adjust MSEL/scenario time and location to provide retrain opportunities o Adjust the scenario to train sequel and branches TMT Execute shall provide a training event and technical control capability to initiate, monitor, control, facilitate participant communication, and make on demand modifications to the ongoing training event. TMT Execute shall provide data management capabilities that collect and store training data for to support post-training event analysis and AAR activities. TMT Execute shall provide a predictive training objective assessment capability. Assess Commanders, Exercise/Training Directors and Support Staff (Technical Control) use TMT assess capabilities to provide feedback throughout the process, conduct the after action review (AAR), and to update Unit training records. TMT will provide real-time feedback on ways to complete Plan and Prepare phases. TMT will cue the trainer to adjust event parameters to challenge the training Unit and maximize training outcomes. Automated AAR capabilities will recommend future training needs and remediation events. 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 TMT Assess shall provide 2d/3D replay, data analytics, and data visualization for the AAR. TMT Assess shall provide recommendations and feedback to the user throughout the Plan, Prepare, Execute and Assess phases. TMT Assess shall use simulation data to create AAR products (e.g., execution parameters such as % Named Areas of Interest (NAIs) or Target Areas of Interest (TAIs) nominated and executed) TMT Assess shall provide a summarized replay of the training event (event highlights) TMT Assess shall recommend scenario adjustments for retraining TMT Assess shall provide training record updates to ATMC TMT Assess shall use non-intrusive recording capabilities to enable timestamped audio/video synchronized with scenario data for playback/analysis TMT Assess shall provide Human Dimension lessons learned As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 9 of 49
341 342 343 344 345 346 TMT shall allow for automated synchronization with devices that OC/Ts use for instructions / MSEL changes / T&EO / etc with tool w/geomapping of their locations (OC/T COP) TMT shall allow for Observer Controllers / Trainers (OC/T) to provide T&EO feedback for automated recommendations of unity assessment (TPU) TMT shall allow for intelligent tutor w/dashboard for OC/Ts As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 10 of 49
347 Glossary: Adaptive learning Adaptive learning is an educational method which uses computers as interactive teaching devices, and to orchestrate the allocation of human and mediated resources according to the unique needs of each learner. Adaptive learning has been partially driven by a realization that tailored learning cannot be achieved on a large-scale using traditional, non-adaptive approaches. Adaptive learning systems endeavor to transform the learner from passive receptor of information to collaborator in the educational process. Peter Brusilovsky (2003). "Adaptive and Intelligent Web-based Educational Systems". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 13 (2 4): 159 172. Adaptive learning has been implemented in several kinds of educational systems such as adaptive hypermedia, intelligent tutoring systems, computerized adaptive testing, and computerbased pedagogical agents. 1 An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is a computer system that aims to provide immediate and customized instruction or feedback to learners, usually without intervention from a human teacher. Joseph Psotka, Sharon A. Mutter (1988). Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Lessons Learned. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-0192-8. Adaptive Training A convergence of ITSs and external training and education capabilities (e.g., serious games, virtual humans, simulations) to support engaging experiences with reduced need for authoring. Affordability Cap Affordability caps are established as fixed cost requirements equivalent to KPPs. After Action Review A structured review or de-brief process for analyzing what happened, why it happened, and how it can be done better, by the participants and those responsible for the project or event. After Action Review (AAR) A professional discussion of a training event focused on performance standards, that enable the participating Soldiers to discover for themselves what happened, why it happened, and As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 11 of 49
how to sustain strengths and improve on weaknesses. It is a tool that leaders, trainers, and units can use to get the maximum benefit from every mission or task. Normally prepared by the TAF Analyst and conducted by an OC/T. Aggregate (unit) A group of entities or a group of other aggregates considered as a single unit. The substitution of the word "unit" is used to avoid phrases like "aggregate -aggregate." (IEEE Std 1278.1-2012) Aggregation / Disaggregation The conversion of individual, entity level representation of forces on the battlefield into unit icons and collective representations, and the process of reversing to take aggregate representations and break them down into their constituent entities. Due to the abstraction usually employed to optimize calculations for large scale simulations with aggregate representations, converting these units into concrete entities is a significant technical challenge. For example, what does it mean, from the entity perspective, if a Company Icon is at 90% strength? Does every vehicle have 10% damage, or are 10% of all vehicles destroyed. The difference can be significant. Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) The AoA assesses potential materiel solutions to mitigate the capability gaps documented in the validated Initial Capabilities Document (ICD). The AoA focuses on identification and analysis of alternatives, measures of effectiveness (MOE), cost, schedule, concepts of operations, and overall risk, including the sensitivity of each alternative to possible changes in key assumptions or variables. It addresses trade space to minimize risk. The AoA also assesses critical technology elements (CTE) associated with each proposed materiel solution, including technology maturity, integration risk, manufacturing feasibility, and, where necessary, technology maturation and demonstration needs. The AoA is normally occurs during the Materiel Solution Analysis (MSA) phase of the Acquisition process, is a key input to the Capability Development Document (CDD), and supports the materiel solution decision at Milestone A. As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 12 of 49
AO (Authorizing Official) Senior (federal) official or executive with the authority to formally assume responsibility for operating an information system at an acceptable level of risk to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation. Application Programming Interface (API) A set of application programs or operating system functions that can be utilized by a program. Army Acquisition Executive (AAE) cf., Component Acquisition Executive Army Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) Army Data Center cf., Army Enterprise Data Center Army Enterprise Data Center (AEDC) A fixed Army data center that provides high-capacity network and infrastructure that can host local and enterprise applications. Army Enterprise Network cf., LandWarNet Army Modeling Simulation Office (AMSO) Army Private Cloud An onsite, contractor-owned, contractor-operated commercial cloud. Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC) The AROC, coordinated by DCS, G-3/5/7, Current and Future Warfighting Capabilities Division (DAMO-CIC), is responsible for advising the G-3 / VCSA in the assessment and prioritization of capabilities integrated across DOTMLPF-P, to include the As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 13 of 49
disposition of MCDs. (HTAR 2015-2016) Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Army Service Component Command(ASCC) Command responsible for recommendations to the joint force commander on the allocation and employment of Army forces within a combatant command. Also called ASCC. (JP 3-31) Army Training Information System (ATIS) ATIS provides training information to a training environment rolebased, Common Operational Picture (COP), similar to the warfighting force, to more efficiently produce, manage, and disseminate Army training information. ATIS will provide the Training Environment COP equivalent to the Operational Environment COP. This allows individuals and leaders to train the way they fight, using doctrinal processes and tools to Plan, Prepare, Execute and Assess training. Executing a training plan is executing mission command training by providing Commanders the ability to plan, develop and schedule training in all three training domains - Operational, Institutional and Self- Development (O/I/SD). ATIS will provide the ability to track the individual training of Soldiers throughout their career and as a unit collective during Force Generation. ATIS will provide transparency of training resource utilization. ATIS supports tracking individual Soldier training records and status as they move from one unit to the next. ATIS complies with the Joint Information Environment (JIE) strategy of enabling every user to plug in and connect an approved device, anywhere they are -- at home, at work, or on the move -- and get the information they need in a secure, reliable fashion. Artificial Intelligence (AI) The capacity of a computer to perform operations analogous to learning and decision making in humans, as by an expert system, a program for CAD or CAM, or a program for the perception and recognition of shapes in computer vision systems. The STE will use AI to replicate large unit level routines to increase realism of the operational environment, to support automated adaptive behaviors and free-thinking hybrid threats, to represent culturally aware virtual humans and small units, to mimic unit behaviors when they are not present, to support communication and interfacing techniques with the environment and other As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 14 of 49
entities/agents, and to ease the application for a military user base. ATO (Authority to Operate) The official management decision given by a senior organizational official to authorize operation of an information system and to explicitly accept the risk to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation based on the implementation of an agreed-upon set of security controls. Audio Engine How the program processes audio behind the scenes; the speed (for latency) of the processing, the stability (for high track and plugin counts without crackles or dropouts), and the sound quality. Augmented Reality (AR) A type of virtual reality in which synthetic stimuli are registered with and superimposed on real world objects; often used to make information otherwise imperceptible to human senses perceptible. Augmented Virtuality (AV) Augments a virtual world with raw data from the real world. In order to acquire geometric, photometric, and other properties of the real world, 3D image measurement and computer vision become important. (adapted from Milgram, Takemura, Utsumi, Kishino. Augmented Reality: A class of displays on the realityvirtuality continuum). Authoring The creation of programs and databases for computer applications such as computer-assisted learning or multimedia products. Authority to Operate (ATO) A formal declaration by a Designated Approving Authority (DAA) that authorizes operation of a Business Product and explicitly accepts the risk to agency operations. The ATO is signed after a Certification Agent (CA) certifies that the system has met and As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 15 of 49
passed all requirements to become operational. Authorization Boundary All components of an information system to be authorized for operation by an authorizing official and excludes separately authorized systems, to which the information system is connected. Avatar A virtual object used to represent a participant or physical object in a simulation; the (typically visual) representation may take any form. Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (AVCATT) The AVCATT is Army aviation s only collective training system of record for Active, Reserve and ARNG aviation units. AVCATT is a mobile multi-station virtual simulation device that supports unit collective and combined arms training for helicopter aircrews. AVCATT is composed of two trailers per suite with six reconfigurable modules for the Apache Longbow, Chinook, Kiowa Warrior, Lakota and Black Hawk. The NCM3 introduces a third trailer containing two reconfigurable modules which can be linked to AVCATT s UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook cockpit configurations to support a unit s specific mission training requirements. Both the AVCATT and NCM3 use Helmet Mounted Displays (HMD) for out-the-window scenes. Basis of Issue Plan (BOIP) Battlefield Effects A subset of operational environment realism that includes area weapons effects, direct fire effects, obstacles and demolitions results, and stimulation of counter-fire and air defense artillery radars. Big Data (BD) Big Data refers to data sets that are so large and complex that they require new and powerful computational resources to process. The STE Big Data (BD) functionality performs the critical functions of storing data produced by all other STE components As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 16 of 49
for a variety of use cases, including data visualization and analytics. Two primary techniques used for Big Data analytics are Clustering and Prediction. Clustering is a process of grouping like records or objects, frequently using Machine Learning. Prediction is the process of using similarity identified through clustering to predict potential future effects and benefits. One of the most visible uses of Big Data analytics is in making purchasing recommendations in online shopping. Based on available data, online markets cluster customers, and then target them by recommending popular purchases within their cluster. A similar approach could be used to optimize training, by clustering similar collective training audiences (whether companies, platoons, or squads), and then making training recommendations based on what has been effective or beneficial training within a given unit s cluster. Call for Fire Trainer (CFFT) The CFFT provides provide realistic observed fire training in support of all indirect fire and close air support mission tasks, as well as provide an immersive environment to train advanced call for fire techniques. Capable Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) is a system of computerdriven combat simulators. CCTT provides several realistic virtual components (National Training Center (NTC), Germany, Baghdad, and various installation gunnery ranges) in which units train on and perform tasks in order to successfully accomplish their collective missions. Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 17 of 49
Cloud Environment cf., Cloud Computing Cloud Provider An organization that provides cloud services. Cloud Service Provider cf., Cloud Provider Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) Combined Arms Center Training (CAC-T) Develops training requirements, fields training systems, delivers leader training and sustains training capabilities to support Army institutional and operational training of Soldiers, leaders, and units to successfully execute Unified Land Operations in complex, ambiguous environments. Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (CCTT) Command and Control (C2). The collection of equipment, software, and personnel required to obtain information and intelligence for a commander at any level to command those forces under his authority. The elements include but are not limited to: sensor data processing displays, communications, software, the concomitant systems engineering required to tie these technologies together, and the personnel to make these systems function. The functions also include information systems and information warfare. Common Operating Environment (COE) The COE is an approved set of computing technologies and standards applied across six Computing Environments (CE): Command Post, Mounted, Mobile/Handheld, Real Time/Safety Critical/Embedded, Sensor, and the Data Center/Cloud/Generating Force. As a strategic Army initiative, and as an integral part of the LandWarNet and the Joint Information Environment, the COE is a foundational component As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 18 of 49
of the Army s modernization strategy. It aligns development and migration of Army programs to a common software baseline and a centralized hardware procurement process across the COE and within the Computing Environments. Common Protocols A state such that all systems and components understand and speak the same language. Common Standards A defense standard is a document that establishes uniform engineering and technical requirements for military-unique or substantially modified commercial processes, procedures, practices, and methods. There are five types of defense standards: interface standards, design criteria standards, manufacturing process standards, standard practices, and test method standards. MIL-STD-962 covers the content and format for defense standards. United States defense standards, often called a military standard, "MIL-STD" or "MIL-SPEC", are used to help achieve standardization objectives by the U.S. Department of Defense. Standardization is beneficial in achieving interoperability, ensuring products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, total cost of ownership, compatibility with logistics systems, and similar defense-related objectives. Common Synthetic Environment (CSE) The STE will leverage existing and emerging technologies to replace select stove-piped collective non-systems Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations (TADSS). The STE will converge current gaming, virtual and constructive training capabilities into a common synthetic environment. A Common Synthetic Environment (CSE) will provide the core architecture that allows models to interface with each other, the STE Artificial Intelligence (AI) representations, the One World Terrain (OWT) and Big Data (BD). The CSE must also provide the capability to distribute its synthetic representations as required by the STE Point of Need (PoN) functionality. Community Cloud The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 19 of 49
a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises. Compatible Computers. a. (of software) capable of being run on another computer without change, hardware agnostic. b. (of hardware) capable of being connected to another device without the use of special equipment or software. c. Electronics (of a device, signal, etc.) capable of being used with equipment in a system without the need for special modification or conversion. Complexly Capable cf., Capable Compliance - The act of conforming, acquiescing, or yielding. - A tendency to yield readily to others, esp. meekly. - Conformity; accordance: in compliance with orders. - Cooperation or obedience Component Acquisition Executive (CAE) A single official within a DoD component that is responsible for all acquisition functions within that component. This includes Secretaries of the Military Departments or Heads of Agencies with the power of regulation. In the Military Departments, the officials delegated as CAEs (also called Service Acquisition Executives (SAEs) are: Composable Composability is the ability within a system to use components in various ways to satisfy requirements. Computer Generated Force (CGF) A generic term used to refer to computer representations of forces in models and simulations that attempts to model human As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 20 of 49
behavior sufficiently so that the forces will take some actions automatically (without requiring man-in-the-loop interaction). Types of CGF include: automated forces - computer-generated forces that require little or no human interaction. Semiautomated forces - computer-generated forces in which the individual platform simulation is operated by computer simulation of the platform crew and command hierarchy. Computing Environment (CE) A logical grouping of systems with similar characteristics used to organize the COE (deployment /echelonment (sic), environmental, transport dependencies, form factors, etc.). A computing environment comprises the necessary hardware, operating system, libraries and software required to run applications within the COE. (COE CCC IS-CDD DRAFT 5-Oct-2016) Concurrency Concurrency is the state of a simulated system such that the capabilities, fidelity, and upgrades for it and its subsystems, components, ancillary devices, and peripherals match those of the real-world system. Constructive Training Models and simulations that involve simulated people operating simulated systems. Real people stimulate (make inputs) to such simulations, but are not involved in determining the outcomes. Content Workflow A content workflow is a set of tasks that a team needs to complete for a given client or content type a web page, a blog post, a white paper, an email, or any other kind of content that the group needs to deliver Critical Path A sequence of discrete work packages and planning packages (or lower-level tasks/activities) in the network that has the longest total duration through an end point that is calculated by the schedule software application. Discrete work packages and planning packages (or lower-level tasks/activities) along the CP have the least amount of float/slack (scheduling flexibility) and cannot be delayed without delaying the finish time of the end point effort. Essentially, CP has the same definition as Program CP with the exception that the end point can be a milestone or other As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 21 of 49
point of interest in the schedule. For example, a CP could be run to Preliminary Design Review (PDR), Critical Design Review (CDR), and/or First Flight within a contract. Cross-Functional Team (CFT) A cross-functional team is a group of people with different functional expertise working toward a common mission and goal. The TCM will lead a team composed of a PM (O6 PM, best to receive someone not currently associated to a PoR), tester, cost analyst, contracting, S&T. Cultural Feature Feature of the environment that has been constructed by man. Included are such items as roads, buildings, canals, marker buoys; boundary lines, and, in a broad sense, all names and legends on a map. (SISO-REF-002-1999) [10] Cybersecurity Prevention of damage to, protection of, and restoration of computers, electronic communications systems, electronic communications services, wire communication, and electronic communication, including information contained therein, to ensure its availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. Defined in National Security Presidential Directive-54/Homeland Security Presidential Directive-23. Department of Defense Information Network (DoDIN) The globally interconnected, end-to-end set of information capabilities for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing information on demand to warfighters, policy makers, and support personnel. The DoDIN includes owned and leased communications and computing systems and services, software (including applications), data, security services, other associated services, and National Security Systems (NSS). Non-DoDIN Information Technology (IT) includes stand-alone, self-contained, or embedded IT that is not, and will not be, connected to the enterprise network. Designated Accreditation Authority (DAA) As of: 26 April 2018 DRAFT Page 22 of 49