Chapter 10/11 Civil War
Why it Matters The Civil War was a milestone in American history. The four-year-long struggle determined the nation s future. With the North s victory, slavery was abolished. During the war, the Northern economy grew stronger, while the Southern economy stagnated. Military innovations, including the expanded use of railroads and the telegraph, coupled with a general conscription, made the Civil War the first modern war.
Choosing Sides General Winfield Scott asked Robert E. Lee to command the Union s troops. Lee was one of the best senior officers in the United States Army, but he was from Virginia, so when his state voted to secede, Lee chose to support the Confederacy. The South had a strong military tradition and one-third of the Union s military officers chose to support the Confederacy.
Robert E. Lee Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox
Choosing Sides Seven of the eight military colleges were in the South, so the South had a large number of trained army officers. The North had three-fourths of the U.S. Navy s officers and had a strong naval tradition. Most of the navy s warships and all but one shipyard were under Union control.
Advantages and Disadvantages The North s population was more than twice as large as the South s population. This gave the North an advantage in raising an army and in supporting the war. One-third of the South s population was enslaved. Therefore, the South had fewer people to join the army and to support the war.
Advantages and Disadvantages The North s industries gave it an economic advantage over the South. The North had 80 percent of the country s factories. Almost all of the country s firearms and gunpowder were produced in the North. After the war began, the South quickly set up armories and foundries to produce weapons, gunpowder, and ammunition.
Advantages and Disadvantages The South was able to produce large amounts of food. The South had only one railroad line for moving food and troops, however. Northern troops easily disrupted the South s rail system. The North had several financial advantages over the South.
Rating the North & the South
Advantages and Disadvantages The North controlled the national treasury and was able to continue collecting money from tariffs. Northern banks loaned the federal government money by buying govt. bonds. Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February 1862. This created a national currency and allowed the govt. to issue green-colored paper money known as greenbacks.
Salmon Chase
Alexander Hamilton
Abraham Lincoln
Advantages and Disadvantages The South s finances were not good to start and Southern planters and banks could not buy bonds. To raise money, the South taxed its own people. Many Southerners refused to pay the taxes. The South was forced to print its own paper money, which caused rapid inflation in the South.
Advantages North Population: 22 million v. 5 million Manufacturing Railroads Political Leaders Border States South Military Leaders Defensive War Farming Belief in their cause Possible support of England & France
Party Politics in the North Lincoln s goal was to preserve the Union, even if that meant allowing slavery to continue. The War Democrats supported the Civil War and restoring the Union. They opposed ending slavery. The Peace Democrats, referred to by Republicans as Copperheads, opposed the war. They wanted to reunite the states by using negotiation.
Party Politics in the North In 1862 Congress introduced a militia law that required states to use conscription the drafting of people for military service to fill their regiments. Many Democrats opposed the law, and riots erupted in many cities. To enforce the militia law, Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus a person s right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime and given a trial.
Writ of Habeas Corpus Lincoln arrests secessionists in border states Jails them without charging them Violation of the Constitutional powers
The Diplomatic Challenge The United States did not want Europeans to recognize the Confederate States of America as an independent country and to respect the Union navy s blockade of Southern ports. The South wanted Europeans to recognize the Confederacy and declare the Union navy s blockade illegal. The South wanted the British navy to help the South in the war.
The Diplomatic Challenge To pressure France and Britain, Southern planters stopped selling cotton to these countries. At the outbreak of the Civil War, what did Confederates want from Europeans? Confederates wanted Europeans to recognize the Confederacy and declare the Union navy s blockade illegal. They wanted Europeans to help the South in the war.
The First Modern War The Civil War was the first modern war, with new military technology and tactics. The war involved huge armies made up of mostly civilian volunteers who required vast amounts of supplies and equipment. New cone-shaped bullets used in the Civil War were more accurate and could be loaded and fired faster than previous bullets.
Technological Advance Cone-Shaped Bullets Repeating Rifles Exploding Shells Goal: Kill more people from farther away
Ironclads Monitor (N) vs Merrimack (S) Metal hulled ships Made all wooden ships obsolete
The First Modern War Instead of standing in a line, troops defending positions in the Civil War began to use trenches and barricades to protect themselves Attrition the wearing down of one side by the other through exhaustion of soldiers and resources meant that the armies had to keep replacing their soldiers.
The First Modern War The Union implemented the Anaconda Plan. This strategy, proposed by Winfield Scott, included a blockade of Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the Mississippi to divide the Confederacy.
Overview of the North s Civil War Strategy: Anaconda Plan
Northern Strategy Anaconda Plan Cut the south off from all supplies How? Naval Blockade on southern ports and gain control of the Mississippi River
Mobilizing the Troops Thomas J. Jackson got his nickname Stonewall at the First Battle of Bull Run. At first, many Northern and Southern men enlisted in the armies. As the war dragged on, fewer young men enlisted. The South introduced conscription in April 1862.
Mobilizing the Troops Congress passed the Militia Act in July 1862, giving Lincoln the power to call state militias into federal service. In 1863 Congress introduced a national draft.
The Naval War By the spring of 1862, the Union navy had blockaded all Confederate ports, except for Charleston, South Carolina, and Wilmington, North Carolina. Lincoln wanted to cut the South s trade with the world. The Union navy, however, could not stop all of the blockade runners small, fast vessels, used by the South to smuggle goods past the blockade.
Antietam Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis believed that an invasion of the North was the only way to convince the Union to accept the South s independence, gain help from Great Britain, and help the Peace Democrats win control of Congress in upcoming elections. Lee and his troops invaded Maryland. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest one-day battle of the war.
Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War September 17, 1862 25,000 casualties
Antietam Confederate Dead
Sunken Road - Antietam
The Battle of Antietam This was an important victory for the Union. The South lost its best chance to gain international recognition and support. The defeat convinced Lincoln that it was time to end slavery in the South. In September of 1862, Abraham Lincoln, encouraged by the Union victory at Antietam, announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Emancipation Proclamation Democrats opposed the end of slavery. Republicans were divided on the issue and many were abolitionists. Others, like Lincoln, did not want to lose the loyalty of the slaveholding border states. As Union casualties rose, however, Northerners began to agree that slavery should end.
The Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation This decree would free all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the Civil War from a conflict over preserving the Union to a war to free the slaves.
Lincoln Cures Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation Issued Sept 1862 Effective Jan 1863 Freed slaves in states fighting against the U.S. North now fighting to end slavery Discouraged England & France from helping the South
Emancipation in 1863
African Americans in the Military African Americans were officially allowed to enlist in the Union army and navy as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation. Thousands of African Americans joined the military. Many believed that serving in the military would help end discrimination. The 54 th Massachusetts was the first African American regiment officially organized in the North.
African-American Recruiting Poster
54 th Massachusetts - Fort Wagner
The Famous 54 th Massachusetts
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw
Military Life The Civil War produced huge numbers of casualties. During this time, doctors did not understand infectious germs, so infection spread quickly in field hospitals. Diseases such as smallpox and pneumonia were threats facing Civil War soldiers.
Military Life Doctors often amputated arms and legs to prevent gangrene and other infections from spreading. Besides managing family farms and businesses, women contributed to the Civil War by serving as nurses to the wounded at the battlefield.
Field Amputation
Military Life In 1861 Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female physician in the United States, started the nation s first training program for nurses. Clara Barton and many other women in both the North and the South nursed soldiers on the battlefield. The Civil War was a turning point for the nursing profession in the United States.
Clara Barton
Military Life At first, the Union and the Confederacy agreed to formal prisoner exchanges. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the South refused to recognize freed African Americans as soldiers and would not exchange them for Southern white prisoners. Instead, the South would either re-enslave or execute African American prisoners.
Military Life In response, Lincoln stopped all prisoner exchanges. What role did women play in the Civil War? Women managed family farms and businesses and served as nurses on the battlefields.
The War in the West Seizing the Mississippi River was an important strategy of the Union navy because it would divide the Confederacy and hurt the cotton trade. After the Mississippi River was in the hands of the Union, they turned their sights to the east. The Union would totally destroy Atlanta and then head for the Confederate Capital, Richmond, Virginia.
Vicksburg Falls Union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to gain control of the Mississippi River and cut the South in two. As the troops marched toward Vicksburg, General Grant ordered his troops to live off the country by foraging searching and raiding for food.
Vicksburg Falls Grant and his Union forces put Vicksburg under siege cut off its food and supplies and bombarded the city until the Confederate troops surrendered on July 4, 1863. The Union victory cut the Confederacy in two.
The Road to Gettysburg General Lee took his army into Pennsylvania in the hopes of gaining a victory that would force the Union into a treaty. July 1, 1863 Confederate forces took control of Gettysburg, PA and forced the Union forces there into the hills south of the city. July 2, 1863 Lee attacked but the Union forces held their ground.
Gettysburg Day 1
Gettysburg Dead
The Turning Point
The Road to Gettysburg On July 3, 1863 Lee ordered an attack by 15,000 men across open farmland toward the ridge where Union forces stood. This became known as Pickett s Charge. In less than half an hour, the Union forces used cannons and guns to inflict 7,000 casualties on the Confederate force.
Pickett s Charge
http://www.youtube.com/v/btcark0zrj4?vers ion=3&start=3.73&end=4.08&autoplay=1&hl= en_us&rel=0
Killed by a shell
Removing wounded from battlefield
Battle of Gettysburg Date(s): July 1-3, 1863 Location: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Objective: Lee went on the offensive and hoped that a decisive victory on Northern soil would force Lincoln into surrendering Outcome: Confederates are forced to retreat resulting in a Union victory. The battle is seen as a turning point in the war because the Confederacy never recovered from causalities it suffered.
The Road to Gettysburg Gettysburg cost the Union 23,000 casualties and the Confederates had 28,000 a third of Lee s army. The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war. President Lincoln came to Gettysburg in November 1863 to dedicate part of the battlefield as a military cemetery. Lincoln s Gettysburg Address became one of the best-known speeches in American history.
Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln s Speech Goal: Preserve the Union Greatest Speech in American history (my opinion)
Lincoln s Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war...testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated... can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate...we cannot consecrate... we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us...that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion... that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain... that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom... and that government of the people...by the people...for the people... shall not perish from the earth.
Was Lincoln s use of power justified? Lincoln s Action Suspended Habeas Corpus Limited freedom of speech and press Tried civilians in military courts Amendment broken or Civil Right violated Imprisoned suspects without charging them with a crime. No Trials 1 st Amendment 6th Amendment- Right to trial by peers No Did President Lincoln violate his Constitutional powers? Yes
Gettysburg Aftermath The Battle of Gettysburg cost General Lee a third of his Confederate forces. For the rest of the war, Lee s forces remained on the defensive, slowly giving ground to the advancing Union army. The Union s victory strengthened the Republicans politically and ensured that the British would not recognize the Confederacy.
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
Grant President Lincoln had made many changes to his general in chief because they could not defeat Lee completely. After U.S. Grant secured Tennessee Lincoln made him general in chief. Grant was not afraid to use a lot of men in his attacks. He knew he would take a lot of casualties, but he also knew he could afford to lose more men then Lee.
Lincoln s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!
Military Leadership Union Confederacy Winfield Scott George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Advantage Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant The Confederacy
The Confederate Generals Stonewall Jackson George Pickett James Longstreet Nathan Bedford Forrest Jeb Stuart Robert E. Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant Versus Lee General Grant started a campaign against General Robert E. Lee s forces in which warfare would continue without pause. Grant ordered attack after attack with many different generals attacking in many different places. Grant knew that if he did not give Lee time to rest and reorganize he would be able to wear him down.
Union Victories in the South Grant did not have to win every battle, he just had to inflict casualties and keep Lee occupied. Grant sent General Sherman from Chattanooga toward Atlanta where he burned and destroyed everything in his path including Atlanta itself. Sherman s troops destroyed the railroads by heating and twisting the rails into snarls of steel nicknamed Sherman neckties.
Sherman s March to the Sea through Georgia, 1864
Atlanta in Ruins
The South Surrenders The capture of Atlanta came in time for Lincoln s re-election. Lincoln considered his re-election a, mandate or a clear sign from the voters, to end slavery by amending the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, banning slavery in the United States, passed the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865.
The South Surrenders With the destruction of Atlanta, Grant had Sherman continue toward the southern capital of Richmond. Sherman placed Richmond under siege and the end was near. Just like Atlanta, Richmond was virtually burned to the ground.
Richmond, Virginia
Richmond, Virginia
President Lincoln s Beliefs At the end of the Civil War he believed that the United States was one indivisible nation Since secession was illegal, Confederate governments in the Southern states were illegitimate and the states had never really left the Union Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring legitimate Southern state governments that were loyal to the Union
The South Surrenders General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed Abraham Lincoln at Ford s Theater. Lincoln s death shocked the nation. The Civil War saved the Union and strengthened the power of the federal government over the states.
Lincoln 5 days after the war is over: Lincoln shot & killed Hurts the south s chances of easy return
The Assassin John Wilkes Booth
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
WANTED!!
The Execution
The South Surrenders It changed American society by ending the enslavement of African Americans. The South s society and economy were devastated.
Reviewing Key Facts What were the military advantages of the North and South at the start of the Civil War? The North had more men able to serve in the military and more people working to support the war; more resources for manufacturing clothing, weapons, and gunpowder; and more money to finance the war. The South had a large number of trained military officers and was capable of producing its own food.
Significant Battles 1 st Bull Run: 1861 Confederate Victory Significance: 1 st major battle of the war North realizes this won t be a short war
Significant Battles Shiloh: 1862 Union Victory Significance: Bloodiest day of the war to that point Lincoln gains respect for Grant
Significant Battles Antietam: 1862 Union Victory Significance: Bloodiest single day of fighting No British support for the South Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation
Significant Battles Vicksburg: 1863 Union Victory Significance: Union controls the Mississippi River Splits the Confederacy in half
Significant Battles Gettysburg: 1863 Union Victory Significance: Turning point of the war Southern army devastated
Gettysburg Casualties
CIVIL WAR: Leaders North - Political Leader - Abraham Lincoln South - Political Leader - Jefferson Davis - Military Leader - U.S. Grant - Military Leader - Robert E. Lee
Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars
Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA
Original Andersonville Plan Planned to hold 10,000 men. Had over 32,000 at one time.
Union Survivors
West Virginia Life in the northwestern counties of Virginia was very different from life in the lowland areas. Small farms, not plantations worked by enslaved persons, dominated the landscape. The northwestern Virginians did not see why they should leave the Union to protect the rights of slaveholders. In August 1861 the northwest counties broke away to apply for statehood and on June 20, 1863 West Virginia became the thirty-fifth state.
Lincoln and Kennedy A Coincidence? Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946 Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860 John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
Lincoln and Kennedy A Coincidence? The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. Both wives lost their children while living in the White House. Both Presidents were shot on a Friday. Both were shot in the head.
Lincoln and Kennedy A Coincidence? Lincoln's secretary, Kennedy, warned him not to go to the theatre. Kennedy's secretary, Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas. Both were assassinated by Southerners. Both were succeeded by Southerners. Both successors were named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
Lincoln and Kennedy A Coincidence? John Wilkes Booth was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939. Both assassins were known by their three names. Both names are comprised of fifteen letters Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater. Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials.