Strengthening Nurses Knowledge and Patient Outcomes NursingCurrents February 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1 A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes in the Adult Inpatient Population by Deborah A. Rapp, RN, MSN, ACNS-BC; Vicki Boyce, RN, MSN, AHN-BC; and Nisha Jain, RD 2011 JCAHO National Patient Safety Goals Learning Objectives Ascension Health, the nation s largest Catholic and nonprofit health system, was founded in 1999 and has grown to include 68 acute-care facilities with nearly 16,500 inpatient beds and 113,000 associates. In 2003, Ascension Health set the goal of providing Healthcare That Works, Healthcare That Is Safe And Healthcare That Leaves No One Behind, For Life 1 The following priorities were targeted for action: Decreasing hospital mortality Lowering the number of adverse drug events Meeting Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals and Core Measures Prevention of nosocomial infections Avoidance of falls and fall injuries Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers Perinatal safety Minimization of surgical complications Earn free CE credits by reading the article and taking the online post test. A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes in the Adult Inpatient Population Online post test - see page 11 for details.
Feature: A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes Figure 1: Pressure ulcers: common, costly and catastrophic 2.5 million pressure ulcers treated each year 900,000 patients affected High prevalence in acute care 60,000 die from complications 12.1% In 2000 and 2001, pressure ulcers 1 of top 3 in-hospital errors leading to patient deaths Between 1993 and 2006, there was an 80% national increase in pressure ulcers at an estimated cost of $11 billion annually 1 Figure 2: Pressure Ulcer Implementation Timeline August 2004 Bundle Implementation Alpha June 2004 Expert Meeting Alpha February 2004 PFA Initial Meeting November 2004 Surfaces Replaced Alpha June 2005 Pressure Ulcer Summit March 2005 Prevalence Study 2004 2005 2006 This article focuses on Ascension Health s initiatives in preventing pressure ulcers and on St. John Providence Health System s additional steps to improve nutrition. Ascension Health conducted pilot programs at 9 of their inpatient facilities, which served as Alpha sites for their Priorities for Action. January 2006 Bundle Implementation System November 2005 Toolkit Implementation March 2006 Ascension Health Prevalence Study June 2006 Ascension Health Standardized Care and Measurement Pressure Ulcer Prevention It has been estimated that more than 1 million people in the United States develop pressure ulcers each year. 2 The 2011 International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Study reported the overall prevalence of pressure ulcers to be 15.2% and the hospital-acquired prevalence to be 7.3%. 3 In 2006, The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reported that there were 503,300 total adult hospital admissions with pressure ulcers as a diagnosis an increase of nearly 80% since 1993 totalling $11 billion in hospital costs (Fig. 1). 4 In 2000 and 2001, pressure ulcers were 1 of the top 3 inpatient errors that led to patient fatalities. 4 Ascension Health s Alpha site for pressure ulcer elimination was St. Vincent HealthCare in Jacksonville, Florida. With 528 licensed beds it is the largest hospital for adult inpatients in this region of the state. 1 St. Vincent HealthCare began their initiative in 2003 with a comprehensive approach that sought to establish a System-wide standard of care for patients with, or at risk of developing, pressure ulcers. They created a focused effort on patient safety that included: Creation and deployment of educational materials, including elearning modules; Strategic partnerships with vendors to develop bedding and seating surfaces that would minimize risk of ulcer development; Ongoing review and evaluation to ensure products are state of the art and clinically effective. 2 February 2012 Nursing Currents
The S.K.I.N. bundle is a set of interventions that, when used consistently, has demonstrated improved outcomes in preventing pressure ulcers. Nursing Currents February 2012 3
Feature: A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes Figure 3: S K I N Selection of Appropriate Support Surfaces Keep Patients Moving Manage Incontinence Manage Nutrition and Hydration Tissue injury can be more than skin deep Development of The S.K.I.N. Bundle St. Vincent HealthCare established a Pressure ulcer leadership team and a timeline (Fig. 2). The team reviewed the current policies and procedures, reviewed the best-practice literature, and participated in meetings involving expert representatives from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Ascension Health, and Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society members. Although the hospital already utilized the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk, 5 the team developed the S.K.I.N. bundle based on expert recommendations and input, in July 2004 (Figs. 3-7). The S.K.I.N. bundle is a set of interventions that, when used consistently, has demonstrated improved outcomes in preventing pressure ulcers. Figure 4 S K I N Assess patient needs and use evidenced-based criteria for surface selection Use pressure reduction surfaces on beds and chairs Keep heels elevated off surfaces Utilize pressure reduction surfaces and devices during operative procedures NOTE: Pressure reduction/relief devices are adjuncts and not replacements for repositioning S: Surface Selection. Using the appropriate surface for mattresses, seating, and padding depending on patient variables is critical. The fragile skin of patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers can be irritated and disrupted by such things as wrinkled bedding, IV tubing, or other equipment. Away from the patient s room, appropriate surfaces in other hospital areas should be considered as well, such as during operative or radiological procedures that require the patient to sit or lie down for extended periods of time. 21 Figure 5 S K I N Ensure turning and prevent prolonged sitting for all at-risk patients regardless of ability to move self Schedule regular and frequent turning and repositioning for bed- and chair-bound patients Turn patients at least every 2 hours Avoid continuous sitting Instruct patient to shift weight every 15 minutes if able, if not reposition patient in chair every hour K: Keep Patients Moving. Avoiding the same position for prolonged periods of time is essential for pressure ulcer prevention. Patients who are able to move themselves should be educated and reminded about shifting their weight/repositioning themselves every 15 minutes when in a chair and in bed. If the patient is incapable of self-repositioning, nursing staff should turn bed-bound patients every 2 hours and chair-bound patients every hour. These goals are facilitated by St. Vincent HealthCare and Systemwide policy of making hourly rounds on all patients. Figure 6 S K I N Consider the etiology of urinary and fecal incontinence Gently clean and dry the skin after every incontinent episode Avoid hot water and use a mild cleansing agent to minimize irritation and drying of the skin Minimize force and friction applied to skin Use protective skin barriers to protect and maintain skin integrity Utilize under pads that are absorbent and wick moisture away from the skin Limit use of containment garments except for uncontained liquid stool, incontinent ambulatory patients, and patient request Consider use of indwelling catheter for short period of time when incontinence has contributed to or may contaminate pressure ulcer Consider fecal collection device to contain stool and protect skin NOTE: NOTE: Use Use of of Foley Foley catheters catheters is contraindicated is contraindicated for use for as use as fecal collection device I: Incontinence Management. The skin of patients with, or at-risk of, pressure ulcers is extremely vulnerable to irritation, feces, and urine moisture. The S.K.I.N. bundle guidelines direct staff to offer toileting assistance to continent patients every 2 hours and provide incontinence care, including gentle cleansing and application of a moisture barrier every 2 hours, as well. Figure 7 S K I N Ensure that patients are fed and hydrated Consult Registered Dietitian based on nursing assessment of nutritional risk Implement a nutritional support and/or supplementation program for nutritionally compromised individuals Monitor laboratory parameters for nutrition status Pre-albumin Albumin Total lymphocyte count Manage blood glucose for optimum control N: Nutritional Monitoring and Support. Nursing staff should request a consult from a Registered Dietitian for all patients they deem to be in, or at-risk of, poor/malnutrition after their initial assessment. Nutritional consult includes development of a nutritional and hydration program for each individual patient that may include oral nutritional supplements, if necessary. Nutritional support also includes monitoring laboratory parameters (i.e., pre-albumin, albumin, and total lymphocyte count) that may be indicative of nutritional status, and blood glucose management. Assuring Success To assure success, it is important to tie clinical and patient safety results to a strategic plan. A multidisciplinary team should be established, team goals should be developed, and a champion should be identified. It is also critical to align the goals with clinical metrics in order to measure success. Staff education was a critical component of assuring the success of this effort, and included newsletters, self-study modules regarding assessment and ulcer prevention, a S.K.I.N. bundle poster placed in nursing units, and Braden scale pocket reminder cards. The nursing documentation Ascension Health nursing developed, tested, and implemented an evidencebased program to eliminate pressure ulcers. 4 February 2012 Nursing Currents
Culture change was an important component of the pressure ulcer initiative, as was staff empowerment, which increased as the staff realized their importance in improving patient outcomes... 1 Nursing Currents February 2012 5
Feature: A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes Figure 8: Total Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Prevalence, % Figure 9: Facility Acquired Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Prevalence, % 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0 16.9 8.3 Including Stage 1 Excluding Stage 1 Ascension Health 12.5 6.4 11.0 Ascension Health 4.7 10.1 4.2 9.4 3.3 International 9.0 International 2.6 8.7 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 clipboards of patients at greater risk of ulcer development (i.e., Braden scale score 18 or lower) were flagged with a S.K.I.N. bundle alert. Education continued about ulcer prevention, including periodic updates. Throughout a patient s hospitalization, staff nurses assessed and documented the patient s skin condition on every shift on a flow sheet. Weekly meetings were conducted by a multidisciplinary team to review pressure ulcer cases, treatments, and treatment results. Culture change was an important component of the pressure ulcer initiative, as was 11.2 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 Including Stage 1 Excluding Stage 1 2.4 4.7 Prevalence, % Prevalence, % 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0 0 Ascension Health 11.0 Ascension Health 4.3 8.4 3.4 8.0 2.7 7.6 2.8 7.6 2.3 International 7.2 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 International 1.9 8.4 6.9 1.7 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 3.1 staff empowerment, which increased as the staff realized their importance in improving patient outcomes that ultimately would result in a national model for best practice. 1 Ascension Health changed staff expectation from critically ill patients will leave the organization alive to critically ill patients will leave the organization alive and without a pressure ulcer. 1 What Changes Resulted? Several positive changes resulted from the S.K.I.N. bundle effort. Pressure ulcer prevention became everyone s responsibility. With leadership from the Chief Nursing Officer, key institutional partners were engaged (e.g., finance, supply chain, physicians, C-suite, allied health, risk management, and legal). In collaboration with supply chain, St. Vincent HealthCare began to evaluate products with an eye toward changing to products less likely to cause skin breakdown, such as compression stockings, adult disposable briefs, and pads. Following further analysis of the trend of pressure ulcer development, another contributing factor was replacement of beds and surfaces, such as changes to carts and tables in the operating rooms and emergency departments. The pressure ulcer initiative resulted in Ascension Health achieving a 94% reduction from the national average pressure ulcer rate to less than 1 per 1000 patient days (Figs. 8,9). 6 Enhancing the N in the S.K.I.N. Bundle Poor nutrition (i.e., malnutrition) has been reported to be as high as 53% among inpatients in a 2011 report. 7 A 2010 report from Australia stated that malnutrition doubles the risk of pressure injuries. 8 Somanchi, et al 7 collected demographic data, anthropometric measurements, length of stay, and serum albumin levels from 400 hospitalized patients. They conducted the study to determine whether early nutritional intervention would have an affect on length of stay, diagnosis coding of malnutrition, calculating case mix index, and reducing delays in implementing nutritional support. The study showed that early nutritional intervention among malnourished patients reduced the mean length of stay by 3.2 days and reduced delays in implementing nutritional support by 47%. 7 At the 7-hospital St. John Providence Health System (SJPHS), review of the nutrition screening found that in August 2010, just 46.2% of patients were screened for nutritional status within 24 hours of admission. Further evaluation found that each site had its own policy and practices regarding pressure ulcer prevention and management and that nutrition was not 6 February 2012 Nursing Currents
Figure 10 Aggressive Timeline MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP Initial meeting (Policy champion selected and aggressive timeline established) Figure 11 (JC accreditation visit for us!) System policy drafted. Education plan developed. Known ESRD? No Known diabetes or hyperglycemia? No (CPOE go-live!) 1st site education. Policy in continued review. WOCN group begins policy review. Education to preceptors. Poor dietary intake Over weigh/underweight Braden Score 18 Yes Yes Patient at Nutritional Risk Yes No Suggested Intervention ESRD-specific meal plan ESRD-renal supplement BID Consult dietitian Consult dietitian for ONS recommendations for clear liquid, thickened liquids, and fluid-restricted dietary needs. Suggested Intervention Diabetes-specific meal plan Diabetes/diabetic supplement BID Consult Dietitian Consult dietitian for ONS recommendations for clear liquid, thickened liquids, and fluid-restricted dietary needs. Suggested Intervention Age-appropriate meal plan Standard supplement BID Consult dietitian 2nd and 3rd site education. Meet with system educators. Poor skin condition Friction Shear Confined to bed Consult dietitian for ONS recommendations for clear liquid, thickened liquids, and fluid-restricted dietary needs. System policy to Care Design for approval. 4th and 5th site education. Reassess every 24 hours Pressure ulcer identified? Completed education at all sites. Initiated new policy. No additional nutritional intervention Yes Order ONS BID. Consider protein additive 1 Pkt BID to supplement intake. Consider tissue-building additive BID. Consult dietitian for assistance in establishing daily additive needs. As many as 53% of adult inpatients have been found to be malnourished. 7 No well addressed in any of the policies. Nursing and nutritional services were found to be operating in silos and nutritional recommendations were not always included in the patient s plan of care. Furthermore, laws concerning licensing of dietitians vary by state, and in Michigan, dietitians are not licensed; therefore, a dietitian may prepare a plan of care but it must be prescribed by a licensed independent practitioner in order to be implemented. After identifying these gaps, SJPHS began a systematic approach toward achieving its goal of ZERO pressure ulcers. The approach engaged key players: system leaders in wound care, clinical nutrition managers, and nursing representatives, who all agreed that the nutrition policy needed to be improved and that prevention is the cornerstone to success. An aggressive timeline was established (Fig. 10). Maintaining and Building Strength through Nutrition Malnutrition and loss of lean body mass (i.e., body weight minus weight of body fat) can accelerate throughout a patient s hospitalization. Loss of lean body mass occurs more rapidly in older individuals; studies of healthy adults confined to bed rest found that the older participants lost approximately 3 times more lean leg muscle mass than younger participants. 9,10 Hospitalized patients who are malnourished or have low lean body mass are at increased risk for complications, including pressure ulcers. Ensuring proper nutrition helps reduce the risk of developing pressure ulcers and also plays a role in pressure ulcer healing. Evidence-based guidelines support the use of oral nutritional supplements in addition to the usual diet, to reduce pressure ulcers and improve healing. 11 St. John Providence Health System adopted a new policy to institute early nutritional intervention by encouraging nurses to supplement diet with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) according to a decision tree that had been created as a guideline for supplement ordering (Fig. 11). In addition, job-aids were created to make it easy for nursing staff to enter Nursing Currents February 2012 7
Feature: A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes Figure 12 Develop Tools for Nursing to Ease Order Entry Order sentences for supplements were built consult is initiated automatically. In addition, early nutrition intervention allows the nursing staff to supplement with tissue-building additive in order to protect against loss of lean muscle mass (Fig. 15). In order for these policies to be effective, educational programs were conducted for registered nurses, technicians, Health Unit Coordinators, and registered dietitians throughout SJPHS in classroom settings and as road shows (Fig. 16). Skin care nurses, educators, and dietitians served as champions ; preceptors, practice councils, and management forums were targeted, and nutritional components were added as part of nursing orientation system wide. Specific educational initiatives included: 56 Figure 13 Added Tissue Building Additive Increase awareness of the importance of lean body mass acknowledge effects of aging on nutrition, recognize that loss of lean body mass leads to poor patient outcomes, stress importance of protein in building/maintaining lean body mass. nutritional information and requests for supplements, and communicate the need for nutritional consultation into the patient s electronic medical record (Figs. 12,13). On the Nutritional Screen (Fig. 14) in the patient s electronic medical record, the nurse can check yes if the patient has nutritional risk factors, and a nutrition Identify patients vulnerable to loss of lean body mass review nutritional risk factors, reinforce importance of screening patients. Intervene with required nutrition identify malnutrition early to allow for early intervention, attempt to provide all required nutrition via meals, supplement diet with oral nutritional supplements, involve staff, institute taste testing. 8 February 2012 Nursing Currents
Figure 14 Figure 16 Building Strength Through Nutrition Nutrition risk triggers Figure 15 Maintaining and Building Strength Through Nutrition Date Room Number Patient The product below has been recommended for this patient due to their medical nutritional needs. Standard Formula 8oz 350 Cals Support patients across the care continuum establish a nursing plan of care, distribute discharge kits, 13g Pro Diabetic Formula 8oz 220 Cals 9.9g Pro Renal Formula 8oz 375 Cals 19.1g Pro Tissue Building Additive 1 Pkt 70/80 Cals 14g AA Protein Additive 1 Pkt 25 Cals 6g Pro BID TID B L D make recommendations for home care, provide discharge planning; educate physician groups. Actions and Results A new system-wide Pressure Ulcer Prevention, Management and Treatment Policy was created that includes enhanced nutrition care as part of the S.K.I.N. bundle. Nursing staff can now request selective oral nutritional supplements and/or additives per protocol for at risk patients using the policy/decision tree, including: standard supplement, diabetic supplement, renal supplement, protein additive, and tissue-building additive. Nurses can initiate a nutritional consult for patients who have potential or actual risk, based on Braden scale risk scores and clinical judgment for all non-healing wounds. Nursing staff encourage patients to eat their meals and supplements, and offer supplements during hourly Nursing Currents February 2012 9
Feature: A Model for Improving Pressure Ulcer and Nutritional Outcomes Figure 17 NOSO rate Nosocomial Pressure Ulcer Rate St. John Hospital and Medical Center 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1.4 0.5 Jul-10 2.1 0.6 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 rounds and at the time of 2-hour patient turns, in an effort to increase patients protein intake. After increased awareness of the importance of nutrition in March 2011 nursing protocols for nutritional assessment and management of pressure ulcers were implemented. By September 2011, the percentage of nutrition screening completed within 24 hours of admission had improved from 53.6% to 81.2%. Emphasis on improved nutrition and nutritional supplementation also played a role in the hospital s decline in pressure ulcer rate from 1.4/1000 patient days in July 2010 to 0.8/1000 patient days in July 2011 (Fig. 17). 6 1.1 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.2 0.4 Jan-11 NPU Rate Device-Related NPU rate 1.4 0.2 Feb-11 International Average Including Stage 1 1 2.2 0.5 Mar-11 0.9 0.2 Apr-11 May-11 Linear.(NPU Rate) Jun-11 Jul-11 Conclusions St. John Providence Health System developed, tested, and implemented an evidencebased program to improve the nutritional status in an effort to eliminate pressure ulcers for hospitalized adult patients. By utilizing a team approach involving multiple healthcare disciplines, Nutrition Services and nursing were able to improve the rate of compliance in nutritional screening for all patients within 24 hours of admission. Nutritional and nursing staff also worked to engage patients, families, and ancillary staff in meeting the patients nutritional needs. A multidisciplinary approach to these programs led staff to realize that resources are available within their own health care system that can be revised, refined, and improved to create an effective program with measurable results. Note: The S.K.I.N. bundle is a copyrighted program of Ascension Health and is available for use by other healthcare systems with permission from Ascension Health. Contact drapp@ascensionhealth.org. About Authors Deborah A. Rapp, RN, MSN, ACNS-BC, is Director, Clinical Excellence, Ascension Health. 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.2 Vicki Boyce, RN, MSN, AHN-BC, is a Clinical Nurse Specialist, Patient Care Services, St. John Hospital and Medical Center. Nisha Jain, RD, is the District Clinical Support Leader, Sodexo; and Nutrition Manager at St. John Providence Health System. References 1. Gibbons W, Shanks HT, Kleinhelter P, Jones P: Eliminating facility-acquired pressure ulcers at Ascension Health Jt J Qual Patient Saf 2006; 32:488. 2. Eckman K: The prevalence of dermal ulcers among persons in the US who have died Decubitus 1989; 2:36. 3. Hill-Rom: Hill-Rom International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Study Batesville, IN: Hill-Rom, 2005. 4. Russo CA, Steiner C, Spector W: Hospitalizations Related to Pressure Ulcers, 2006 HCUP Statistical Brief #64. December 2008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/stat briefs/sb64.pdf. 12 Dec 2011. 5. Braden Scale, Prevention Plus: The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk. Available at: http://www.bradenscale.com/index.htm 12 Dec 2011. 6. Hill-Rom: Hill-Rom International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Study Batesville, IN: Hill-Rom, 2011. 7. Somanchi M, Tao X, Mullin GE: The facilitated early enteral and dietary management effectiveness trial in hospitalized patients with malnutrition JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35:209. 8. Roosen K, Fulbrook P, Nowicki T: Pressure injury prevention: continence, skin hygiene and nutrition management Aust Nurs J 2010: 18:31. 9. Kortebein P, Ferrando A, Lombeida J, et al: Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA 2007;295:1772. 10. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, et al: Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4351. 11. Dorner B, Posthauer ME, Thomas D, National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. The Role of Nutrition in Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel White Paper (http://www.npuap.org/nutrition%20white%20paper%20website%20version.pdf; Accessed Dec. 21, 2011). 10 February 2012 Nursing Currents