This section will help you meet the

Section 2 Sticking with the Confederacy Introduce Outline A. Fighting on the Virginia Front B. Defending the North Carolina Coastline C. The End of the War Materials Textbook, pages 292-299 Blackline Masters The War in North Carolina, page 84 Major Military Engagements of the Civil War, page 85 Primary Source: The Gettysburg Address, page 86 North or South?, page 87 Spanish Workbook Norte o Sur? La guerra en Carolina del Norte Teacher CD-ROM Transparencies www.mystatehistory.com Online textbook Ch. 9 Internet Activity, Battles of the Civil War in North Carolina Strategies for U.S. History Test Preparation The Civil War, 1861-1865, pages 63-64 Getting Started This section covers the Civil War in North Carolina. Ask students if they have been to any Civil War monuments or battlefields, and if so, what they learned from their visit. If no students have been on such a visit, ask them what they would expect to see or learn if they did go. Sticking with the This section will help you meet the Confederacy following objectives: 8.4.02 Analyze the effect of political and military developments on the outcome of the war. 8.4.03 Assess North Carolina s role in the Civil War and the war s impact on the state. 8.4.04 Assess the roles played by individuals at the state and national levels during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Above: General Braxton Bragg was the highest-ranking officer from North Carolina. Opposite page, above: This Henry L. Wyatt statue is at the State Capitol. Opposite page, below: At Gettysburg, North Carolinians accounted for onefourth of the Confederate losses. 292 Chapter 9: Civil War and Reconstruction Objectives As you read, look for: North Carolinians participation in the war how North Carolina troops earned the slogan first at Bethel, farthest at Gettysburg, and last at Appomattox vocabulary terms naval blockade, blockade runner During the American Civil War, North Carolinians acquired the nickname of Tar Heels. Tar Heel bravery cost the state dearly during the war. North Carolinians provided one-sixth of all the Confederate soldiers, even though the state had only one-ninth of the South s population. In all, North Carolina provided more than 125,000 troops to the Confederacy and suffered one-fourth of all Confederate casualties. About 20,000 died from battle wounds. Another 20,000 died of disease. Moreover, a lot of things short of death happened during the Civil War. Sickness was common, and a soldier sometimes was wounded more than once. A soldier could also be captured. Or he could desert. At least 23,000 North Carolina troops deserted during the war, the highest number for any southern state. Some deserted more than once. Some of those deserters were executed. Although North Carolina provided large numbers of soldiers, the state was no more the military leader of the Confederacy than it had been a political force in America s earlier history. Thirty-seven North Carolinians were generals, but only one led whole armies. Warrenton native Braxton Bragg, after whom Fort Bragg was later named, commanded Confederates west of the Appalachians, with only mediocre success. Fighting on the Virginia Front Much of the early fighting in the Civil War took place in Virginia. North Carolinians fought bravely in just about every major engagement in Virginia. North Carolinians ever since have been taught to remember that their troops were first at Bethel, farthest at Gettysburg, and last at Appomattox. 8.4.02 Describe the political and military developments of the Civil War and analyze their effect on the outcome of the war. 8.4.03 Assess North Carolina s role in the Civil War and analyze the social and economic impact of the war on the state. 8.4.04 Evaluate the importance of the roles played by individuals at the state and national levels during the Civil War and Reconstruction Period. T 292

It was the 1st Regiment North Carolina Volunteers that fought in the first battle of the Civil War at Big Bethel. At Bethel, Virginia, in summer 1861, the first North Carolinian was killed in combat, Henry L. Wyatt of Edgecombe County. He was also the only Confederate soldier killed in the battle. In 1863, North Carolinians under General J. J. Pettigrew formed part of Pickett s Charge at the three-day Battle of Gettysburg. Some North Carolinians have always called it the Pickett-Pettigrew Charge, since almost as many North Carolinians were in it as Virginians. The frontal assault took thousands of Confederates across open ground for more than a mile under heavy Union fire. Despite taking horrendous casualties, Tar Heels pushed through the Union line. Their actions, however, did not carry the day, for the Confederacy was forced to retreat. Tar Heels stayed with the Confederacy until the end. When the Confederate army laid down its arms at Appomattox Court House in 1865, one-fourth of those who surrendered were North Carolinians. Men from the Old North State were at the forefront of the fighting at other times during the war. In September 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland, hoping to capture Teach Differentiated Instruction For Advanced Readers Have students locate and read more about the Battle of Gettysburg. After reading the material, have them suggest reasons why this battle became so famous. Share reasons in written or oral form. Critical Thinking Despite apparent ambiguity among many North Carolina soldiers regarding the reasons for the war and the role of the state of North Carolina, North Carolinians fought just as hard as any (and harder than most) of the other southern states in the Civil War. What does this tell you about the character, the work ethic, and the loyalty of North Carolina soldiers? Do you find that to still be true today? Addressing Multiple Learning Styles Ask students to design a motivational poster or speech about being a North Carolina soldier, using the slogan that is written in the last sentence at the bottom of page 292. Section 2: Sticking with the Confederacy 293 Tar Heel Trivia Rufus Barringer was a Civil War general. Barringer Elementary School in Charlotte was named after him. T 293

Multidisciplinary Activity Art: The text tells how General Jackson was wounded at Chancellorsville. Have students create a visual representation to show how General Jackson got caught between the lines. Geography Activity Using a map that contains North Carolina and Virginia, have students show how the North could attack Richmond via the Albemarle Sound. Addressing Multiple Learning Styles Have students build a model of Fort Macon on Bogue Banks from the photograph here, using the materials of their choice (craft sticks, toothpicks, clay, etc.). Critical Thinking Ask: Why were the capitals of the Union and the Confederacy so close? Didn t this make them easier to be attacked? Were most of the communities between them advocates of the Union or of the Confederacy? The capital of the Union Washington, D.C. and the capital of the Confederacy Richmond, Virginia were only 100 miles apart. Below: Fort Macon on Bogue Banks guarded the approach to Beaufort. Union forces bombarded the fort, and Confederate forces surrendered it in April 1862. Washington, D.C. Lee was almost trapped in a battle at Sharpsburg. His Army of Northern Virginia was on the brink of being destroyed when a fast-moving column of North Carolinians came onto the battlefield just in time to stem the tide and break the Union advance. North Carolinians also committed one of the greatest mistakes of the war. At Chancellorsville in May 1863, North Carolinians marched with General Thomas Stonewall Jackson around the Union army and surprised it from behind. After the attack, General Jackson got caught between the lines and was mistaken for a Union general. North Carolinians accidentally wounded him, and he later died from his wounds. Defending the North Carolina Coastline Although the Civil War was fought mostly in Virginia and Tennessee, considerable fighting took place along coastal North Carolina. Once the war began, the North planned to attack Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy, from several directions. One way was through the Albemarle Sound. In the summer of 1861, the Union began to capture Confederate forts on the Outer Banks. By 1862, the North controlled the sounds. The North had a second objective in mind with its invasion of North Carolina. Since the start of the war, the North had maintained a naval blockade, where a fleet of ships patrolled the ocean outside all southern ports. The intent was to keep the Confederacy from receiving supplies 294 Chapter 9: Civil War and Reconstruction T 294

Multidisciplinary Activity Art: Based on information from the text as well as their own imaginations, ask students to create a picture of a blockade runner. They can also create a picture of the northern ships that had difficulty maneuvering through North Carolina s coastline. from other nations. By 1863, most southern ports had been cut off. Eventually, only Wilmington remained open. The North was kept away from the mouth of the Cape Fear because of the sand bars and shallow water. In addition, a nearby post, Fort Fisher, guarded the mouth of the river. Ironically, the coastline that had been such a disadvantage throughout North Carolina s history was turned into an advantage for the South. The Confederates used the currents, tides, and shoals to outmaneuver the North s ships. Blockade runners, low-lying steamships that were painted gray to match the ocean and fool pursuers, were able to slip in and out of Cape Fear waters. These ships went to British ports in the Bahamas and Bermuda to load up on supplies for the Confederate military. They came back with foodstuffs, ammunition, uniforms, and firearms. The most famous blockade runner was the Ad-vance owned by the state of North Carolina. By 1864, most supplies supporting General Lee s army came through Wilmington and were transported to Virginia along the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad. This track became so vital to the war effort that southerners came to call it the lifeline of the Confederacy. The North wanted to cut off the Confederate supply line. For more than two years, North Carolina troops kept them away. More than a dozen small battles were fought at various points in the Tidewater. Generals Daniel H. Hill and Robert F. Hoke, both Tar Heel natives, made several unsuccessful efforts in 1864 to retake New Bern, Washington, Plymouth, Above: Fort Fisher s guns kept the Union s blockading ships away from the mouth of the Cape Fear River until its fall in January 1865. It is now a state historic site. Union ships finally captured the Ad-vance in September 1864 after her twelfth voyage. Section 2: Sticking with the Confederacy 295 Using Technology Have students go to web site www.carolinasib.com/index. php?content=blockade to learn more about the blockade ship Ad-vance. Find out the answers to these questions: 1. What were two other names this ship was known by while operating for the Confederacy? (A. D. Vance, Advance) 2. What was the name given to the ship after it was captured? (Frolic) 3. What was the name of the ship that captured the Advance? (Santiago de Cuba) Geography Activity On a U.S. map, ask students to show the route used to transport most supplies supporting General Lee s army. Indicate the path of the lifeline of the Confederacy with a railroad symbol on the map. Addressing Multiple Learning Styles Tell students to imagine that they are an owner or an investor in the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad. In order to gain some good publicity for the railroad, have them design a poster, using the slogan The Lifeline of the Confederacy. T 295

Using Photographs and Illustrations Top: Ask students what they find surprising about this picture. Students can use the Target Reading Skill questions on page 284 to guide their answers. Critical Thinking Ask: Why do you think that General Sherman went into North Carolina after completing his March to the Sea? Consider the symbolic as well as the physical victory that General Sherman might have been seeking. and other coastal towns. These Confederate counterattacks, however, kept the Union from the state s vital rail line until the end of the war. The End of the War As the war raged on elsewhere in 1865, invaders closed in on North Carolina from all sides. A Union naval force took Fort Fisher, closing Wilmington s port, in January. Union General William T. Sherman, after completing his infamous March to the Sea in Georgia, turned north into the Carolinas. After burning Columbia, South Carolina, Sherman s army headed toward the key railroad depot at Goldsboro, to cut off the lifeline of the Confed- Top: Union prisoners of war play baseball at Salisbury prison. Right: Confederate troops under General Joseph Johnson surrendered at the farm that is known today as Bennett Place. Above: The surrender agreement was signed at this table. 296 Chapter 9: Civil War and Reconstruction T 296

Tar Heel Trivia The North Carolina State Capitol, considered by many to have the most interesting design of any statehouse of that period, was not burned by Sherman s Union army when it captured Raleigh. Sherman had previously damaged the capitols of Georgia and South Carolina. Map 27 Skill April 20, 1864 eracy. Along the way, Sherman destroyed an arsenal at Fayetteville and battled makeshift Confederate forces at Bentonville in Johnston County. Bentonville was the largest battle fought in the state during the war. Sherman took possession of central North Carolina. He spared Raleigh the fiery fate of Columbia. Some of his troops camped on the University campus in Chapel Hill, where they stabled their horses in the library. As Sherman s army advanced into the state, northern cavalrymen under General George Stoneman invaded through the mountains of Tennessee. Stoneman soon occupied most of the towns in the west, most notably Salisbury, where he burned a large amount of supplies and a Confederate prison. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Soon after Appomattox, the last remnants of Confederate troops under General Joseph Johnston surrendered in a ceremony held at the Bennett farm, located near the train depot called Durham Station. By the end of April 1865, most North Carolina soldiers were on their way home. It s Your Turn 1. Describe North Carolina s participation in the war in terms of troops, casualties, and military leaders. 2. What was the purpose of a naval blockade? 3. What was the lifeline of the Confederacy? Why was it given that nickname? 4. Where was the largest battle in the state fought? Map 27 The Civil War in North Carolina Map Skill: When was the battle at Plymouth fought? At Greensboro, General Stoneman s cavalry narrowly missed capturing Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet who were retreating to Charlotte. Section 2: Sticking with the Confederacy 297 Lesson Closure Based on what they have learned in this section, ask students whether they think it was in North Carolina s best interest to stick with the Confederacy. They should give specific reasons for their answers. Assess It s Your Turn 1. North Carolina provided more than 125,000 soldiers (onesixth); it suffered one-fourth of all the Confederate casualties; there were thirty-seven North Carolina generals, but only one led whole armies. 2. To keep the Confederacy from receiving supplies from other nations 3. The Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, which transported vital supplies to Lee s army in Virginia 4. Bentonville Teacher CD-ROM You can use the test generator software on the CD to create a quiz or a test on this section. T 297

Reading Strategies Based on what they have read, ask students to describe the Confederate forces who gathered together to try and stop General Sherman. Use details from the text to support your answer. Writing Activity Ask students to imagine that they are reporters for a Fayetteville newspaper who have been sent to cover the Battle of Bentonville. Using the information on these pages, have them describe the preparation leading up to the battle as well as the battle itself. Critical Thinking By the time of the Battle of Bentonville, the Confederate soldiers were close to the end of their supplies, their land, and their large numbers. Ask: Do you think these losses made the North Carolina soldiers fight harder for the last of their rights, or do you think they were too downtrodden to fight as they had in earlier battles? Research Activity Have students find out more about Civil War reenactments. Why are reenactors interested in participating in these performances? What rewards do they get from them? CAROLINA PLACES Bentonville Battlefield The Battle of Bentonville was the last major fight between the North and the South in the Civil War. It was also the largest battle fought in North Carolina during the war. For that reason, the state has preserved the battlefield and offers a fourteen-mile guided tour to tell visitors what happened. In the last months of the Civil War, North Carolina was one of the last unconquered Confederate states. The Union armies in the spring of 1865, however, came into the state from several directions. After Wilmington was lost, the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad continued to transport what few supplies were still available to Confederate soldiers. Because of this, General William T. Sherman pushed toward the vital railroad crossing at Goldsboro. 298 Chapter 9: Civil War and Reconstruction Remnants of several Confederate armies had gathered north of Fayetteville to try to stop Sherman. General Joseph Johnston, who had been living in retirement in Lincolnton, commanded the ragtag southern forces. The three highestranking North Carolina generals Braxton Bragg, Daniel H. Hill, and Robert F. Hoke joined him with whatever troops they had. Wade Hampton, a South Carolina general who would later live in the mountain town of Cashiers, was also present. Johnston lay in wait in the longleaf pine forests and farm fields on the road from Fayetteville to Goldsboro. He had Below: Confederate troops at a reenactment of the Battle of Bentonville. T 298

Writing Activity Using the information about the Battle of Bentonville, have students imagine being a nurse working in the chaotic hospital shown in the picture. Have them write a description of their day, caring for the wounded soldiers. Above and right: During the Battle of Bentonville, the Harper House served as a hospital. The lower floor has been restored to the way it was in 1865. 16,000 troops. Sherman could call upon 60,000. Nearby was the hamlet of Bentonville, which lent its name to the battlefield. For three days March 19, 20, and 21, 1865 the Confederates hung on to their position. Johnston shifted his outnumbered troops around a lot to meet new threats by the Union army. On the first day, the Confederates had the advantage of surprise. They attacked the North before the Union troops could get into position. The second day of fighting was a series of small fights, which Sherman initiated to keep the enemy occupied. By the third day, the Union had moved its army around until part of its troops got on the other side of the Confederate line. The Union attack pushed the southerners out of their shallow trenches. General Johnston was almost captured in the quick retreat. More than a half dozen North Carolina regiments were involved in the battle. In addition, the state had drafted regiments of Junior Reserves, young teenagers from different communities across the state. For many, this was their one and only battle. One of their commanders, 17-year-old Walter Clark of Halifax County, had just graduated from the University in Chapel Hill. He later became the chief justice of the North Carolina supreme court. John A. Foil from Cabarrus County was part of the 70th Reserves. Foil went on to become a minister and a professor of mathematics at Catawba College. Section 2: Sticking with the Confederacy 299 Tar Heel Trivia After the Battle of Bentonville, General Johnston retreated to Raleigh, and General Sherman moved his forces into Goldsboro. Within a month, on April 26, 1865, Johnston surrendered what was left of his forces to Sherman at the Bennett Farm, in today s Durham. Technology Activity Tell students to go to web site freepages.genealogy.rootsweb. com/~jganis/unionco/ cw2ndncjrresroster.html for an interesting look at some of the soldiers who were part of the Junior Reserve. Students can read about the ages of the young men, whether they were killed or wounded in battle, and what happened to them after the war. They should be prepared to share their observations with the class. Tar Heel Trivia More than 6,000 acres in southern Johnston County have been preserved as part of North Carolina s state heritage. T 299